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34-611: Compiled by the United States National Library of Medicine (NLM), MEDLINE is freely available on the Internet and searchable via PubMed and NLM's National Center for Biotechnology Information's Entrez system. MEDLARS (Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System) is a computerised biomedical bibliographic retrieval system. It was launched by the National Library of Medicine in 1964 and

68-423: A Boolean expression combining MeSH terms, words in the abstract and title of the article, author names, date of publication, etc. Entrez and PubMed can also find articles similar to a given one based on a mathematical scoring system that takes into account the similarity of word content of the abstracts and titles of two articles. MEDLINE added a "publication type" term for "randomized controlled trial" in 1991 and

102-477: A MESH subset "systematic review" in 2001. MEDLINE functions as an important resource for biomedical researchers and journal clubs from all over the world. Along with the Cochrane Library and a number of other databases, MEDLINE facilitates evidence-based medicine . Most systematic review articles published presently build on extensive searches of MEDLINE to identify articles that might be useful in

136-475: A desire for a better way to manipulate all this information, not only for Index Medicus but also to produce subsidiary products. By 1960 a detailed specification was prepared, and by the spring of 1961, request for proposals were sent out to 72 companies to develop the system. As a result, a contract was awarded to the General Electric Company . A Minneapolis-Honeywell 800 computer, which

170-555: A journal. The Journals Database (one of the Entrez databases) contains information, such as its name abbreviation and publisher, about all journals included in Entrez, including PubMed. Journals that no longer meet the criteria are removed. Being indexed in MEDLINE gives a non-predatory identity to a journal. PubMed usage has been on the rise since 2008. In 2011, PubMed/MEDLINE was searched 1.8 billion times, up from 1.6 billion searches in

204-546: A number of additional Twitter journal clubs. The earliest references to a journal club was found in a book of memoirs and letters by the late Sir James Paget , a British surgeon, who describes a group at St. Bartholomew's Hospital in London in the mid-19th century as "a kind of club ... a small room over a baker's shop near the Hospital-gate where we could sit and read the journals ." Sir William Osler established

238-548: A search that returns thousands of articles is not guaranteed to be comprehensive. Unlike using a typical Internet search engine, PubMed searching MEDLINE requires a little investment of time. Using the MeSH database to define the subject of interest is one of the most useful ways to improve the quality of a search. Using MeSH terms in conjunction with limits (such as publication date or publication type), qualifiers (such as adverse effects or prevention and control), and text-word searching

272-580: A single discussion. The first Twitter Journal club was an Allergy Journal Club run by Dr. Ves Dimoz in 2008. They used Twitter to document the discussion of coverage of a traditional in-person journal club. This journal club established the use of hashtags to organize journal club comments. The first group to run a journal club primarily on Twitter was The Twitter Journal Club started by Natalie Silvey and Fi Douglas in May 2011. The original Twitter Journal Club appears to have gone offline. Since then there have been

306-422: A topic relevant to the field. An analysis of one hundred publications describing and evaluating journal clubs found that they are most effective if they have a clearly identified leader and have an established purpose that all articles can be linked to. Prominent journals and scientific societies have begun hosting online commenting features that they are referring to as journal clubs. The stated purpose of these

340-455: A way to do online searching of MEDLARS from remote medical libraries. This early system covered 239 journals and boasted that it could support as many as 25 simultaneous online users (remotely logged in from distant medical libraries) at one time. However, this system remained primarily in the hands of libraries, with researchers able to submit pre-programmed search tasks to librarians and obtain results on printouts, but rarely able to interact with

374-497: Is a chemical database of over 400,000 chemicals complete with names, synonyms, and structures . It includes links to NLM and other databases and resources, including links to federal, state and international agencies. The Toxicology and Environmental Health Program was established at the National Library of Medicine in 1967 and is charged with developing computer databases compiled from the medical literature and from

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408-722: Is another. Finding one article on the subject and clicking on the "Related Articles" link to get a collection of similarly classified articles can expand a search that otherwise yields few results. For lay users who are trying to learn about health and medicine topics, the NIH offers MedlinePlus ; thus, although such users are still free to search and read the medical literature themselves (via PubMed ), they also have some help with curating it into something comprehensible and practically applicable for patients and family members. United States National Library of Medicine The United States National Library of Medicine ( NLM ), operated by

442-968: Is produced by the United States Department of Health and Human Services , Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response, Office of Planning and Emergency Operations, in cooperation with the National Library of Medicine , Division of Specialized Information Services, with subject matter experts from the National Cancer Institute , the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , and many U.S. and international consultants. The Extramural Division provides grants to support research in medical information science and to support planning and development of computer and communications systems in medical institutions. Research, publications, and exhibitions on

476-586: Is to allow for discussion by online comments on scientific publications. Online journal clubs bring about different benefits to traditional clubs. While journal clubs have been an opportunity for students and trainees to gain experience presenting articles and addressing issues, with the online "journal club" comment format, authors are able to comment and reply to critiques. Journal clubs continue to adapt to new technology and methods of communication. Recently journal clubs have begun to take advantage of Twitter allowing geographically diverse groups to participate in

510-688: The United States federal government , is the world's largest medical library . Located in Bethesda, Maryland , the NLM is an institute within the National Institutes of Health . Its collections include more than seven million books , journals , technical reports , manuscripts , microfilms , photographs , and images on medicine and related sciences, including some of the world's oldest and rarest works. The current acting director of

544-650: The Army Medical Museum often shared quarters. From 1866 to 1887, they were housed in Ford's Theatre after production there was stopped, following the assassination of President Abraham Lincoln . In 1956, the library collection was transferred from the control of the U.S. Department of Defense to the Public Health Service of the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare and renamed

578-679: The Internet through the Entrez search engine and Lister Hill National Center For Biomedical Communications . As the United States National Release Center for SNOMED CT , NLM provides SNOMED CT data and resources to licensees of the NLM UMLS Metathesaurus. NLM maintains ClinicalTrials.gov registry for human interventional and observational studies. Additionally NLM runs ChemIDplus, which

612-593: The NLM computer output in real-time. This situation continued through the beginning of the 1990s and the rise of the World Wide Web . In 1996, soon after most home computers began automatically bundling efficient web browsers , a free public version of MEDLINE was deployed. This system, called PubMed , was offered to the general online user in June 1997, when MEDLINE searches via the Web were demonstrated. In May 2022,

646-793: The NLM is Stephen Sherry . The precursor of the National Library of Medicine, established in 1836, was the Library of the Surgeon General's Office , a part of the office of the Surgeon General of the United States Army . The Armed Forces Institute of Pathology and its Medical Museum were founded in 1862 as the Army Medical Museum . Throughout their history the Library of the Surgeon General's Office and

680-610: The National Library of Medicine, through the instrumentality of Frank Bradway Rogers , who was the director from 1956 to 1963. The library moved to its current quarters in Bethesda, Maryland , on the campus of the National Institutes of Health, in 1962. Directors from 1945 to present Since 1879, the National Library of Medicine has published the Index Medicus , a monthly guide to articles, in nearly five thousand selected journals. The last issue of Index Medicus

714-555: The U.S., about 88% are published in English (overall about 84%), and about 76% have English abstracts written by authors of the articles. Being an aggregated source, the PubMed database suffers from multi-source problems such as inconsistent representations from the upstream data providers. MEDLINE uses Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) for information retrieval. Engines designed to search MEDLINE (such as Entrez and PubMed) generally use

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748-497: The application of evidence-based medicine to some area of medical practice can be facilitated by a journal club. Typically, each participant can voice their view relating to several questions such as the appropriateness of the research design, the statistics employed, the appropriateness of the controls that were used, etc. There might be an attempt to synthesize together the results of several papers, even if some of these results might first appear to contradict each other. Even if

782-421: The better understanding of processes affecting human health and disease. Journal club A journal club is a group of individuals who meet regularly to critically evaluate recent articles in the academic literature , such as the scientific literature , medical literature , or philosophy literature. Journal clubs are usually organized around a defined subject in basic or applied research. For example,

816-519: The database contained more than 34 million records from 5,639 selected publications covering biomedicine and health from 1781 to the present. Originally, the database covered articles starting from 1965, but this has been enhanced, and records as far back as 1781 are now available within the main index. The database is freely accessible on the Internet via the PubMed interface, and new citations are added Tuesday through Saturday. For citations added during 1995-2003, about 48% are for cited articles published in

850-696: The files of governmental and nongovernmental organizations. The program has implemented several information systems for chemical emergency response and public education, such as the Toxicology Data Network , TOXMAP , Tox Town , Wireless Information System for Emergency Responders , Toxmystery, and the Household Products Database . These resources are accessible without charge on the internet. The United States National Library of Medicine Radiation Emergency Management System provides: Radiation Emergency Management System

884-462: The first formalized journal club at McGill University in Montreal in 1875. The original purpose of Osler's journal club was "for the purchase and distribution of periodicals to which he could ill afford to subscribe." Tinsley Harrison , the famous creator of Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine hosted a journal club at his house twice a month where one member of the group would present

918-714: The history of medicine and the life sciences also are supported by the History of Medicine Division. In April 2008 the current exhibition Against the Odds: Making a Difference in Global Health was launched. National Center for Biotechnology Information is an intramural division within National Library of Medicine that creates public databases in molecular biology, conducts research in computational biology , develops software tools for analyzing molecular and genomic data, and disseminates biomedical information, all for

952-415: The previous year. A service such as MEDLINE strives to balance usability with power and comprehensiveness. In keeping with the fact that MEDLINE's primary user community is professionals ( medical scientists , health care providers ), searching MEDLINE effectively is a learned skill; untrained users are sometimes frustrated with the large numbers of articles returned by simple searches. Counterintuitively,

986-419: The results of the study are seen as valid, there might be a discussion of how useful the results are and if these results might lead to new research or to new applications. Journal clubs are sometimes used in the education of graduate or professional students. These help make the students become more familiar with the advanced literature in their new field of study. In addition, these journal clubs help improve

1020-517: The review. MEDLINE influences researchers in their choice of journals in which to publish. More than 5,200 biomedical journals are indexed in MEDLINE. New journals are not included automatically or immediately. Several criteria for selection are applied. Selection is based on the recommendations of a panel, the Literature Selection Technical Review Committee, based on the scientific scope and quality of

1054-443: The students' critical thinking skills of understanding and debating current topics of active interest in their field. This type of journal club may sometimes be taken for credit . Research laboratories may also organize journal clubs for all researchers in the lab to help them keep up with the literature produced by others who work in their field. Traditionally, journal clubs have met weekly or monthly to discuss current research in

MEDLINE - Misplaced Pages Continue

1088-559: Was printed in December 2004, but this information is offered in the freely accessible PubMed , among the more than fifteen million MEDLINE journal article references and abstracts going back to the 1960s and 1.5 million references going back to the 1950s. The National Library of Medicine runs the National Center for Biotechnology Information , which houses biological databases (PubMed among them) that are freely accessible on

1122-411: Was the first large-scale, computer-based, retrospective search service available to the general public. Since 1879, the National Library of Medicine has published Index Medicus , a monthly guide to medical articles in thousands of journals. The huge volume of bibliographic citations was manually compiled. In 1957 the staff of the NLM started to plan the mechanization of the Index Medicus , prompted by

1156-847: Was to run MEDLARS, was delivered to the NLM in March 1963, and Frank Bradway Rogers (Director of the NLM 1949 to 1963) said at the time, "..If all goes well, the January 1964 issue of Index Medicus will be ready to emerge from the system at the end of this year. It may be that this will mark the beginning of a new era in medical bibliography." MEDLARS cost $ 3 million to develop, and at the time of its completion in 1964, no other publicly available, fully operational electronic storage and retrieval system of its magnitude existed. The original computer configuration operated from 1964 until its replacement by MEDLARS II in January 1975. In late 1971, an online version called MEDLINE ("MEDLARS Online") became available as

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