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41-512: Opel was Germany's top auto-producer throughout the 1930s. Between 1932 and 1936 this model was the manufacturer's top seller. The Opel 1,2 Liter entered production in July 1931. Conceptually and technically it closely resembled the Opel 1.8 Liter which had been launched six months earlier, with the two models even sharing identical cylinder dimensions. However, the 1.8 engine had two more cylinders than

82-656: A 66.0 mm × 66.0 mm (2.60 in × 2.60 in) bore and stroke. 1982 - Honda Nighthawk 250 and Honda CMX250C Rebel have a 53.0 mm × 53.0 mm (2.09 in × 2.09 in) bore and stroke. 1983 – Mazda FE 2.0L inline four-cylinder engine with a 86.0 mm × 86.0 mm (3.4 in × 3.4 in) bore and stroke. 1987 – The Opel/Vauxhall 2.0 L GM Family II engines are square at 86.0 mm × 86.0 mm (3.39 in × 3.39 in) bore and stroke; example as C20XE C20NE C20LET X20A X20XEV X20XER Z20LET Z20LEH Z20LER A20NHT A20NFT. 1989 – Nissan's SR20DE

123-500: A bore/stroke ratio of 0.845:1. Some rear-wheel-drive cars that borrow engines from front-wheel-drive cars (such as the Mazda MX-5 ) use an undersquare design. BMW's acclaimed S54B32 M54 engine was undersquare with a bore and stroke of 87 mm × 91 mm (3.4 in × 3.6 in)), offering a world record torque-per-litre figure (114 N⋅m/L, 1.38 lb⋅ft/cu in) for normally-aspirated production engines at

164-511: A bore/stroke ratio of 1.33. The 1.6 litre version of the BMW N45 gasoline engine has a bore/stroke ratio of 1.167. Horizontally opposed, also known as "Boxer" or "flat", engines typically feature oversquare designs since any increase in stroke length would result in twice the increase in overall engine width. This is particularly so in Subaru ’s front-engine layout, where the steering angle of

205-489: A bore/stroke value of exactly 1:1. 1953 – Ferrari 250 Europa had Lampredi V12 with 68.0 mm × 68.0 mm (2.7 in × 2.7 in) bore and stroke. 1967 – FIAT 125, 124Sport engine 125A000, 125B000, 125BC000, 1608 ccm, DOHC, 80.0 mm × 80.0 mm (3.15 in × 3.15 in) bore and stroke. 1970 – Ford 400 had a 101.6 mm × 101.6 mm (4.00 in × 4.00 in) bore and stroke. 1973 – Kawasaki Z1 and KZ(Z)900 had

246-406: A claimed maximum output of 22 PS (16.2 kW; 21.7 hp) which in 1933 increased marginally to 23 PS (16.9 kW; 22.7 hp). Published top speed was 85 km/h (53 mph), and in the case of the slightly heavier "Regent"-bodied version 82 km/h (51 mph). Transmission of power to the rear wheels took place via a three-speed manual gearbox without synchromesh. From 1933

287-500: A displacement of 2793 cubic centimeters is an example of a perfect square engine with an 84.0 mm × 84.0 mm (3.31 in × 3.31 in) bore and stroke. 1996 – Jaguar's AJ-V8 engine in 4.0-litre form has an 86.0 mm bore and stroke. 2000 – Mercedes-Benz 4.0-litre (3996 cc; 243.9 cu in) OM628 V8 diesel engine is an example of a square engine – with an 86.0 mm × 86.0 mm (3.39 in × 3.39 in) bore and stroke. An engine

328-713: A foldaway roof-cover and there was a two-door four-seater “Limousine” (sedan/saloon) retailing for 2,700 Marks in 1931: by 1935, following a more general upgrade for the model in 1934, the price for two door four seater “Limousine” was down to 1,850 Marks, presumably helped by economies of scale resulting from the car's popularity. Versions of the 1.2 were also assembled in the Netherlands East Indies , in Batavia (modern-day Jakarta ). N.V. General Motors Java's sales territory included Indochina , Malaysia , all of modern-day Indonesia , as well as Thailand . Due to

369-483: A four-speed option became available, although the three-speed transmission continued to be the standard offering on the lower specification cars throughout. The brakes were controlled via a cable linkage and at this stage operated on the drive shaft. For 1933 Opel introduced the Opel 1,0 Liter, which was a simplified version of the 1,2 Liter, powered by a 995 cc engine. Claimed maximum power for this version of

410-486: A new naming convention whereby the car was simply named according to the engine size in liters, to one decimal point. Although Opel themselves would not always follow this convention faithfully, it was nevertheless a naming convention which became popular with auto-makers in several European countries in the ensuing decades as Tax horsepower, differently calculated in each country, became ever less relevant and less widely understood. The 1193 cc side-valve engine delivered

451-460: A relatively high speed. Due to the increased piston and head surface area, the heat loss increases as the bore/stroke ratio is increased. Thus an excessively high ratio can lead to a decreased thermal efficiency compared to other engine geometries. The large size/width of the combustion chamber at ignition can cause increased inhomogeneity in the air/fuel mixture during combustion, resulting in higher emissions. The reduced stroke length allows for

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492-455: A shorter cylinder and sometimes a shorter connecting rod, generally making oversquare engines less tall but wider than undersquare engines of similar engine displacement . Oversquare engines (a.k.a. "short stroke engines") are very common, as they allow higher rpm (and thus more power), without excessive piston speed. Examples include both Chevrolet and Ford small-block V8s; the GMC 478 V6 has

533-554: A shorter engine that increases room available for the front wheels to steer. Examples of this include many Volkswagen , Nissan , Honda , and Mazda engines. The 1KR-FE -engine used in the Toyota Aygo , Citroën C1 and Peugeot 107 amongst others is an example of a modern long-stroke engine widely used in FF layout cars. This engine has a bore and stroke of 71 mm × 84 mm (2.8 in × 3.3 in) stroke giving it

574-434: A six-light body and a lengthened, 2,445 mm (96.3 in) wheelbase. The car was nevertheless still short for a four-door design and the doors were narrow. 1934 saw a simplification of the range of available body types, which was now reduced to three. These were a Limousine , a Special-Limousine and a Cabrio-Limousine with a roll-back soft top and fixed frames around the doors and side windows. The removal, after just

615-640: A substantially undersquare bore/stroke ratio of 0.709:1. The 4-litre Barra Inline 6 and Intech engines from the Australian Ford Falcon , uses a bore and stroke of 92.21 mm × 99.31 mm (3.63 in × 3.91 in) stroke, which equates to a 0.929:1 bore-stroke ratio. The 292 Chevrolet I6 is also undersquare, with a bore and stroke of 98.4 mm × 104.8 mm (3.875 in × 4.125 in) in (bore/stroke ratio = 0.939:1). Mitsubishi's 4G63T engine found primarily in many generations of Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution

656-510: A year in production, of the four door Limousine reflected the January 1934 introduction of the slightly larger Opel 1,3 Liter which from the start came with the option of a four-door Limousine body. In September 1935 the Opel P4 replaced the Opel 1,2 Liter. The body was unchanged apart from an updated front grill. Also unchanged were the wheelbase and the transmission. What was new was

697-419: Is a square engine, with an 86.0 mm × 86.0 mm (3.39 in × 3.39 in) bore and stroke. 1990–2010 Saab B234/B235 is a square engine, with a 90.0 mm × 90.0 mm (3.54 in × 3.54 in) bore and stroke. 1991 – Ford's 4.6 V8 OHC engine has a 90.2 mm × 90.0 mm (3.552 in × 3.543 in) bore and stroke. 1995 – The BMW M52 engine with

738-449: Is a term to describe the ratio between cylinder bore diameter and piston stroke length in a reciprocating piston engine . This can be used for either an internal combustion engine , where the fuel is burned within the cylinders of the engine, or external combustion engine , such as a steam engine , where the combustion of the fuel takes place outside the working cylinders of the engine. The contemporary convention for describing

779-477: Is able to generate a peak torque of 350 lb·ft as low as 2501 rpm. The Willys Jeep L134 and F134 engines were undersquare, with a bore and stroke of 79.4 mm × 111.1 mm (3.13 in × 4.37 in) stroke (bore/stroke ratio = 0.714:1). The Dodge Power Wagon used a straight-six Chrysler Flathead engine of 230 cu in (3.8 L) with a bore and stroke of 83 mm × 117 mm (3.3 in × 4.6 in), yielding

820-606: Is an undersquare engine with a bore and stroke of 85 mm × 88 mm (3.3 in × 3.5 in). The Jaguar XK6 engine , used in all 6-cylinder Jaguars from 1949 to 1987 was undersquare. For example, the 4.2 litre engine had a bore and stroke of 92.08 mm × 106 mm (3.63 in × 4.17 in), providing a bore/stroke ratio of 0.869:1. Virtually all piston engines used in military aircraft were long-stroke engines. The PW R-2800, Wright R-3350, Pratt & Whitney R-4360 Wasp Major , Rolls-Royce Merlin (1650), Allison V-1710, and Hispano-Suiza 12Y-Z are only

861-525: Is described as oversquare or short-stroke if its cylinders have a greater bore diameter than its stroke length, giving a bore/stroke ratio greater than 1:1. An oversquare engine allows for more and larger valves in the head of the cylinder, higher possible rpm by lowering maximum piston speed, and lower crank stress due to the lower peak piston acceleration for the same engine (rotational) speed. Because these characteristics favor higher engine speeds, oversquare engines are often tuned to develop peak torque at

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902-400: Is described as undersquare or long-stroke if its cylinders have a smaller bore (width, diameter) than its stroke (length of piston travel) - giving a ratio value of less than 1:1. At a given engine speed, a longer stroke increases engine friction and increases stress on the crankshaft due to the higher peak piston acceleration. The smaller bore also reduces the area available for valves in

943-407: Is extremely oversquare with a bore/stroke ratio of 1.84:1. It was given the name "SuperQuadro" by Ducati , roughly translated as "super-square" from Italian. The side-valve Belgian D-Motor LF26 aero-engine has a bore/stroke ratio of 1.4:1. Early Mercedes-Benz M116 engines had a 92 millimetres (3.62 in) bore and a 65.6 millimetres (2.58 in) stroke for a 3.5 litre V8. An engine

984-485: Is undersquare, with a bore and stroke of 86 mm × 105 mm (3.4 in × 4.1 in) stroke (bore/stroke ratio = 0.819:1). The Ford 5.4L Modular Engine features a bore and stroke of 90.1 mm × 105.8 mm (3.55 in × 4.17 in), which makes a bore/stroke ratio of 0.852:1. Since the stroke is significantly longer than the bore, the SOHC 16V (2-valve per cylinder) version of this engine

1025-477: The stroke ratio of a piston engine ‘s cylinders is its bore/stroke ratio. Stroke/bore ratio is an obsolete expression dating to the early era of reciprocating engine development. The diameter of the cylinder bore is divided by the length of the piston stroke to give the ratio. The following terms describe the naming conventions for the configurations of the various bore/stroke ratio: A square engine has equal bore and stroke dimensions, giving

1066-509: The 1.2. Control over Opel had been purchased by General Motors in 1928 and the 1,2 Liter model was developed in America, with the need for efficient inexpensive production built into the development process. The wheelbase would be considered a little short for this class of car, but there would be no arguing with the aggressive pricing strategy that Opel were able to pursue with the 1,2 Liter. Opel's naming conventions had hitherto followed

1107-501: The Opel P4 offered will have been a cause for concern to supporters of the government sponsored Volkswagen programme, which was already well advanced and which was a pet project of Adolf Hitler . Production of the little Opel was in any case much reduced during 1937, the P4's last year of production, reflecting the popularity of the larger and much more modern Kadett : for the Kadett 1937 was

1148-419: The car from the more modern Opel 1,3 Liter introduced in 1934, and from the manufacturer's important new Olympia and Kadett models which entered production in 1935 and late 1936 respectively. Commercially the car was a success. Possibly on account of the aggressive price reduction accompanying its introduction, the P4 sold even better that the 1,2 Liter model, with 40,405 cars produced in 1936 which

1189-471: The car was 18 PS (13.2 kW; 17.8 hp) and top speed was down to 78 km/h (48 mph). Production commenced in November 1932, but only one car was sold before the end of the year. However, by the time production ended after just one year in November 1933, 5600 of the reduced specification cars had been produced. Ending production of the 1,0 Liter after just one year has been attributed to

1230-400: The change to the P4 model, and the further reduction to 1,450 Marks in 1937, it seems likely that the new power unit was cheaper to produce than the earlier powerplant. This was also the point at which four-wheel brakes replaced the earlier braking system which had operated on the drive shaft. Despite the unchanged performance, in the marketplace the reduced engine size would have distanced

1271-534: The cylinder head, requiring them to be smaller or fewer in number. Undersquare engines often exhibit peak torque at lower rpm than an oversquare engine due to their smaller valves and high piston speed limiting their potential to rev higher. Undersquare engines have become more common lately, as manufacturers push for more and more efficient engines and higher fuel economy. Many inline engines, particularly those mounted transversely in front-wheel-drive cars, utilize an undersquare design. The smaller bore allows for

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1312-583: The economic downturn following the Depression, GM Java switched its production from Chevrolets to an Opel 1.2-powered 7-seater taxibus in 1932; an ambulance version was added in 1933. In 1932, the 1,2 Liter "Regent" took the range upmarket. This took the two-door Limousine (saloon) body of the larger Opel 1.8 and persuaded it onto a slightly extended version of the smaller platform of the 1,2 Liter. Four-door Limousine (saloon) bodies became available in 1933 for both 1,2 Liter models, featuring

1353-454: The economic recovery which was finally setting in, with the total size of the German car market increasing from 41,118 cars in 1932 to 130,938 in 1934. Also relevant will have been Germany's abolition of the annual car tax for new cars purchased after 1933. This tax, which would return only in 1945, was based on engine size, and a reduced taxation level thanks to its smaller engine had been one of

1394-451: The engine, which was less undersquare than before, though its essential architecture as a straight-four cylinder side-valve unit was familiar enough. The claimed maximum power output and top speed were unchanged at 23 PS (17 kW; 23 hp) and 85 km/h (53 mph) respectively. What did change was the engine size, which was now reduced to 1073 cc. In view of the price reduction from 1,850 to 1,650 Marks which accompanied

1435-818: The first full year of production. Total production between 1931 and 1937 of the 1,2 Liter, 1,0 Liter, and P4 models combined was 173,027. This entry includes information from the equivalent entry in the German Misplaced Pages Opel 1.8 Liter Too Many Requests If you report this error to the Wikimedia System Administrators, please include the details below. Request from 172.68.168.133 via cp1102 cp1102, Varnish XID 571615351 Upstream caches: cp1102 int Error: 429, Too Many Requests at Thu, 28 Nov 2024 07:48:00 GMT Stroke ratio#undersquare Stroke ratio , today universally defined as bore/stroke ratio ,

1476-1000: The front wheels is constrained by the width of the engine. The Subaru EJ181 engine develops peak torque at speeds as low as 3200 rpm. Nissan's RB, VQ, VK, VH and VR38DETT engines are all oversquare. Additionally, SR16VE engine found in Nissan Pulsar VZ-R and VZ-R N1 is an oversquare engine with 86 millimetres (3.39 in) bore and 68.7 millimetres (2.70 in) stroke, giving it 175–200 horsepower (130–150 kW) but relatively small torque of 119–134 pound-feet (161–182 N⋅m; 16.5–18.5 kg⋅m) Extreme oversquare engines are found in Formula One racing cars, where strict rules limit displacement, thereby necessitating that power be achieved through high engine speeds. Stroke ratios approaching 2.5:1 are allowed, enabling engine speeds of 18,000 rpm while remaining reliable for multiple races. The Ducati Panigale motorcycle engine

1517-405: The key selling features of the Opel 1,0 Liter. The car was launched with the usual range of bodies. The entry-level car was the open-topped two-seater which was priced in 1931 at 2,000 Marks . With price deflation a feature of the economy at this time, it was possible in 1932 to reduce the manufacturer's listed price to 1,890 Marks. There were two and four-seater cabriolets which came with

1558-421: The normal German practice of giving each model a two number name, in which the first number represented the car's tax horsepower and the second number represented its actual (metric) horse power. The car's predecessor had thus been sold as the Opel 4/20 because its tax horsepower would have been 4 and its actual, brake horsepower 20 PS (14.7 kW; 19.7 hp). The Opel 1,2 Liter was an early example of

1599-462: The time; this record stood until Ferrari unveiled the 458 Italia . Many British automobile companies used undersquare designs until the 1950s, largely because of a motor tax system that taxed cars by their cylinder bore . This includes the BMC A-Series engine , and many Nissan derivatives. The Trojan Car used an undersquare, split piston , two stroke , two-cylinder inline engine; this

1640-494: Was partly for this tax advantage and partly because its proportions allowed flexing V-shaped connecting rods for the two pistons of each U-shaped cylinder, which was cheaper and simpler than two connecting rods joined with an additional bearing. Their French and German competitors at the time also used undersquare designs even in absence of the tax reasoning, e. g. Renault Billancourt engine and Opel straight-6 engine . The 225 cu in (3.7  litre ) Chrysler Slant-6 engine

1681-454: Was the models best year, and the year in which its production volume equated 19 percent of the German passenger car market. In view of the relatively national focus of the major individual European automobile markets at this time, the overwhelming majority of Opel 1,2 Liter/P4 models will have been sold in Germany. In 1936 the Opel P4 was Germany's most popular car. The value for money that

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