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59-462: (Redirected from Orangist ) Orangism , with supporters known as Orangists , may refer to one of several political movements: Orangism (Dutch Republic) , a loosely defined current in support of a mixed constitution (until 1795) Orangism (Kingdom of the Netherlands) , a liberal-monarchist trend (starting 1860s) Orangism (Belgium) , supported

118-567: A cadet branch of the ruling house of the county of Burgundy, the Anscarids or House of Ivrea . They married the heiress of Baux-Orange. Rene inherited the principality of Orange from his uncle Philbert on the condition that he bear the name and arms of the house of Chalon-Orange. Therefore, he is usually counted as one of the Chalon-Orange and history knows him as Rene of Chalon, rather than "of Nassau". William of Nassau inherited

177-692: A claim on the principality through the claims of the Orléans-Longueville via Alix of Chalon (see above). After his death in 1727 the principality was deemed merged in the Crown by 1731. After the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713 ceded Orange to France, the following claimants came forward in official protests against the terms of the treaty: However, as the treaty considered Orange to now be conquered by and annexed to France, their protests were ignored. Because William III died without legitimate children,

236-407: A claim, albeit distant, to the principality itself due to John William Friso's descent from Louise de Coligny , who was a descendant of the original Princes of Orange. (Louise's great grandmother, Anne Pot, Countess of Saint-Pol, was a descendant of Tiburge d'Orange , who married into the des Baux family) They could also claim descent from the del Balzo, an Italian branch of the des Baux family, via

295-485: Is styled His/Her Royal Highness the Prince(ss) of Orange (Dutch: Zijne/Hare Koninklijke Hoogheid de Prins(es) van Oranje ). During the 15th, 16th and 17th Centuries, the Prince(ss) of Orange was styled His/Her Highness the Prince(ss) of Orange (Dutch: Zijne/Hare Hoogheid de Prins(es) van Oranje ), except for William III, who rated the "Royal/Koninklijke". The princes of Orange in the 16th and 17th century used

354-601: Is commemorated annually by the Protestant Orange Order . William's mother, Mary , was the daughter of King Charles I of England and therefore a princess of England as well as Princess of Orange by marriage. William III and Mary II had no legitimate children. After William's death in 1702, his heir in the Netherlands was John William Friso of Nassau-Diez , who assumed the title, King William having bequeathed it to him by testament. The other contender

413-776: The Batavian Navy to defect to the British in the Vlieter Incident . But the invasion itself was unsuccessful, because the hoped-for Orangist insurrection failed to materialize. At the Peace of Amiens of 1802 William V gave up his claims to the stadtholderate in exchange for the Principality of Nassau-Orange-Fulda . This so discouraged his followers in the Batavian Republic that many made their peace with

472-695: The Dutch Republic Lion with the billets of the Nassau arms and added a royal crown to form the Coat of arms of the Netherlands . In the 19th century, the Dutch Crown prince, who holds the title "Prince of Orange" ("Prins van Oranje"), and his son, who holds the title "Hereditary Prince of Orange" ("Erfprins van Oranje") had their own pre-defined arms. The House of Orange, now the Royal House of

531-812: The Rhône valley of southern France , which was a property of the House of Orange , then of the House of Baux and the House of Chalon-Arlay before passing in 1544 to the Dillenburg branch of the House of Nassau , which since then is known as the House of Orange-Nassau . The Principality originated as the County of Orange , a fief in the Holy Roman Empire , in the Empire's constituent Kingdom of Burgundy . It

590-597: The Treaty of Utrecht Frederick William I of Prussia ceded the Principality of Orange to King Louis XIV of France (while retaining the title as part of his dynastic titulature). In 1732, under the Treaty of Partition, Friso's son, William IV agreed to share use of the title "Prince of Orange" (which had accumulated prestige in the Netherlands and throughout the Protestant world) with Frederick William. With

649-514: The dynastical title . Rival claims to the title have been made by German emperors and kings of the House of Hohenzollern and by the head of the French noble family of Mailly. The current users of the title are Princess Catharina-Amalia of the Netherlands (Orange-Nassau), Georg Friedrich (of Hohenzollern), and Guy (of Mailly-Nesle). The title referred to Orange in the Vaucluse department in

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708-674: The 12th century represented a pun on William of Gellone 's name in French, from the character his deeds inspired in the chanson de geste , the Chanson de Guillaume : "Guillaume au Court-nez" (William the Short-Nosed) or its homophone "Guillaume au Cornet" (William the Horn). The chanson appears to incorporate material relating to William of Gellone's battle at the Orbieu or Orbiel river near Carcassonne in 793 as well as to his seizure of

767-522: The 19th century emergence of the Kingdom of the Netherlands , the title has been traditionally borne by the heir apparent of the Dutch monarch . Although originally only borne by men, since 1983 the title descends via absolute primogeniture , which means that the holder can be either Prince or Princess of Orange. The current Dutch royal dynasty, the House of Orange-Nassau , is not the only family to claim

826-765: The 1st house. William the Silent (Willem I) was the first stadtholder of the Dutch Republic and the most significant representative of the House of Orange in the Netherlands. He was count of a portion of the German territory of Nassau and heir to some of his father's fiefs in Holland. William obtained more extensive lands in the Netherlands (the lordship of Breda and several other dependencies) as an inheritance from his cousin René of Châlon , Prince of Orange, when William

885-706: The British alliance. Events came to a head in the period 1785–1787, when most of the dictatorial powers of the stadtholder were taken away by the Patriots. However, Anglo-Prussian military intervention in the Prussian invasion of Holland of 1787 gave the upper hand to the Orangists, who drove their Patriot opponents into exile. The powers of the stadtholder were now enshrined in the so-called Act of Guarantee of 1788, and guaranteed by Britain and Prussia "in perpetuity." Perpetuity in this case lasted seven years. Following

944-700: The French invasion of the Dutch Republic and the Batavian Revolution in 1795, resulting in the founding of the Batavian Republic , William V, Prince of Orange fled to Britain. At the request of the British he wrote the so-called Kew Letters , intended to hand the Dutch colonies to the British without a fight. At the Anglo-Russian invasion of Holland in 1799 the young Erfprins Willem Frederik made an not-unsuccessful attempt to get

1003-542: The German-born nobleman from then Spanish Netherlands , William (known as "the Silent"), in 1544. Subsequently, William led a successful Dutch revolt against Spain, however with independence the new country became a decentralized republic rather than a unitary monarchy. In 1702, after William the Silent's great-grandson William III of England died without children, a dispute arose between his cousins, Johan Willem Friso and Frederick I of Prussia . In 1713, under

1062-555: The King of Prussia to erect part of the duchy of Gelderland (the cities of Geldern, Straelen, and Wachtendonk with their bailiwicks, Krickenbeck, Viersen, the land of Kessel, and the lordships of Afferden, Arcen-Velden-Lomm, Walbeck-Twisteden, Raay and Klein-Kevelaer, Well, Bergen, and Middelaar) into a new Principality of Orange . The kings of Prussia and the German emperors styled themselves Princes of Orange till 1918. An agnatic relative of William III, John William Friso of Nassau , who

1121-452: The Netherlands in 1795, but on their return, the Prince of Orange became the first sovereign of the Netherlands in 1813. After the establishment of the current Kingdom of the Netherlands in 1815, the title was partly reconstitutionalized by legislation and granted to the eldest son of King William I of the Netherlands, Prince William, who later became William II of the Netherlands. Since 1983,

1180-401: The Netherlands, and their descendants the House of Orange-Nassau, kept this title for their family. Wilhelmina further decreed that in perpetuity her descendants should be styled "princes and princesses of Orange-Nassau" and that the name of the house would be "Orange-Nassau" (in Dutch "Oranje-Nassau"). Since then, individual members of the House of Orange-Nassau are also given their own arms by

1239-669: The Silent wrote in his marriage proposal to the uncle of his second wife, the Elector August of Saxony , he held Orange as "my own free property", not as a fief of any suzerain ; neither the Pope, nor the Kings of Spain or France. That historical position of honor and reputation would later drive William the Silent forward, as much as it also fueled the opposition of his great grandson William III to Louis XIV , when that king invaded and occupied Orange. The last direct descendant of

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1298-416: The appointment of William III , Prince of Orange , the posthumously-born son of William II, Prince of Orange , to the office of stadtholder of the Holland and Zeeland. The office had been vacant since the death of William II in 1650. The pro-Republic Dutch States Party was marked by caution (especially in all matters that could harm trade), led by Grand pensionary Johan de Witt and had supporters among

1357-541: The basis that Orange was an independent state whose sovereign had the right to assign his succession according to his will. France never recognized any of this, nor allowed the Orange-Nassaus or the Hohenzollerns to obtain anything of the principality itself. The Oranje-Nassaus nevertheless assumed the title and also erected several of their lordships into a new principality of Orange. From that derivation of

1416-452: The claimants of Orange until their extinction in male line in 1694 (see Famille d'Orléans-Longueville ). When William the Silent of Nassau succeeded as prince of Orange, the Orléans-Longueville protested and obtained court decisions in their favor in France. However, as Orange was a sovereign state and not part of France, the courts' decisions were not enforceable and left the principality in

1475-500: The counter-remonstrants to oppose van Oldenbarnevelt and support his own policies, and things got so bad that civil war threatened. Oldenbarnevelt was executed after a sham trial in 1619 and Grotius sentenced to life in prison, and for a number of years the Orangists were in charge under Maurice and later his brother Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange . Orangists such as the Vice-Admiral Johan Evertsen backed

1534-638: The course of the Republic's history and there were never clear-cut socioeconomic divisions. Orangism can be seen as a continuation of the political opposition between the remonstrants and counter-remonstrants during the Twelve Years' Truce (1609-1621). The Remonstrants were tolerant and republican, with a liberal view on biblical interpretation, no belief in predestination and were led by men like Johan van Oldenbarnevelt and Hugo Grotius . Stadtholder Maurice of Nassau, Prince of Orange relied on

1593-535: The following sets of arms. On becoming Prince of Orange, William placed the Châlon-Arlay arms in the center ("as an inescutcheon") of his father's arms. He used these arms until 1582 when he purchased the marquisate of Veere and Vlissingen. He then used the arms attributed to Frederick Henry, etc. with the arms of the marquisate in the top center, and the arms of the county of Buren in the bottom center. Their growing complexity shows how arms are used to reflect

1652-536: The growing political position and royal aspirations of the house of Orange-Nassau . When William VI of Orange returned to the Netherlands in 1813 and was proclaimed Sovereign Prince of the Netherlands, he quartered the former Arms of the Dutch Republic (1st and 4th quarter) with the "Châlon-Orange" arms (2nd and 3rd quarter), which had come to symbolize Orange. As an in escutcheon he placed his ancestral arms of Nassau. When he became King in 1815, he combined

1711-502: The hands of the Nassau-Orange family. In 1673, Louis XIV of France annexed all territory of the principality to France and to the royal domain, as part of the war actions against the stadtholder William III of Orange — who later became King William III of Great Britain . Orange ceased to exist as a sovereign realm, de facto . Louis then bestowed the titular princedom on Louis Charles de Mailly , marquis de Nesle, whose wife

1770-526: The hands of the princes, even though they "lean[ed] heavily on the concept of monarchy ", since this would have been problematic in the Republic that wrested its independence from the kings of Spain under William of Orange . Instead, they stated their views in terms of republican liberty, sharing the idiom of their States Party opponents. Attempts to introduce elements of John Locke 's natural law and Montesquieu 's separation of powers (by Elie Luzac ) failed when these same theories were taken over by

1829-457: The heir to the Dutch throne, whether male or female, bears the title Prince or Princess of Orange. The first-born child of the heir to the Dutch throne bears the title Hereditary Prince(ss) of Orange. When her father Willem-Alexander became King of the Netherlands following the abdication of Queen Beatrix , Princess Catharina-Amalia became the Princess of Orange. The Prince(ss) of Orange

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1888-470: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Orangism&oldid=676703791 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Orangism (Dutch Republic) In the history of the Dutch Republic , Orangism or prinsgezindheid ("pro-prince stance")

1947-430: The marriage of Princess Anne to William IV, Prince of Orange . Anne was the eldest daughter of George II of Great Britain , who was a descendant of Elizabeth Woodville , wife of Edward IV of England . Elizabeth Woodville's grandmother was Margherita del Balzo , another descendant of Tiburge d'Orange. They also claimed on the basis of the testaments of Philip William, Maurice, and William III. Finally, they claimed on

2006-472: The new regime, and some, like Carel Hendrik Ver Huell , went over to the French emperor Napoleon completely, becoming staunch supporters of his autocratic regime, during the period 1810-1813 during which the Netherlands was annexed to the First French Empire . In 1813, when the French retreated from the Netherlands, old Orangist partisans, led by Gijsbert Karel van Hogendorp , managed to put

2065-540: The office of stadtholder vacant, mainly because there was no clear successor available (the claim of John William Friso, Prince of Orange , a minor at this time, to the title of Prince of Orange was disputed by his cousin Frederick I of Prussia ), though Friso was recognised by the States of Friesland as their stadtholder. Friso died in 1711, and his son William IV, Prince of Orange also was born posthumously. William IV

2124-554: The opposing Patriot faction in the 1780s. Prince of Orange The title "Prince of Orange" was created in 1163 by Holy Roman Emperor Frederick Barbarossa , by elevating the county of Orange to a principality , in order to bolster his support in that area in his conflict with the Papacy . The title and land passed to the French noble houses of Baux , in 1173, and of Chalons , in 1393, before arriving with René of Nassau in 1530. The principality then passed to René's cousin,

2183-459: The original princes, René of Chalon , exercised his sovereign right and left the principality to his cousin William the Silent , who was not a descendant of the original Orange family but the heir to the principality of Orange by testament. This was, however, against the inheritance pattern enacted by the last will of Mary of Baux-Orange , the Princess of Orange from the House of Baux who brought

2242-617: The principality into the Chalons family and through to whom Prince René derived his own inheritance right (see Genealogy of the House of Orange-Chalon ). In this way, Rene transmitted his property to his nearest relative, rather than go back several generations to transmit it to now distant cousins. Those now distant cousins were the descendants of Alix de Chalon. Marie des Baux-Orange had stipulated in her will that if her son Louis did not inherit Orange, her daughter Alix and her descendants should. Guillaume de Vienne, seigneur de Saint-Georges,

2301-577: The principality of Orange from his cousin René. Although William descended from no previous Prince of Orange, as René had no children or siblings, he exercised his right as sovereign prince to will Orange to his first cousin on his father's side, who actually had no Orange blood. This began the Dutch Royal House of Orange-Nassau . The 2nd house of Orange-Nassau (see House of Orange-Nassau family tree ) were cousins on their father and mother's side of

2360-434: The principality was regarded as having been inherited by his closest cognate relative on the basis of the testament of Frederic-Henry, Frederick I of Prussia , who ceded the principality — at least the lands, but not the formal title — to France in 1713. France supported his claim. In this way, the territory of the principality lost its feudal and secular privileges and became a part of France. The Treaty of Utrecht allowed

2419-464: The re-unification of Belgium and the Netherlands in a United Kingdom Orangism (Luxembourg) , supported the personal union of the Netherlands and the grand-duchy of Luxembourg Orangism (Northern Ireland) , whose followers are more usually known as Orangemen Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Orangism . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change

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2478-594: The reigning monarch, similar to the United Kingdom. This is usually the royal arms, quartered with the arms of the principality of Orange, and an in escutcheon of their paternal arms. As a former territory of the Holy Roman Empire, the princes of Orange used an independent prince's crown. Sometimes, only the coronet part was used ( see , here and here ). After the establishment of the Kingdom of

2537-419: The ruling class, the regenten which included his relative from Amsterdam, Cornelis de Graeff . It was de Witt who, in the 1654 peace with England and its leader Oliver Cromwell , agreed to include the secret Act of Seclusion barring the infant William III from the stadtholderate. De Witt then put pressure on all seven of the Republic's provinces to uphold this ban. The Orangist party was eventually led by

2596-555: The second half of the 18th century the anti-Orangist party became known as the Patriots . These Patriots strongly opposed both the Prince of Orange, and the British connection. Many of their numbers were drawn from those with commercial and maritime interests who saw Britain as a natural rival of the Dutch, and generally supported the French. At various times the Princes of Orange tried to counter this by moving closer or further away from

2655-400: The so-called Government Regulations of 1748. Hopes of democratic political reform were, however, dashed. After his early death, at age 40, in 1751, the stadtholderate (that had been declared hereditary) passed to his infant son William V, Prince of Orange , but actual power was exercised by Regents , like his mother Anne, Princess Royal and Princess of Orange until his majority in 1766. In

2714-427: The son of William V on a newly-invented throne, first of a principality, and soon of the newly-founded Kingdom of the Netherlands . The stadtholderate was never a well-defined concept in the constitution of the Dutch Republic, instead being a patchwork of responsibilities. Likewise, Orangism never became a consistent political theory. In particular, the Orangists never formulated a desire for absolute sovereignty in

2773-416: The title comes the tradition of the House of Orange-Nassau (originally Nassau-Dietz), the later stadtholders of the Netherlands, and the present-day royal family of the Netherlands, of holding this title. They maintain the tradition of William the Silent and the House of Orange-Nassau. There are two other claimants to this title: Until 1340, it was customary for all sons of the prince of Orange to inherit

2832-400: The title. Only the direct line of descent to Raimond V is shown here. The house of Baux succeeded to the principality of Orange when Bertrand of Baux married the heiress of the last native count of Orange, Tiburge , daughter of William of Orange , Omelaz, and Montpellier. Their son was William I of Baux -Orange. Bertrand was the son of Raymond of Baux and Stephanie of Gevaudan. Stephanie

2891-630: The town of Orange . As the kingdom of Burgundy fragmented in the early Middle Ages, the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa elevated the lordship of Orange to a principality in 1163 to shore up his supporters in Burgundy against the Pope and the King of France. As the Empire's boundaries retreated from those of the principality, the prince acceded to the sovereign rights that the Emperor formerly exercised. As William

2950-636: The young Prince of Orange himself and by men such as Cornelis Tromp . It played an important part in the expulsion of the de Witt brothers ( Cornelis de Witt and Johan de Witt), which culminated during the Rampjaar with William III's appointment as stadtholder on 28 June 1672 followed by an organised lynching of the brothers at the Gevangenpoort in the Hague on 20 August. After the death of William III in 1702 his Dutch ministers decided again to keep

3009-527: Was a direct descendant, and heiress-general by primogeniture, of the original princes of Orange, After the marquise (who died in 1713), the next holder was Louis of Mailly-Nesle  [ fr ] , marquis de Nesle (1689–1764). Although no longer descended from Louis-Charles, a branch of the Mailly family still claim the title today. In 1714 Louis XIV bestowed the usufruct of the principality on his kinsman, Louis Armand of Bourbon, Prince de Conti, who had

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3068-579: Was a political force opposing the Staatsgezinde (pro-Republic) party. Orangists supported the Princes of Orange as Stadtholders (a position held by members of the House of Orange ) and military commanders of the Republic, as a check on the power of the regenten . The Orangist party drew its adherents largely from traditionalists – mostly farmers, soldiers, noblemen and orthodox Protestant preachers, though its support fluctuated heavily over

3127-403: Was also cognatically descended from William the Silent , was designated the heir to the Princes of Orange in the Netherlands by the last will of William III. Several of his descendants became stadtholders. They claim the principality of Orange on the basis of agnatic inheritance, similar to that of William the Silent, who had inherited Orange from his cousin René of Chalon. They did however have

3186-490: Was appointed stadtholder of Friesland, Groningen, and Gelderland at his majority in 1731, but the other provinces kept the office vacant, until in 1747 a popular revolt by Orangists forced the States of the other four provinces to follow suit and appoint him their stadtholder also. This was the first time that all stadtholder's offices in the Dutch Republic were in the same hand. William IV received almost dictatorial powers under

3245-675: Was awarded to William of Gellone (born 755), a grandson of Charles Martel and therefore a cousin of Charlemagne , around the year 800 for his services in the wars against the Moors and in the reconquest of southern France and the Spanish March . His Occitan name is Guilhem ; however, as a Frankish lord, he probably knew himself by the old Germanic version of Wilhelm . William also ruled as count of Toulouse , duke of Aquitaine, and marquis of Septimania . The horn that came to symbolize Orange when heraldry came in vogue much later in

3304-508: Was only 11 years old. After William's assassination in 1584, the title passed to his son Philip William (who had been held hostage in Spain until 1596), and after his death in 1618, to his second son Maurice , and finally to his youngest son, Frederick Henry . The title of Prince of Orange became associated with the stadtholder of the Netherlands. William III (Willem III) was also King of England , Scotland and Ireland , and his legacy

3363-549: Was the King in Prussia , who based his claim to the title on the will of Frederick Henry, William III's grandfather. Eventually, a compromise was reached by which both families were entitled to bear the title of Prince of Orange. By then, it was no more than a title because the principality had been annexed by Louis XIV of France . Friso's line held it as their principal title during the 18th century. The French army expelled them from

3422-417: Was the husband of Alix. They had a daughter Marguerite, who married in 1449 Rudolf of Baden-Hochberg , lord of Neuchâtel and Rothelin (1427–87). Their son was Philip (d. 1503). His only child who reached maturity was Johanna (d. 1543). She married in 1504 Louis I of Orléans , duc de Longueville (1450–1516). Through this marriage, the Orléans-Longueville, an illegitimate branch of the house of Valois, were

3481-418: Was the younger daughter of Gerberga , the heiress of the counts of Provence. For a genealogical table, see the reference cited: Bertrand I used as Prince of Orange the coat of arms of the House of Baux : a 16-pointed white star placed on a field of gules . Later on, the Princes of Orange quartered the legendary bugle-horn as a heraldic figure into their coat of arms. The lords of Chalons and Arlay were

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