A review article is an article that summarizes the current state of understanding on a topic within a certain discipline. A review article is generally considered a secondary source since it may analyze and discuss the method and conclusions in previously published studies. It resembles a survey article or, in news publishing, overview article , which also surveys and summarizes previously published primary and secondary sources , instead of reporting new facts and results. Survey articles are however considered tertiary sources , since they do not provide additional analysis and synthesis of new conclusions. A review of such sources is often referred to as a tertiary review .
64-641: [REDACTED] Look up overview in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Overview may refer to: Overview article , an article that summarizes the current state of understanding on a topic Overview map , generalised view of a geographic area See also [ edit ] Summary (disambiguation) Outline (list) A Brief Overview Overview and Scrutiny Overview effect All pages with titles beginning with Overview All pages with titles containing Overview Topics referred to by
128-404: A narrative review . It details the aims, hypothesis, and research method clearly so as to remain transparent and neutral. This review format adheres to explicit criteria when selecting what research is included in the review. Common methods used to analyse selected research articles include text mining , citation , co-citation analysis , and topic modelling . These types of reviews also include
192-430: A semantic web , text mining can find content based on meaning and context (rather than just by a specific word). Additionally, text mining software can be used to build large dossiers of information about specific people and events. For example, large datasets based on data extracted from news reports can be built to facilitate social networks analysis or counter-intelligence . In effect, the text mining software may act in
256-557: A discussion on the theoretical implications of such research. Systematic reviews are more highly regarded and selected than narrative reviews due to their specificity and neutrality. In the field of clinical research , the Cochrane organisation publishes systematic reviews (called Cochrane Reviews ) on healthcare topics in the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews . A meta-analysis summarises quantitative results from
320-423: A dramatic loss in future citations. Typically, the review gets cited instead of the specific articles mentioned in the review." The study identifies an exception to this trend: articles that are characterized by the review as being bridges between clusters of scholarship tend to get disproportionate future attention. An analysis was conducted by McAlister et al. of review articles in six different medical journals. Of
384-506: A field; they are known as review journals. The concept of "review article" is separate from the concept of peer-reviewed literature. A review article, even one that is requested or "peer-invited", will be either peer-reviewed or non-peer-reviewed depending on how submissions are treated. According to a 2021 study in the American Sociological Review , "papers cited by formal review articles generally experience
448-401: A form of secondary literature . Literature reviews provide a summary of what the authors believe are the best and most relevant prior publications. Systematic reviews determine an objective list of criteria, and find all previously published original papers that meet the criteria; they then compare the results presented in these papers. Some academic journals likewise specialize in review of
512-491: A greater impact on readers than those that did not include review articles. In terms of the growth of review articles, the rate has been exponential. The number of papers on the topic of 'pathology' has increased 2.3 times between the years 1991 to 2006. Within the science discipline, the number of review articles in the Science Citation Index increased from 14,815 to 45,829 between 1991 and 2005. Following
576-407: A large number of already published experimental or epidemiological studies and provides statistical analysis of their result. Review articles have increased in impact and relevance alongside the increase in the amount of research that needs to be synthesised. They are a concise way of collating information for practitioners or academics that are not able to read the plethora of original research that
640-464: A rate of 2,500 per year on the MEDLINE platform (Moher et al., 2007). The increase in prevalence of review articles within these disciplines can be attributed to the pull towards " evidence-based practice ". This term was coined by Sackett (2000) and refers to the combination of available research, practitioner expertise, and consumer values. Due to the inundation of original research in the field, there
704-485: A review is for the product. Such an analysis may need a labeled data set or labeling of the affectivity of words. Resources for affectivity of words and concepts have been made for WordNet and ConceptNet , respectively. Text has been used to detect emotions in the related area of affective computing. Text based approaches to affective computing have been used on multiple corpora such as students evaluations, children stories and news stories. The issue of text mining
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#1732776575008768-483: A traditional part of social sciences and media studies for a long time. The automation of content analysis has allowed a " big data " revolution to take place in that field, with studies in social media and newspaper content that include millions of news items. Gender bias , readability , content similarity, reader preferences, and even mood have been analyzed based on text mining methods over millions of documents. The analysis of readability, gender bias and topic bias
832-524: A variety of research articles on a chosen topic. Given that these articles are formulating conclusions from multiple data sets, meta-analyses adhere to specific guidelines stipulated by the journals where they are published. A meta-analysis lends itself more to statistical research, often converting the original research into one common metric referred to as "effect sizes", so as to easily identify patterns and anomalies among publications. Systematic reviews may include meta-analysis results. The first edition of
896-450: A way to improve their results. Within the public sector, much effort has been concentrated on creating software for tracking and monitoring terrorist activities . For study purposes, Weka software is one of the most popular options in the scientific world, acting as an excellent entry point for beginners. For Python programmers, there is an excellent toolkit called NLTK for more general purposes. For more advanced programmers, there's also
960-475: A wide variety of government, research, and business needs. All these groups may use text mining for records management and searching documents relevant to their daily activities. Legal professionals may use text mining for e-discovery , for example. Governments and military groups use text mining for national security and intelligence purposes. Scientific researchers incorporate text mining approaches into efforts to organize large sets of text data (i.e., addressing
1024-481: Is a knowledge-based search engine for biomedical texts. Text mining techniques also enable us to extract unknown knowledge from unstructured documents in the clinical domain Text mining methods and software is also being researched and developed by major firms, including IBM and Microsoft , to further automate the mining and analysis processes, and by different firms working in the area of search and indexing in general as
1088-461: Is a need for review articles which highlight relevant studies, results and trends. The varying methods and participants used among original research studies can provide inconsistent results, thereby presenting a challenge in synthesising information using one common metric. The conjunction of meta-analyses and systematic reviews has proven to be more effective in organising data and drawing conclusions, especially when it comes to clinical trials within
1152-420: Is a truism that 80% of business-relevant information originates in unstructured form, primarily text. These techniques and processes discover and present knowledge – facts, business rules , and relationships – that is otherwise locked in textual form, impenetrable to automated processing. Subtasks—components of a larger text-analytics effort—typically include: Text mining technology is now broadly applied to
1216-402: Is also dependent on the quality of the review articles published. Separate to the quality of articles, the number of review articles published poses its own challenge to those searching for succinct but comprehensive research analysis. This makes it just as difficult for experts to navigate through the synthesised review articles as it is to sift through the primary research itself. Additionally,
1280-557: Is also involved in the study of text encryption / decryption . A range of text mining applications in the biomedical literature has been described, including computational approaches to assist with studies in protein docking , protein interactions , and protein-disease associations. In addition, with large patient textual datasets in the clinical field, datasets of demographic information in population studies and adverse event reports, text mining can facilitate clinical studies and precision medicine. Text mining algorithms can facilitate
1344-399: Is always vulnerable. Criticising is easy, and of little value; it is more important to explain how research builds upon previous findings rather than to claim previous research is inadequate and incompetent." Within this section of the review article is the suggestion of improvements and areas to further extend the research in reference. The bibliography included at the end of review articles
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#17327765750081408-439: Is being published. There are various categories of review articles, including narrative reviews, systematic reviews , and meta-analysis . Review articles do not introduce new results, but rather state existing results, drawing conclusions on the results presented. Review articles can be categorised by using the same domain, underlying theory, or research method . Sometimes these categories overlap. Narrative reviews describe
1472-422: Is being used in business, particularly, in marketing, such as in customer relationship management . Coussement and Van den Poel (2008) apply it to improve predictive analytics models for customer churn ( customer attrition ). Text mining is also being applied in stock returns prediction. Sentiment analysis may involve analysis of products such as movies, books, or hotel reviews for estimating how favorable
1536-445: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Overview article Academic publications that specialize in review articles are known as review journals. Review journals have their own requirements for the review articles they accept, so review articles may vary slightly depending on the journal they are being submitted to. Review articles teach about: A meta-study summarizes
1600-400: Is equally important as it leads to further information on the study being discussed and is a way for academics and students alike to further their research. These are secondary sources . Meyers and Sinding say, " ... The review selects from these (research) papers, juxtaposes them, and puts them in a narrative that holds them together… clearly the best reviews are not only concerned with what
1664-560: Is no exception in copyright law of Australia for text or data mining within the Copyright Act 1968 . The Australian Law Reform Commission has noted that it is unlikely that the "research and study" fair dealing exception would extend to cover such a topic either, given it would be beyond the "reasonable portion" requirement. Until recently, websites most often used text-based searches, which only found documents containing specific user-defined words or phrases. Now, through use of
1728-564: Is not clear or lacking synergy. A key aim of review articles is to pose other potential avenues of research, stating the limitations of the empirical studies under review and how future studies of the same nature can be improved. They also present findings of other studies within the same discipline, comparing results and drawing conclusions based on each individual finding. Essentially, they are an evaluation of already published academic research. Review articles do not introduce new results, but reiterate existing results and draw conclusions on
1792-606: Is of importance to publishers who hold large databases of information needing indexing for retrieval. This is especially true in scientific disciplines, in which highly specific information is often contained within the written text. Therefore, initiatives have been taken such as Nature's proposal for an Open Text Mining Interface (OTMI) and the National Institutes of Health 's common Journal Publishing Document Type Definition (DTD) that would provide semantic cues to machines to answer specific queries contained within
1856-570: Is roughly synonymous with text mining; indeed, Ronen Feldman modified a 2000 description of "text mining" in 2004 to describe "text analytics". The latter term is now used more frequently in business settings while "text mining" is used in some of the earliest application areas, dating to the 1980s, notably life-sciences research and government intelligence. The term text analytics also describes that application of text analytics to respond to business problems, whether independently or in conjunction with query and analysis of fielded, numerical data. It
1920-424: Is typically obtained by devising patterns and trends by means such as statistical pattern learning . According to Hotho et al. (2005), there are three perspectives of text mining: information extraction , data mining , and knowledge discovery in databases (KDD). Text mining usually involves the process of structuring the input text (usually parsing , along with the addition of some derived linguistic features and
1984-427: Is valuable, but an expert's assessment of the literature can be more valuable. When reading individual articles, readers could miss features that are apparent to an expert clinician-researcher. Readers benefit from the expert's explanation and assessment of the validity and applicability of individual studies. Review articles come in the form of literature reviews and, more specifically, systematic reviews ; both are
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2048-509: Is viewed as being legal. As text mining is transformative, meaning that it does not supplant the original work, it is viewed as being lawful under fair use. For example, as part of the Google Book settlement the presiding judge on the case ruled that Google's digitization project of in-copyright books was lawful, in part because of the transformative uses that the digitization project displayed—one such use being text and data mining. There
2112-617: The Gensim library, which focuses on word embedding-based text representations. Text mining is being used by large media companies, such as the Tribune Company , to clarify information and to provide readers with greater search experiences, which in turn increases site "stickiness" and revenue. Additionally, on the back end, editors are benefiting by being able to share, associate and package news across properties, significantly increasing opportunities to monetize content. Text analytics
2176-555: The Handbook of Research Synthesis aided the development of various analysis techniques that could be used in systematic review articles, thereby developing this form of literature. Review articles initially identify the scope and aim. If submitting the review article to a journal, the author must familiarise themselves with the theme of the journal as well as its conditions for submission. Some journals only accept review articles whereas others strictly publish original research . Once
2240-428: The 538 review articles published in pathology journals within the year 2005, a mere 21% of them have been cited over ten times following their issuance. Furthermore, in a 2000-2006 comparison of journals; The American Journal of Pathology , The Journal of Pathology , and Laboratory Investigation , published both with and without review articles included, it was found that journals published with review articles had
2304-404: The application of natural language processing (NLP), different types of algorithms and analytical methods. An important phase of this process is the interpretation of the gathered information. A typical application is to scan a set of documents written in a natural language and either model the document set for predictive classification purposes or populate a database or search index with
2368-426: The article are fellow academics or experts within the field under discussion in the paper. Sending out a peer review allows for gaps in the paper to be acknowledged so that the review can be as well-informed and comprehensive as possible. Peers will often recommend other research articles and studies to be included in the review, which can add strength to the article. Confusion amongst peers also indicates that your paper
2432-430: The audience of the article, and should describe what the article is about. Search engine optimisation is important when publishing articles within a discipline where the literature is already saturated. Like most academic articles, a review article includes an ' abstract' at the start. The 'Abstract' section of the review article should include: a synopsis of the topic being discussed or the issue studied, an overview of
2496-442: The field of biodiversity alone. This overload of research papers makes it difficult for scientists and clinicians to remain up to date on current findings and developments within their discipline. Research articles form the basis of review articles. Review articles use the original information presented in research articles to draw conclusions and pose suggestions for future research. Research and empirical articles are reporting
2560-484: The field whilst still being grounded in academia. When finding sources, it is ideal to search through multiple databases and search engines . This ensures a wide berth of knowledge that presents multiple perspectives and allows for a reasonably balanced article. Some disciplines encourage the use of certain search engines. For example, science-based review articles heavily utilise Medline , Embase and CINAHL . The title, abstract and keywords chosen bring awareness to
2624-418: The inclusion of poorly referenced, inadequately researched, and overly biased review articles serve to muddy the water and make it even harder to determine quality writing. Following the release of the Handbook of Research Synthesis , the use of review articles within the social, behavioural and health science disciplines has proliferated. 2007 statistics showed that systematic review articles were produced at
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2688-468: The information extracted. The document is the basic element when starting with text mining. Here, we define a document as a unit of textual data, which normally exists in many types of collections. Text analytics describes a set of linguistic , statistical , and machine learning techniques that model and structure the information content of textual sources for business intelligence , exploratory data analysis , research , or investigation. The term
2752-446: The intended audience. The discussion section of the article presents multiple perspectives, stating limitations and potential extensions of the study being reviewed. Also, within this section, similarities and dissonances among studies are stated. The presentation of both the shortcomings and advancements of the research papers under review is important for comprehensiveness. Daft (1985, p 198) emphasised this by saying " Previous work
2816-406: The key actors, the key communities or parties, and general properties such as robustness or structural stability of the overall network, or centrality of certain nodes. This automates the approach introduced by quantitative narrative analysis, whereby subject-verb-object triplets are identified with pairs of actors linked by an action, or pairs formed by actor-object. Content analysis has been
2880-437: The medical field. Text mining Text mining , text data mining ( TDM ) or text analytics is the process of deriving high-quality information from text . It involves "the discovery by computer of new, previously unknown information, by automatically extracting information from different written resources." Written resources may include websites , books , emails , reviews , and articles. High-quality information
2944-523: The mining of in-copyright works (such as by web mining ) without the permission of the copyright owner is illegal. In the UK in 2014, on the recommendation of the Hargreaves review , the government amended copyright law to allow text mining as a limitation and exception . It was the second country in the world to do so, following Japan , which introduced a mining-specific exception in 2009. However, owing to
3008-530: The possibility for scholars to analyze millions of documents in multiple languages with very limited manual intervention. Key enabling technologies have been parsing, machine translation , topic categorization , and machine learning. The automatic parsing of textual corpora has enabled the extraction of actors and their relational networks on a vast scale, turning textual data into network data. The resulting networks, which can contain thousands of nodes, are then analyzed by using tools from network theory to identify
3072-585: The problem of unstructured data ), to determine ideas communicated through text (e.g., sentiment analysis in social media ) and to support scientific discovery in fields such as the life sciences and bioinformatics . In business, applications are used to support competitive intelligence and automated ad placement , among numerous other activities. Many text mining software packages are marketed for security applications , especially monitoring and analysis of online plain text sources such as Internet news , blogs , etc. for national security purposes. It
3136-416: The published information on a theme or topic, but often does not include the methodological process involved in researching the topic. This can lead to narrative review articles being biased , missing important theoretical details pertaining to the original research , and innovative suggestions to further develop the field through further studies. A systematic review is more detailed and structured than
3200-921: The removal of others, and subsequent insertion into a database ), deriving patterns within the structured data , and finally evaluation and interpretation of the output. 'High quality' in text mining usually refers to some combination of relevance , novelty , and interest. Typical text mining tasks include text categorization , text clustering , concept/entity extraction, production of granular taxonomies, sentiment analysis , document summarization , and entity relation modeling ( i.e. , learning relations between named entities ). Text analysis involves information retrieval , lexical analysis to study word frequency distributions, pattern recognition , tagging / annotation , information extraction , data mining techniques including link and association analysis, visualization , and predictive analytics . The overarching goal is, essentially, to turn text into data for analysis, via
3264-485: The restriction of the Information Society Directive (2001), the UK exception only allows content mining for non-commercial purposes. UK copyright law does not allow this provision to be overridden by contractual terms and conditions. The European Commission facilitated stakeholder discussion on text and data mining in 2013, under the title of Licenses for Europe. The fact that the focus on
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#17327765750083328-597: The results of the author's study, thereby deeming it a primary source . They often include raw data and statistics, using the words participants , sample , subjects , and experiment frequently throughout. Review articles are academic but are not empirical . As opposed to presenting the results of a study (which would be a research article ), review articles evaluate the results of already published studies. Review articles in academic journals analyze or discuss research previously published by others, rather than reporting new experimental results. An expert's opinion
3392-428: The results presented across many research articles. Review articles hold importance as they forecast to see new research opportunities by synthesising the existing research and identifying gaps in this research. They were born out of the necessity to categorise and make sense of the ongoing plethora of research publications being released annually. Between 1991 and 2008, there were forty times more papers published within
3456-413: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Overview . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Overview&oldid=1166177374 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
3520-505: The same trend, the number of dedicated review journals within the Science Citation Index database grew from 163 to 198 between 1999 and 2006. Although, the percentage of review articles in review journals that formed the foundation of review literature decreased by 17% between 1999 and 2005. This indicates that most review articles are being allocated to original research journals as opposed to strictly review journals. This
3584-401: The scope of the journal the author intends to submit to is identified, then identify the own personal scope and aim for the article. Experienced author, Angus Crake emphasises the need to define a scope that is "manageable, not too large or small" and to "focus on recent advances if the field is well established". This equates to a succinct, refreshing review article that adds a new perspective to
3648-412: The six journals, less than 25% included a description, evaluation, or synthesis of evidence that had been provided. Only one-third of the articles had a clinical topic at the forefront, and only half of the articles presented quantitative data that support the suggestions made at the end of the piece. Historically, review journals have a higher impact than primary research journals. The year 2006 showed
3712-540: The solution to this legal issue was licenses, and not limitations and exceptions to copyright law, led representatives of universities, researchers, libraries, civil society groups and open access publishers to leave the stakeholder dialogue in May 2013. US copyright law , and in particular its fair use provisions, means that text mining in America, as well as other fair use countries such as Israel, Taiwan and South Korea,
3776-423: The stratification and indexing of specific clinical events in large patient textual datasets of symptoms, side effects, and comorbidities from electronic health records, event reports, and reports from specific diagnostic tests. One online text mining application in the biomedical literature is PubGene , a publicly accessible search engine that combines biomedical text mining with network visualization. GoPubMed
3840-399: The study participants used in the empirical study being reviewed, a discussion of the results found and conclusions drawn by the scholars conducting the study, an explanation of how such findings have already or could potentially impact the theory and practice within the relevant discipline. Within this section, context and the relevance of the review is included. The jargon used will depend on
3904-440: The text without removing publisher barriers to public access. Academic institutions have also become involved in the text mining initiative: Computational methods have been developed to assist with information retrieval from scientific literature. Published approaches include methods for searching, determining novelty, and clarifying homonyms among technical reports. The automatic analysis of vast textual corpora has created
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#17327765750083968-448: The top 10 most impactful journals to be compiled exclusively of review articles. In addition to this, review articles are cited more frequently than research articles. There are currently no studies commenting on the effect of review articles on the impactfullness of journals that usually only publish research papers. This prevents one from saying with certainty that review articles could replace original research papers in large journals. Of
4032-455: Was demonstrated in Flaounas et al. showing how different topics have different gender biases and levels of readability; the possibility to detect mood patterns in a vast population by analyzing Twitter content was demonstrated as well. Text mining computer programs are available from many commercial and open source companies and sources. Under European copyright and database laws ,
4096-446: Was done in the past, but also present a means to sculpt the future." Reference management software such as Papers , EndNote , and Zotero are useful for when it comes to actually structuring and writing your review article. The process of review articles being peer-reviewed is critical to their credibility. The peer review process is a way to ensure the article is as polished and accurate as possible. Most often, those reviewing
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