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24-498: Ormuri is notable for its unusual sound inventory, which includes a voiceless alveolar trill that does not exist in the surrounding Pashto . Ormuri also has voiceless and voiced alveolo-palatal fricatives (the voiceless being contrastive with the more common voiceless palato-alveolar fricative ), which also exist in the Waziristani dialect of Pashto, but could have been adopted from Ormuri due to its close proximity. Ormuri

48-607: A consonant and a few nouns end in unstressed (or rarely stressed) - a or - i . Whereas in Kaniguram, the stem usually ends in a consonant, but both nouns and adjectives may end in - a or - i . Ormuri uses the Pashto script with the additional letters ڒ / r̝ / , ݫ / ʑ / and ݭ / ɕ /  : U+0622 (over vowel) "Log." will represent examples from the Ormuri dialect of Logar and "Kan." will be used to signify

72-472: A medial CC will be divided: The language has undergone extensive change in comparison to its ancestral self. For nominal morphology (nouns, adjectives, and pronouns), aspects of the Kaniguram dialect of grammatical gender has completely been lost in the Logar. In terms of the verbal morphology , there is a greater variety of conjugations of modal and tense-aspect forms based on the present-tense stem. There

96-436: A trill may often be reduced to a single vibration in unstressed positions. In Italian, a simple trill typically displays only one or two vibrations, while a geminate trill will have three or more. Languages where trills always have multiple vibrations include Albanian , Spanish , Cypriot Greek , and a number of Armenian and Portuguese dialects. People with ankyloglossia may find it exceptionally difficult to articulate

120-510: A village in Bactria to live in, later named Barke. After two thousand three hundred and fifty years, the village was still inhabited in 1891 within the same territory. The name 'Ormur' ( orməṛ ) is originally derived from Pashto (meaning fire ). The first man to have made mention of the Baraki language was Babar , in his book Baburnama . Ormuri , also called Birki at the time was one of

144-444: Is also a distinction made between masculine and feminine words based on the past-tense system. Finally, there is a greater number of distinctions between within the system of tense-aspect forms and there are different types of ergative constructions. There is a developed system of noun and verb inflections. Nominal parts of speech contains: Three numbers (singular, dual, and plural), three genders (masculine, feminine, and neuter), and

168-586: Is also used in a small part of Logar Province , Afghanistan . An alternate name used by the Ormur people is Baraki . It is believed that there were eight to ten thousand families in the Logar area at the beginning of the 19th century and approximately four to five hundred families in Kaniguram at the beginning of the 20th century. The Ormur tribe does not occupy an ethnically homogeneous territory. In Afghanistan,

192-791: Is classified under the Indo-European , Indo-Iranian , Iranian , Eastern Iranian , Southeastern Iranian , and Ormuri-Parachi language groups. According to the Endangered Languages Project , the language of Ormuri is highly threatened. The language is used for face-to-face communication , however it is losing users. The Ormuri language is used by the Ormur/Baraki tribe in parts of the Kaniguram Valley in Waziristan , Pakistan . The language

216-608: Is sustained by nearly fifty adherents in Afghanistan and around five to six thousand speakers in Pakistan There are two dialects of Ormuri; one is spoken in Kaniguram, Waziristan, which is the more archaic dialect, and the other one in Baraki-Barak, Logar. The Kaniguram dialect is not understood in Baraki-Barak. The linguist Georg Morgenstierne wrote: While Kaniguram has borrowed freely from Waziri Pashto ,

240-444: Is widespread. / r̝ / usually corresponds to / ʃ / in Logar. Ľubomír (2013) claims there is a voiceless retroflex non-sibilant fricative [ɻ̊˔]. Proper Ormuri words will have the following syllabic patterns: V, VC, CV, CCV, (C)VCC, CVC, CCVC, CCVCC. Both dialects from Kaniguram and Logar have similar syllabic structure. At the end of certain words CC occurs as spirant/sonant + occlusive. When separating most words into syllables,

264-485: The Kaniguram dialect of Ormuri Alveolar trill#Raised alveolar non-sonorant trill The voiced alveolar trill is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages . The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents dental , alveolar , and postalveolar trills is ⟨ r ⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is r . It is commonly called

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288-472: The Logar and Kaniguram dialects are mainly based on the quality of vowels instead of the quantity. The system is based on six phonemes: i, e, a, å, o, u. The consonant system varies slightly between both the dialects of Kaniguram and Logar. The Logar native consonant system contains 25 phonemes, while the Kaniguram system has 27. / t͡ʃ / and / d͡ʒ / are uncommon in native vocabulary. In both dialects free variation of dental and postalveolar affricates

312-430: The rolled R , rolling R , or trilled R . Quite often, ⟨ r ⟩ is used in phonemic transcriptions (especially those found in dictionaries) of languages like English and German that have rhotic consonants that are not an alveolar trill. That is partly for ease of typesetting and partly because ⟨r⟩ is the letter used in the orthographies of such languages. In many Indo-European languages ,

336-408: The 1989 IPA Kiel Convention , it had a dedicated symbol ⟨ ɼ ⟩.) The Kobon language of Papua New Guinea also has a fricative trill, but the degree of frication is variable. Features of the voiced alveolar fricative trill: Bender, Byron (1969), Spoken Marshallese , University of Hawaii Press, ISBN   0-87022-070-5 Symbols to the right in a cell are voiced , to

360-810: The Ormur people live in mixed communities with both Tajiks and Pashtun. Whereas, in Pakistan, the Ormur people live only with the Pashtuns. Early history of the tribe can be traced in Herodotus ' book. The Persian Emperor Darius Hystaspes ; Governor of Egypt conquered the Greek colonies of Barca and Cyrene in Libya and took them to Egypt on their return from expedition. At this time, the King returned from his Scythian campaign to his capital, Susa. The Barakis were given

384-436: The ancient headquarters of the Ormur tribe. Even a man said to be from this village denied the existence of any other language than Persian and Pashto in his native place. The vowel system of Ormuri is characterized as heterogenous. The language consists of a subsystem of vowels that found native within Ormuri vocabulary, as well as a subsystem of vowels that is considered "borrowed vocabulary." The differences seen between

408-480: The body of the tongue is raised . It is thus partially fricative , with the frication sounding rather like [ʒ] but less retracted. It sounds like a simultaneous [r] and [ʒ] , and some speakers tend to pronounce it as [rʐ] , [ɾʒ] , or [ɹʒ] . In the IPA, it is typically written as ⟨ r ⟩ plus the raising diacritic, ⟨ r̝ ⟩, but it has also been written as laminal ⟨ r̻ ⟩. (Before

432-436: The eleven to twelve tongues that were observed by Babar while in the region of Kabul . It is known that many of the Ormuri speakers are at least bilingual or trilingual, speaking other tribal languages such as Pashto , Persian , Dari , or Kaboli Pir Roshan (Bayazid Khan) was one of the first known Pashto prose writers and composers of Pashto alphabets who used several Ormuri words in his book "Khairul-Bayan." A few of

456-564: The first of his two major linguistic expeditions. He arrived in Kabul with a personal letter of introduction to the King of Afghanistan , from the King of Norway . Together with studying the languages, Morgenstierne collected remarkable scientific materials from the culture of the regional people, like images, movies from pre- Islamic ceremonial dances and sound recordings from nearly extinct languages. The materials are available in his database at

480-673: The left are voiceless . Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible. Legend: unrounded  •  rounded Georg Morgenstierne Georg Valentin von Munthe af Morgenstierne (2 January 1892 – 3 March 1978) was a Norwegian professor of linguistics with the University of Oslo (UiO). He specialized in Indo-Iranian languages . During the years 1923 to 1971, Morgenstierne carried out fieldwork in Afghanistan, Pakistan, India and Iran. In 1924, he undertook

504-410: The sound because of the limited mobility of their tongues. Features of the voiced alveolar trill: In Czech , there are two contrasting alveolar trills. Besides the typical apical trill, written r , there is another laminal trill, written ř , in words such as rybá ř i [ˈrɪbaːr̝ɪ] 'fishermen' and the common surname Dvo ř ák . Its manner of articulation is similar to [r] but is laminal and

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528-462: The verb has two voices (active and middle). There is the elimination of the category of case (loss in nouns, adjectives, numerals, and certain pronouns). There is also a complete loss of the category of gender, varying on the dialect (Complete loss in Logar and rudimentary masculine and feminine forms remain in Kaniguram). In Logar most original Ormuri nouns and adjectives have a simple stem ending in

552-492: The vocabulary of Logar has been influenced by other Pashto dialects , and, to a still greater extent, by Persian . The dialect of Kaniguram is currently strong, spoken by a relatively prosperous community of Ormur in an isolated part of the rugged Waziristan hills. However, the position of the dialect of Baraki Barak is not strong. Morgenstierne wrote he was told that: Ormuri was no longer spoken in Baraki Barak,

576-739: The words that were used within his book were Nalattti (Pigs), Nmandzak of Mazdak (Mosque), Teshtan (Owner), Burghu (flout), Haramunai (ill-born), etc. Hikmatyar Burki has also done an MPhil on Ormuri and published his work through the Pashto Academy. Ormuri is spoken primarily in the town of Kaniguram in South Waziristan , Pakistan . A small population also speaks it in the town of Baraki Barak in Logar Province , Baraki area in Kabul Afghanistan . The language

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