The Organ Reform Movement or Orgelbewegung (also called the Organ Revival Movement) was a mid-20th-century trend in pipe organ building, originating in Germany. The movement was most influential in the United States in the 1930s through 1970s, and began to wane in the 1980s. It arose with early interest in historical performance and was strongly influenced by Albert Schweitzer 's championing of historical instruments by Gottfried Silbermann and others, as well as by Schweitzer's opinion that organs should be judged primarily by their ability to perform with clarity the polyphonic Baroque music of J. S. Bach (1685–1750). Concert organist E. Power Biggs was a leading popularizer of the movement in the United States, through his many recordings and radio broadcasts. The movement ultimately went beyond the "Neo-Baroque" copying of old instruments to endorse a new philosophy of organ building , "more Neo than Baroque". The movement arose in response to perceived excesses of symphonic organ building, but eventually symphonic organs regained popularity after the reform movement generated excesses of its own.
40-549: The Organ Reform Movement sought to turn away from many of the perceived excesses of Romantic or Symphonic organ building and repertoire, in favor of organs understood to be more similar to those of the Baroque Era in Northern Germany, especially those built by Arp Schnitger . This took the form of a "vertical" style of tonal registration in which ensembles were ideally built up with no pitch being duplicated in
80-471: A basilica by Pope Leo XIII in 1897) was one of the first to be built with several of these new features. Consequently, it influenced César Franck , who was the titular organist there. The organ works of Franck have inspired generations of organist-composers who came after him. Featuring 102 stops and five manuals, the Saint-Sulpice instrument, which unlike many others remains practically unaltered,
120-440: A monument dedicated to those who died during World War I. The boundaries of the cemetery are defined as rue Froidevaux in the south, rue Victor-Schœlcher in the east, boulevard Edgar-Quinet in the north, and rue de la Gaîté in the west. However, the main entrance to the cemetery is on Boulevard Edgar Quinet which leads to the large cemetery. There are smaller entrances to both the large and small cemeteries on Rue Émile Richard (near
160-584: A nomination for Best Original Screenplay at the Academy Awards for her script in the film Hiroshima Mon Amour (Hiroshima My Love). Simone de Beauvoir is buried with Jean-Paul Sartre . Pierre-Joseph Proudhon , the first person to self-proclaim as an anarchist, is also buried here. Jacques Lisfranc 's tomb is in the 13th division. He started his career as a surgeon during the German Campaign of 1813 . Lisfranc spread his knowledge about
200-533: A whole blossoming of wonderful colors—a rich palette of the most diverse shades: harmonic flutes, gambas, bassoons, English horns, trumpets, celestes, flue stops and reed stops of a quality and variety unknown before. For a mechanical tracker action and its couplers to operate under these higher wind pressures, pneumatic assistance provided by the Barker lever was required, which Cavaillé-Coll included in his larger instruments. This device made it possible to couple all
240-531: A windmill that later became a Guinguette and the home of the cemetery's caretaker. The mill, which is still standing is the last remnant of the farms. The main entrance to the cemetery is north of Boulevard Edgar Quinet near the Edgar Quinet Métro station . The cemetery is divided in two parts by the Rue Émile Richard. The small section is usually referred to as the small cemetery ( petit cimetière ) and
280-558: Is a candidate to become a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Marcel Dupré stated that "composing for an orchestra is quite different from composing for an organ... with exception of Master Cavaillé-Coll's symphonic organs: in that case one has to observe an extreme attention when writing for such kind of instruments." Almost a century beforehand, César Franck had ecstatically said of the modest Cavaillé-Coll instrument at l'Église St.-Jean-St.-François in Paris with words that summed up everything
320-477: Is a cemetery in the Montparnasse quarter of Paris , in the city's 14th arrondissement . The cemetery is roughly 47 acres and is the second largest cemetery in Paris. The cemetery has over 42 graves, and approximately 1,000 people are buried there each year. The cemetery is the resting place for a variety of individuals including political figures, philosophers, artists, actors, and writers. Additionally,
360-682: Is that its principles were often taken to extremes and became more dogmatic than musical, while ruining many fine symphonic organs and disappointing many listeners. Many of the Reform instruments survive, but some of the alterations that the movement executed on pre-movement instruments have since been reversed to support a wider range of repertoire, such as on the notable pipe organs of Auckland Town Hall , Princeton University Chapel , and Chicago's Rockefeller Chapel . Aristide Cavaill%C3%A9-Coll Aristide Cavaillé-Coll ( French: [aʁistid kavaje kɔl] ; 4 February 1811 – 13 October 1899)
400-572: The Cimetière des Innocents (those buried here were relocated to the Catacombs ). During this time the city of Paris obtained the estate and surrounding grounds in order to create a cemetery for the burial of people who lived in the Left Bank of the city. Previously, these inhabitants were buried in the cemetery of Sainte-Catherine and in the village of Vaugirard . The cemetery at Montparnasse
440-744: The Palais de Chaillot which replaced the Palais de Trocadéro, then rebuilt in 1975 by Gonzalez-Danion and relocated to the Auditorium Maurice Ravel in Lyon . Franck's Trois Pièces were premiered on the Trocadéro organ. A documentary film titled The Genius of Cavaillé-Coll was released in 2012 by Fugue State Films to mark both the 200th anniversary of Cavaillé-Coll's birth in 2011 and the 150th anniversary of his organ at St Sulpice. It won
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#1732776539504480-448: The bassoon , the oboe and the english horn . He popularized the harmonic flute stop, which, together with the montre (principals), the gambe (strings) and the bourdon (flutes), formed the fonds (foundations) of the organ. He designed the "orchestral quartet" which referred to orchestral four colours of sound - principals, flutes, strings and reeds. He introduced divided windchests which were controlled by ventils. These allowed
520-598: The 1940s the firm had almost disappeared. Cavaillé-Coll died in Paris on 13 October 1899 and is buried in the Montparnasse Cemetery . Cavaillé-Coll is responsible for many innovations that revolutionized organ building, performance and composition. Instead of the Positif , Cavaillé-Coll placed the Grand-Orgue manual as the lowest manual, and included couplers that allowed the entire tonal resources of
560-624: The DVD Documentary Award of the BBC Music Awards 2014. For a complete list of all organs by Cavaillé-Coll, see: List of Organs by Aristide Cavaillé-Coll [ de ] In addition, Cavaillé-Coll designed a large but never-built pipe organ for Saint Peter's Basilica , where a 1/10 scale model is preserved. Most of the instruments in this list were sold and installed by Mutin-Cavaillé Coll, successor of Cavaillé Coll business after his death in 1899. Argentina
600-531: The Organ Reform Movement had electro-pneumatic or direct electric action . North American buildings tend to have substantial architectural and acoustical differences from the European churches where most organ music was written, and this also had implications for successful organbuilding. Some of the leading organ-builders of the movement were: A common criticism of the Organ Reform Movement
640-605: The anatomy of the joints of the foot and used this knowledge to treat many patients. Multiple generations of a family can be buried in Montparnasse. In the 14th division are three generations of the Deschanel family who all served in the third republic : Émile Deschanel , Paul Deschanel , and Paul-Louis Deschanel. Their bodies rest under the quote, "On n'emporte en mourant que ce que l'on a donné" (We can only take in death what we have given away) The cemetery does not have
680-419: The builder was trying to do: "Mon nouvel orgue ? C'est un orchestre !" ("My new organ? It's an orchestra!"). Franck later became organist of a much larger Cavaillé-Coll organ at St Clotilde in Paris. In 1878 Franck was featured recitalist on the four-manual Cavaillé-Coll organ at the Palais du Trocadéro in Paris; this organ was subsequently rebuilt by V. & F. Gonzalez in 1939 and reinstalled in
720-554: The cemetery contains a number of tombs commemorating those who died in the Franco-Prussian war during the siege of Paris (1870–1871) and the Paris Commune (1871). The cemetery was created at the beginning of the 19th century in the southern part of the city. At the same time there were cemeteries outside the city limits: Passy Cemetery to the west, Montmartre Cemetery to the north, and Père Lachaise Cemetery to
760-762: The classical façade), baron Albert de L'Espée's residence in Biarritz (moved finally to the Sacré-Cœur Basilica ), and many others. The organ reform movement in the 20th century sought to return organ building to a more Baroque style; but since then, Cavaillé-Coll's designs have come back into fashion. Born in Montpellier , France, to Dominique, one in a line of organ builders, he showed early talent in mechanical innovation. He exhibited an outstanding fine art when designing and building his famous instruments. His organs are " symphonic organs ": they can reproduce
800-425: The compass on a higher pressure than the bass , to emphasize melody lines and counteract the natural tendency of small pipes (especially reeds) to be softer. It is he [Cavaillé-Coll] who conceived the diverse wind pressures, the divided windchests, the pedal systems and the combination registers; he who applied for the first time Barker's pneumatic motors, created the family of harmonic stops, reformed and perfected
840-480: The east. In the 16th century the intersecting roads of Vavin and Raspail were dump areas for rubble and stones from nearby quarries. This created an artificial hill and is where "mont" came into the name Montparnasse. Students at the time would congregate on the hill to participate in open-air dances. During the French Revolution the land and church were confiscated and the cemetery became property of
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#1732776539504880-449: The electron de-multiplier cell invented by the client. This sculpture interacts with the environment: when an individual or a bird passes by, one of its points of light can go out or light up. This work has several peaks that refer to the commissioner's native mountains. The first viewing of the artwork was on 1 November 2016. Montparnasse Cemetery is the resting place of many of France's intellectual and artistic elite and those who promoted
920-465: The government. At this time, anyone who died at the hospital and whose body was not claimed was buried here. In the 19th century, cemeteries were banned in Paris due to health concerns. Several new cemeteries outside the precincts of the capital replaced all the internal Parisian ones: Montmartre Cemetery in the north, Père Lachaise Cemetery in the east, and Montparnasse Cemetery in the south. Montparnasse as well as Père Lachaise and Montmartre replaced
960-473: The large section as the large cemetery ( grand cimetière ). The west of Émile-Richard Street is divided into 21 divisions and to the east of Émile-Richard Street the cemetery is divided into 8 divisions numbered from 22 to 30 (there is no 23rd division). With 47 acres, Montparnasse is a large green space inside the city limits of Paris. Within the cemetery one can find a variety of trees including linden, Japanese pagoda, thuja, maple, ash, and conifers. Because of
1000-497: The manuals together and play on the full organ without expending a great deal of effort. He also invented the pneumatic combination action system for his five-manual organ at Église Saint-Sulpice, Paris . All these innovations allowed a seamless crescendo from pianissimo all the way to fortissimo , something never before possible on the organ. His organ at the Basilique Ste-Clotilde, Paris (proclaimed
1040-475: The many notable people buried there, it is a popular tourist attraction. In 2016, the permanent work CAUSSE was installed in the preserved section of the Montparnasse Cemetery in Paris. A prominent French scientist commissioned a tomb from the artist engineer Milène Guermont . This work is a single block of ultra high performance concrete and optical fibers composed of 12 sides to materialize
1080-402: The mechanics to such a point that each pipe—low or high, loud or soft—instantly obeys the touch of the finger… From this result: the possibility of confining an entire division in a sonorous prison—opened or closed at will—the freedom of mixing timbres, the means of intensifying them or gradually tempering them, the freedom of tempos, the sureness of attacks, the balance of contrasts, and, finally,
1120-520: The most popular figures in French popular music and was a French singer, songwriter, pianist, film composer, poet, painter, screenwriter, writer, actor and director. Marguerite Duras ' grave is recognizable due to a pot and saucer full of planted pens. Duras moved to Indochina as a child with her parents, but was sent back to France before the beginning of World War II. Novelist, playwright, screenwriter, essayist, and experimental filmmaker, she received
1160-493: The organ to be played from the Grand-Orgue . He refined the English swell box by devising a spring-loaded (later balanced) pedal with which the organist could operate the swell shutters, thus increasing the organ's potential for expression. He adjusted pipe making and voicing techniques, thus creating a whole family of harmonic stops ( flutes , trompettes , clairons ) and stops imitating orchestral instruments such as
1200-420: The pipe edges and other techniques of achieving symphonic-style "smoothness". Low wind pressures were revived. Casework was sometimes eschewed in favor of open standing pipework, and shuttered swell boxes became less common. In Europe the movement was indelibly connected with tracker action (mechanical instruments). In North America this was less emphatic, and many US and Canadian instruments characteristic of
1240-556: The results of his research and experiments. He was the inventor of the symphonic organ being able to follow smooth and immediate dynamic changes like a symphonic orchestra . His most famous organs were built in Paris in Saint-Denis Basilica (1841), Église de la Madeleine , Sainte-Clotilde Basilica (1859), Saint-Sulpice church (his largest instrument; behind the classical façade), Notre-Dame Cathedra l (behind
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1280-401: The same octave, and then the ensembles were crowned with high-pitched mixture stops . The movement endorsed the so-called Werkprinzip , in which each division of the instrument's pipework was based on a principal -scale rank of a different octave. Organ voicers strove for an articulate pipe speech characterized by a short burst of "chiff" sound at the start of each note, and avoided "nicking"
1320-424: The sounds of other instruments and combine them as well. Cavaillé-Coll was also known for his financial problems - he focused mostly on the organ building art, leaving finance less attention. The art of his handcrafted instruments, unparalleled at that time, was not enough to ensure his firm's survival. It was taken over in 1898, shortly before his death, by Charles Mutin, who continued in the organ business, but by
1360-405: The turn of the century. Charles Baudelaire , French poet and author of Les Fleurs du Mal ( The Flowers of Evil ), is buried in division 6, but there is also a cenotaph to him (between divisions 26 and 27). Serge Gainsbourg 's grave is also at Montparnasse. Visitors leave a variety of gifts on his gravesite, ranging from flowers and metro tickets to cabbages. Gainsbourg is considered one of
1400-417: The use of higher wind pressures and for each manual's anches ( reed stops ) to be added or subtracted as a group by means of a pedal. Higher wind pressures allowed the organ to include many more stops of 8' ( unison ) pitch in every division, so complete fonds as well as reed choruses could be placed in every division, designed to be superimposed on top of one another. Sometimes he placed the treble part of
1440-471: The works of authors and artists. There are graves of foreigners who made France their home as well as monuments to police and firefighters killed in the line of duty. The cemetery has a number of religious tombs. North of the roundabout is a tomb for priests without family. Rosalie Rendu , member of the Daughters of Charity , has an individual tomb in the 14th division that is always well-decorated. Rendu
1480-553: Was beatified in 2003 by the Catholic church . The 5th and 30th divisions were at one time Jewish enclosures and contain many Jewish graves. Adolphe Crémieux , French lawyer and politician, gained citizenship for Jews in French-ruled Algeria in 1870. Alfred Dreyfus , a French Jew, is buried in the south of the cemetery and is known for being unjustly accused and tried for treason , an event that divided France at
1520-417: Was a French organ builder . He has the reputation of being the most distinguished organ builder of the 19th century. He pioneered innovations in the art and science of organ building that permeated the profession and influenced the course of organ building, composing and improvising through the early 20th century. As the author of scientific journal articles about the organ construction details, he published
1560-512: Was a strong demander of pipe organs in the first decades of XXth century, in such degree that the company installed a branch in Buenos Aires city at that time, with two shops: one located in street Estados Unidos number 3199, the other one in street 24 de Noviembre number 884. Cavaillé-Coll's name was given to an asteroid : 5184 Cavaillé-Coll . Montparnasse Cemetery Montparnasse Cemetery (French: Cimetière du Montparnasse )
1600-518: Was originally known as Le Cimetière du Sud (Southern Cemetery) and it officially opened 25 July 1824. Since its opening, more than 300,000 people have been buried in Montparnasse. In the 17th century the future location of the cemetery consisted of three farms that belonged to the Hôtel-Dieu hospital and an estate of the Brothers of Charity (frères de la Charité). During this time monks built
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