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23-498: Oruro ( Spanish pronunciation: [oˈɾuɾo] ; Quechua : Uru Uru ; Aymara : Ururu ) is a department of Bolivia , with an area of 53,588 km (20,690 sq mi). Its capital is the city of Oruro . According to the 2012 census, the Oruro department had a population of 494,178. The department is divided into 16 provinces which are further subdivided into municipalities and cantons . Note: Eduardo Abaroa Province (#5)

46-409: A morpheme whose primary purpose is to indicate the source of information. In Quechuan languages, evidentiality is a three-term system: there are three evidential morphemes that mark varying levels of source information. The markers can apply to first, second, and third persons. The chart below depicts an example of these morphemes from Wanka Quechua : The parentheses around the vowels indicate that

69-402: A set of topic particles , and suffixes indicating who benefits from an action and the speaker's attitude toward it, but some varieties may lack some of the characteristics. Ñuqayku (exclusive) In Quechua, there are seven pronouns . First-person plural pronouns (equivalent to "we") may be inclusive or exclusive ; which mean, respectively, that the addressee ("you") is and is not part of

92-557: A standard orthography intended to be viable for all the different regional forms of Quechua that fall under the umbrella term Southern Quechua. It is a compromise of conservative features in the pronunciations of the various regions that speak forms of Southern Quechua. It has been accepted by many institutions in Peru and Bolivia and is also used on Misplaced Pages Quechua pages, and by Microsoft in its translations of software into Quechua. Here are some examples of regional spellings different from

115-669: Is a progressive, used for an ongoing action (e.g., mikhuy 'to eat'; mikhuchkay 'to be eating'). Particles are indeclinable: they do not accept suffixes. They are relatively rare, but the most common are arí 'yes' and mana 'no', although mana can take some suffixes, such as -n / -m ( manan / manam ), -raq ( manaraq 'not yet') and -chu ( manachu? 'or not?'), to intensify the meaning. Other particles are yaw 'hey, hi', and certain loan words from Spanish, such as piru (from Spanish pero 'but') and sinuqa (from sino 'rather'). The Quechuan languages have three different morphemes that mark evidentiality . Evidentiality refers to

138-582: Is both north of and south of Sebastián Pagador Province (#6). The chief executive officer of Bolivian departments (since May 2010) is the governor; until then, the office was called the prefect, and until 2006 the prefect was appointed by the president of Bolivia . The current governor, Johnny Franklin Vedia Rodríguez of the Movement for Socialism – Political Instrument for the Sovereignty of

161-524: Is divergent, and appears to derive from a mix of dialects, including South Bolivian. The Argentinian dialects of Catamarca and La Rioja are extinct. The most salient distinction between Ayacucho Quechua and the others is that it lacks the aspirated (tʃʰ, pʰ, tʰ, kʰ, qʰ) and ejective (tʃʼ, pʼ, tʼ, kʼ, qʼ) series of stop consonants . The other varieties of Bolivia and Southern Peru taken together have been called Cusco–Collao Quechua (or "Qusqu–Qullaw"); they are not monolithic. For instance, Bolivian Quechua

184-679: Is morphologically distinct from Cusco and Ayacucho Quechua, while North Bolivian is phonologically quite conservative compared to both South Bolivian and Cusco so there is no bifurcation between Ayacucho and Cusco–Collao. Santiagueño also lacks the aspirated and ejective series, but it was a distinct development in Argentina. It also maintains remnants of the Quechua s–š distinction, which has otherwise been lost from Southern Quechua, which suggests other varieties of Quechua in its background. The Peruvian linguist Rodolfo Cerrón Palomino has devised

207-414: Is remembered). The infinitive forms have the suffix -y (e.g. ., much'a 'kiss'; much'a-y 'to kiss'). These are the endings for the indicative : -swan -waq-chik The suffixes shown in the table above usually indicate the subject ; the person of the object is also indicated by a suffix ( -a- for first person and -su- for second person), which precedes the suffixes in the table. In such cases,

230-455: Is striking that the adverb qhipa means both "behind" and "future" and ñawpa means "ahead, in front" and "past". Local and temporal concepts of adverbs in Quechua (as well as in Aymara ) are associated to each other reversely, compared to European languages. For the speakers of Quechua, we are moving backwards into the future (we cannot see it: it is unknown), facing the past (we can see it: it

253-427: Is used. Instead of "ĉ" (appearing in the Quechua varieties of Junín, Cajamarca, and Lambayeque), "ch" is used. The following letters are used in loanwords from Spanish and other languages (not from Aymara): b, d, e, f, g, o. The letters e and o are not used for native Quechua words because the corresponding sounds are simply allophones of i and u that appear predictably next to q, qh, and q'. This rule applies to

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276-431: The "we". Quechua also adds the suffix -kuna to the second and third person singular pronouns qam and pay to create the plural forms, qam-kuna and pay-kuna . Adjectives in Quechua are always placed before nouns. They lack gender and number and are not declined to agree with substantives . Noun roots accept suffixes that indicate person (defining of possession, not identity), number , and case . In general,

299-628: The Peoples , was elected on 7 March 2021. The chief legislative body of the department is the Departmental Legislative Assembly, a body also first elected on 4 April 2010. It consists of 33 members: 16 elected by each of the department's provinces; 16 elected based on proportional representation ; and minority indigenous representative selected by the Uru-Chipaya people. After the regional election on 7 March 2021,

322-704: The Quechuan variety spoken in his homeland: the Mantaro Valley region. Engaged by the Peruvian Ministry of Education, he wrote the first grammar and dictionary of Wanka Quechua, both published in 1976. He has fought strongly for preservation and development of Quechua in all of its varieties. In 1994 he published a dictionary of Southern Quechua , proposing a unified orthographic standard for all Quechua of southern Peru, Bolivia and Argentina. This standard has been accepted by many institutions in Peru and

345-674: The investigation and development of the Quechuan languages . He has also made outstanding contributions to the study of the Aymara , Mochica and Chipaya languages. He pursued his first degree at the National University of San Marcos in Lima . After graduating, he obtained his master's degree at Cornell University and his Ph.D. degree at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign . He started his studies by researching

368-561: The legislature met for its first session of 3 May 2021 and elected a new executive committee consisting of Edwin Fuentes Camacho as president and Delia Gongora Veliz as vice-president. The languages spoken in the department are mainly Spanish, Quechua and Aymara . The following table shows the number of those belonging to the recognised group of speakers. 18°40′S 67°40′W  /  18.667°S 67.667°W  / -18.667; -67.667 Southern Quechua In

391-555: The official Quechua orthography for all varieties. Thus, the spellings ⟨qu⟩ and ⟨qi⟩ are pronounced [qo] and [qe]. The letters appear, however, in proper names or words adopted directly from Spanish: c, v, x, z; j (in Peru; in Bolivia, it is used instead of h). Quechua is an agglutinating language , meaning that words are built up from basic roots followed by several suffixes , each of which carry one meaning. Their large number of suffixes changes both

414-425: The overall meaning of words and their subtle shades of meaning. All varieties of Quechua are very regular agglutinative languages, as opposed to isolating or fusional ones [Thompson]. Their normal sentence order is SOV ( subject–object–verb ). Notable grammatical features include bipersonal conjugation (verbs agree with both subject and object), evidentiality (indication of the source and veracity of knowledge),

437-569: The personal suffix precedes that of number. In the Santiago del Estero variety, however, the order is reversed. From variety to variety, suffixes may change. Adverbs can be formed by adding -ta or, in some cases, -lla to an adjective: allin – allinta ("good – well"), utqay – utqaylla ("quick – quickly"). They are also formed by adding suffixes to demonstratives : chay ("that") – chaypi ("there"), kay ("this") – kayman ("hither"). There are several original adverbs. For Europeans, it

460-465: The plural suffixes from the table ( -chik and -ku ) can be used to express the number of the object rather than the subject. Various suffixes are added to the stem to change the meaning. For example, -chi is a causative suffix and -ku is a reflexive suffix (example: wañuy 'to die'; wañuchiy 'to kill'; wañuchikuy 'to commit suicide'); -naku is used for mutual action (example: marq'ay 'to hug'; marq'anakuy 'to hug each other'), and -chka

483-489: The standard orthography: In Bolivia, the same standard is used except for "j", which is used instead of "h" for the sound [h] (like in Spanish ). The following letters are used for the inherited Quechua vocabulary and for loanwords from Aymara : a, ch, chh, ch', h, i, k, kh, k', l, ll, m, n, ñ, p, ph, p', q, qh, q', r, s, t, th, t', u, w, y. Instead of "sh" (appearing in the northern and central Quechua varieties), "s"

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506-916: The traditional classification of the Quechua language family by Alfredo Torero , Southern Quechua is equivalent to Torero's 'Quechua II c' (or just 'Q II c'). It thus stands in contrast to its many sister varieties within the wider Quechuan family that are spoken in areas north of the Huancayo–Huancavelica line: Central Quechua (Torero's Q I ) spoken from Huancayo northwards to the Ancash Region ; North Peruvian Quechua around Cajamarca and Incahuasi (Torero's II a); and Kichwa (part of Torero's Quechua II b). Dialects are Ayacucho Quechua , Cusco Quechua , Puno Quechua ( Collao Quechua), North Bolivian Quechua (Apolo Quechua), and South Bolivian Quechua . Santiagueño Quechua in Argentina

529-502: The vowel can be dropped in when following an open vowel. For the sake of cohesiveness, the above forms are used to discuss the evidential morphemes. There are dialectal variations to the forms. The variations will be presented in the following descriptions. Rodolfo Cerr%C3%B3n Palomino Rodolfo Marcial Cerrón-Palomino Balbín (born February 10, 1940, in Huancayo , Peru ) is a Peruvian linguist who has crucially contributed to

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