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85-583: Through its wholly owned Auburn Hills, Michigan , subsidiary United Solar Ovonic, LLC , better known as Uni-Solar , ECD was at one time the world's largest producer of flexible solar panels. Uni-Solar panels consisted of long rectangular strips with wiring at one end, which could be glued to any suitable supporting surface. They were widely used on flat roofs, motorhomes , semi-trailer cabs and similar roles. On February 14, 2012, Energy Conversion Devices, Inc. and its subsidiaries, United Solar Ovonic LLC and Solar Integrated Technologies, Inc. filed for bankruptcy in

170-535: A 50/50 joint venture between Chevron and Energy Conversion Devices (ECD) Ovonics . In addition to holding a 50% share of Cobasys, Chevron holds a 19.99% interest in ECD Ovonics. Chevron maintains veto power over any sale or licensing of Cobasys' NiMH technology. In addition, Chevron maintains the right to seize all of Cobasys' intellectual property rights in the event that ECD Ovonics does not fulfill its contractual obligations. On September 10, 2007, Chevron filed

255-514: A 500 percent increase in the number of new CNG cylinders installed. National car maker Proton considered fitting its Waja , Saga and Persona models with CNG kits from Prins Autogassystemen by the end of 2008, while a local distributor of locally assembled Hyundai cars offers new models with CNG kits. Conversion centres, which also benefited from the rush for lower running costs, also perform partial conversions to existing road vehicles, allowing them to run on both petrol or diesel and CNG with

340-414: A CNG cylinder, plumbing, a CNG injection system, and electronics. The cost of installing a CNG conversion kit can often reach $ 8,000 on passenger cars and light trucks, and is usually reserved for vehicles that travel many miles each year. CNG costs about 50% less than petrol, and emits up to 90% fewer emissions than petrol. CNG locomotives are operated by several railroads. The Napa Valley Wine Train in

425-509: A consequence of this, LNG is often used for transporting natural gas over large distances, in ships, trains or pipelines, where the gas is converted into CNG before distribution to the end user. Natural gas is being experimentally stored at lower pressure in a form known as an ANG ( adsorbed natural gas ) cylinder, where it is adsorbed at 35 bar (500 psi, the pressure of gas in natural gas pipelines) in various sponge-like materials, such as carbon and MOFs ( metal-organic frameworks ). The fuel

510-520: A controlling interest in Ovonics's battery development and manufacturing, including patents controlling the manufacturing of large nickel metal hydride (NiMH) batteries . On October 10, 2000, Texaco announced the purchase of General Motors' share in GM Ovonics, and Chevron announced its acquisition of Texaco six days later. In 2003, Texaco Ovonics Battery Systems was restructured into Cobasys ,

595-922: A cost varying between RM3,500 to RM5,000 for passenger cars. The Ministry of Transport of Myanmar passed a law in 2005 which required that all public transport vehicles – buses, trucks and taxis, be converted to run on CNG. The Government permitted several private companies to handle the conversion of existing diesel and petrol cars, and also to begin importing CNG variants of buses and taxis. Accidents and rumours of accidents, partly fueled by Myanmar's position in local hydrocarbon politics, has discouraged citizens from using CNG vehicles, although now almost every taxi and public bus in Yangon, Myanmar's largest city, run on CNG. CNG stations have been set up around Yangon and other cities, but electricity shortages mean that vehicles may have to queue up for hours to fill their gas containers. The Burmese opposition movements are against

680-405: A family was $ 60,849. Males had a median income of $ 45,686 versus $ 34,015 for females. The per capita income for the city was $ 25,529. About 3.9% of families and 6.3% of the population were below the poverty line , including 6.4% of those under age 18 and 4.4% of those age 66 or over. Auburn Hills roughly follows the course of Interstate 75 and is home to a prosperous business community. In

765-511: A fuel and compared to petrol, CNG has an advantageous fiscal treatment with lower excises duties (although VAT is always paid). Since CNG, as a car fuel, is not totally exempted of excise duties, CNG cars do not pay a prime road tax to partially compensate the State for the loss of revenue. Instead LPG cars pay a prime road tax in Belgium, because LPG is totally exempted from excise duties. Since CNG

850-791: A legal claim that ECD Ovonics has not fulfilled its obligations. ECD Ovonics disputes this claim. In her book, Plug-in Hybrids: The Cars that Will Recharge America , published in February 2007, Sherry Boschert argues that large-format NiMH batteries are commercially viable but that Cobasys refuses to sell or license them to small companies or individuals. Boschert reveals that Cobasys accepts only very large orders for these batteries. When Boschert conducted her research, major auto makers showed little interest in NiMH batteries. Since no other companies were capable of producing large orders, Cobasys

935-509: A male householder with no wife present, and 44.3% were non-families. 33.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.24 and the average family size was 2.90. The median age in the city was 31.4 years. 19.4% of residents were under the age of 18; 17.8% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 31.9% were from 25 to 44; 21.6% were from 45 to 64; and 9.4% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of

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1020-547: A mixture of diesel and CNG. The first commercial CNG station in Skopje is in the advanced stage of development and was expected to start operation in July 2011. In Serbia , there are about 20 public CNG refuelling stations as of August 2019. Four in the capital Belgrade , and the rest in the towns of Subotica (1), Novi Sad (1), Zrenjanin (1), Pancevo (2), Kruševac (1), Kragujevac (1), Cacak (2), and so on. Detailed list

1105-709: A pilot project in Benin City Edo State in 2010 by NIPCO Gas Limited . NIPCO Gas Limited is a 100% subsidiary of NIPCO PLC . As of June 2020, seven CNG stations have been built in Benin City Edo State , with about 7,500 cars running on CNG in Benin City Edo state . In Benin City Edo state , major companies such as Coca-Cola , 7up , Yongxing Steel are using CNG to power their fork-lifts/trucks while Edo City Transport Ltd (ECTS)

1190-500: A regular vehicle to dual fuel at the German conversion workshop of C. Melchers, for example, is around S$ 3,800; with the promise of real cost-savings that dual-fuel vehicles bring over the long term. Singapore currently has five operating filling stations for natural gas. Sembcorp Gas Pte Ltd. runs the station on Jurong Island and, jointly with Singapore Petroleum Company , the filling station at Jalan Buroh. Both these stations are in

1275-733: A segregated liquid fuel system to extend range (dual fuel), or in conjunction with another fuel ( bi-fuel ). It can be used in place of petrol , diesel fuel , and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG). CNG combustion produces fewer undesirable gases than the aforementioned fuels. In comparison to other fuels, natural gas poses less of a threat in the event of a spill , because it is lighter than air and disperses quickly when released. Biomethane , biogas from anaerobic digestion or landfill , can be used. In response to high fuel prices and environmental concerns, CNG has been used in auto rickshaws , pickup trucks , transit and school buses , and trains . The cost and placement of fuel storage containers

1360-503: A swimming pool, horse stables, and a 5,000-square-foot (460 m ) Colonial Revival house. Pontiac Township purchased the estate in 1976, and adapted the buildings for government use. Today, it is known as the Auburn Hills Civic Center. The first use of the name "Auburn Hills," in 1964, was by Oakland Community College . They named their campus (a former Nike missile base ) at Featherstone and Squirrel roads for

1445-503: Is a fuel gas mainly composed of methane (CH 4 ), compressed to less than 1% of the volume it occupies at standard atmospheric pressure . It is stored and distributed in hard containers at a pressure of 20–25 megapascals (2,900–3,600 psi; 200–250 atm), usually in cylindrical or spherical shapes. CNG is used in traditional petrol/ internal combustion engine vehicles that have been modified, or in vehicles specifically manufactured for CNG use: either alone (dedicated), with

1530-474: Is a city in Oakland County in the U.S. state of Michigan . A northern suburb of Detroit , Auburn Hills is located about 26 miles (42 km) north of downtown Detroit . As of the 2020 census , the city had a population of 24,360. Auburn Hills is home to Oakland University and the U.S. headquarters of Stellantis , PHINIA , BorgWarner and Volkswagen . Before incorporating as a city in 1983,

1615-607: Is a field of electronics that uses materials able to change from an electrically nonconducting state to a semiconducting state shown by glass of special composition upon application of a certain minimum voltage. The most important example is phase change memory . Scientist-entrepreneur Stanford R. Ovshinsky pioneered the field and coined the term after he founded Energy Conversion Devices, Inc. (ECD) in 1960 to further his research in amorphous semiconductors. ECD Ovonics worked to create non-polluting, non-climate-changing energy sources. Energy Conversion Devices, Inc. (ECD): ECD Ovonics

1700-461: Is a popular spot for families with children. The park also has swings, picnic tables and open space areas for picnic or play. A two-acre park which contains a play structure, sand volleyball courts, a paved play area and open space for activities. Located adjacent to downtown Auburn Hills and along the Clinton River , Riverside Park is a popular spot during the warmer months. A canoe launch

1785-575: Is a very new fuel. At the beginning of 2014 there were only 17 refuelling stations, all of them in Flanders , but the number is now increasing rapidly. At the beginning of 2015 there were 29 refueling stations in Belgium, all of them in Flanders. As of January 2017, there are 76 active refueling stations in Belgium, most of them being in Flanders since only 7 of them are in Wallonia or Brussels . As

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1870-421: Is aiming to increase the use of CNG powered vehicles by setting up more CNG stations in the country, the aim is to increase the current number to 8000 CNG Stations in the next two years. As of December 2022, the state of Gujarat has the highest number of CNG Pumps in the country followed by Uttar Pradesh being the second highest and with Maharashtra falling little behind the above regions. In Pakistan ,

1955-688: Is also increasing in South America , Europe , and North America , because of rising petrol prices. Egypt is amongst the top 10 countries in CNG adoption, with 128,754 CNG vehicles and 124 CNG fueling stations. Egypt was also the first nation in Africa and the Middle East to open a public CNG fueling station in January 1996. The vast majority (780,000) have been produced as dual fuel-vehicles by

2040-424: Is also running some of its buses on CNG. Kwale, Nigeria CNG stations were inaugurated by Mr. Abhishek Sharma, the head of marketing (Natural Gas) from NIPCO Gas Limited in 2019. In China , companies such as Sino-Energy are active in expanding the footprint of CNG filling stations in medium-size cities across the interior of the country, where at least two natural gas pipelines are operational. In Malaysia ,

2125-492: Is an additional barrier to NGV market penetration. The International Organization for Standardization has an active technical committee working on a standard for natural gas fuelling stations for vehicles. Despite the lack of harmonized international codes, natural gas vehicles have an excellent global safety record. Existing international standards include ISO 14469-2:2007 which applies to CNG vehicle nozzles and receptacle and ISO 15500-9:2012 specifies tests and requirements for

2210-645: Is between 1/3 and 1/2 compared to other fossil fuels in Europe. In 2016 there are around 900 CNG stations in Germany and major German car manufacturers like Volkswagen, Mercedes, Opel, Audi offer CNG engines on most of their models. Augsburg is one of the few cities that only run CNG operated public buses since 2011. In Turkey , Ankara municipality is increasingly using CNG buses, where numbers have reached 1090 by 2011. Istanbul has started in 2014 with an order of 110 buses. Konya also added 60 buses to its fleet

2295-629: Is currently available on CNGEurope Web site. In Slovenia , there are four public CNG refuelling stations as of December 2018. Two in the capital Ljubljana , and one each in Maribor and Jesenice . Additionally, at least 14 new refuelling stations are planned in all city municipalities by the end of 2020. Ljubljana Passenger Transport operates 66 CNG fuelled city buses, as of May 2016. Its Maribor counterpart, Marprom has 19 CNG city buses in their fleet, as of October 2018. In Croatia , there are two public CNG refuelling stations situated close to

2380-482: Is filled by absorbers such as activated carbon (which is an adsorbent with high surface area) and stores natural gas by both CNG and ANG mechanisms. Compressed natural gas is sometimes mixed with hydrogen ( HCNG ), which increases the H/C ratio ( hydrogen/carbon ratio ) of the fuel and gives it a flame speed up to eight times higher than CNG. The lack of harmonized codes and standards across international jurisdictions

2465-499: Is installation on roof (typical on buses), but this could require structural modifications. In 2014, a test (by the Danish Technological Institute) of Euro6 heavy vehicles on CNG and diesel showed that CNG had higher fuel consumption, the same noise and production of CO 2 and particulates, but NO X emission was lower. Leakage of unburned methane as natural gas is a significant issue because methane,

2550-568: Is located in northeastern Auburn Hills. Private schools in Auburn Hills include: Private schools near Auburn Hills: The main campus of Oakland University sits within Auburn Hills. Oakland Community College , Baker College , and Western Michigan University Thomas M. Cooley Law School are also situated in Auburn Hills. Auburn Hills is home to several local parks, many of which are open year-round. A skateboard, inline skate and BMX bike park open to all ages and skill levels. The use of

2635-508: Is not liquefied , and is 25 percent that of diesel fuel. Gases provided the original fuel for internal combustion engines . The first experiments with compressed gases took place in France in the 1850s. Natural gas first became a transport fuel during World War I. In the 1960s, Columbia Natural Gas of Ohio tested a CNG carrier . The ship was to carry compressed natural gas in vertical pressure bottles; however, this design failed because of

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2720-604: Is not totally exempted of excise duties, in Belgium it is allowed to connect a car to the home network of natural gas and to refuel the car from home. The purchase of CNG cars is not subsidised by the government, but by the Belgian producers and distributors of natural gas. Fiat and Volkswagen sell factory-equipped CNG-cars in Belgium. At the end of 2018 there were 11,188 vehicles running with CNG in Belgium. In Germany , CNG-generated vehicles are expected to increase to two million units of motor-transport by 2020. The cost for CNG fuel

2805-451: Is open during the warm season. Located near downtown Auburn Hills, this park has picnic areas, both open and sheltered, standing barbecue grills and heated restrooms which remain open year-round. Visitors can navigate through the park on a paved pathway system, which includes a bridge over the Clinton River . The park also contains four basketball courts and play structures. Compressed natural gas Compressed natural gas ( CNG )

2890-448: Is stored at low temperature and nearly ambient pressure. In their respective storage conditions, LNG is a liquid and CNG is a supercritical fluid . CNG has a lower cost of production and storage compared to LNG as it does not require an expensive cooling process and cryogenic tanks. However, CNG requires a much larger volume to store the energy equivalent of petrol and the use of very high pressures (3000 to 4000 psi, or 205 to 275 bar). As

2975-459: Is stored at similar or greater energy density than CNG. This means that vehicles can be refueled from the natural gas network without extra gas compression, the fuel cylinders can be slimmed down and made of lighter, weaker materials. It is possible to mix the ANG and CNG technology to reach an increased capacity of natural gas storage. In this process known as high pressure ANG, a high pressure CNG tank

3060-410: Is the major barrier to wider/quicker adoption of CNG as a fuel. It is also why municipal government, public transportation vehicles were the most visible early adopters of it, as they can more quickly amortize the money invested in the new (and usually cheaper) fuel. In spite of these circumstances, the number of vehicles in the world using CNG has grown steadily (30 percent per year). Now, as a result of

3145-489: The Clinton River , it was named by Aaron Webster, the first settler, for Auburn , New York . His sawmill and grist mill attracted settlers to Auburn. After the streets were laid out in 1826, Auburn rivaled nearby Pontiac until the 1860s, when it lost its own prosperity. The town was renamed Amy in 1880, and it officially became Auburn Heights in 1919. Pontiac Township bordered the city of Pontiac on two sides. The township attempted to incorporate as Pontiac Heights in 1971, but

3230-516: The 1999 General Motors EV1 , as well as many other hybrid vehicles in production today. The battery was also used in an auto rickshaw concept vehicle made for Bajaj Auto , which burned hydrogen in an internal combustion engine . They made a report on it called "Clean Hydrogen Technology for 3-Wheel Transportation in India" and it stated that the performance was comparable with compressed natural gas (CNG) autos. In 1994, General Motors acquired

3315-503: The 2008 Chevrolet Malibu hybrid as well. Cobasys remains unwilling to produce and sell NiMH batteries in smaller quantities to individuals interested in building or retrofitting their own plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs). In 2009 Mercedes had planned to release an ML450 hybrid SUV in the United States, but Chevron, the parent company, pulled funding from Cobasys and the batteries were not delivered. On July 14, 2009 Cobasys

3400-668: The Karachi government under the order of the Supreme Court in 2004 made it mandatory for all city buses and auto rickshaws to run on CNG with the intention of reducing air pollution. In 2012, the federal government announced plans to gradually phase out CNG over a period of approximately three years given natural gas shortages which have been negatively affecting the manufacturing sector. Aside from limiting electricity generation capacity, gas shortages in Pakistan have also raised

3485-542: The OMV (open market value) cost of newly registered green passenger vehicles. This initiative will end at the end of 2012 as the government believes the 'critical mass' of CNG vehicles would then have been built up. Due to reliability issues and lower ranges that CNG provided (as cited by users’ feedback), refueling stations mostly concentrated in the western end of Singapore, the rising demand of greener solutions like hybrid technologies, led to its demise where both public buses and

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3570-600: The U.S. United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan . Energy Conversion Devices, Inc. (ECD), through its United Solar Ovonic (USO) subsidiary, was engaged in building-integrated and rooftop photovoltaics (PV). The Company manufactured, sold and installed thin-film solar laminates that converted sunlight to electrical energy. The Company operated in two segments: United Solar Ovonic and Ovonic Materials. The Company's USO segment consisted of its wholly owned subsidiary, United Solar Ovonic LLC, which

3655-748: The US successfully retrofitted a diesel locomotive to run on compressed natural gas before 2002. This converted locomotive was upgraded to utilize a computer-controlled fuel injection system in May 2008, and is now the Napa Valley Wine Train's primary locomotive. Ferrocarril Central Andino in Peru, has run a CNG locomotive on a freight line since 2005. CNG locomotives are usually diesel–electric locomotives that have been converted to use compressed natural gas generators instead of diesel generators to generate

3740-719: The University Center and the Downtown Educational Nook (DEN), a refurbished historic log cabin acting as a student and community center. Auburn Hills is home to PHINIA , BorgWarner , Guardian Industries , Autoliv , RGIS , Joyson Safety Systems , the Americas headquarters of GKN Driveline , the North American headquarters of Faurecia , Volkswagen / Audi North American Headquarters, and until its demolition, The Palace of Auburn Hills ,

3825-426: The area at Auburn and Squirrel was revitalized as the "Village Center" with streetscape improvements. Pedestrian-friendly development is encouraged in this district now known simply as Downtown Auburn Hills. At the end of 2013, a number of large projects were completed Downtown, including a four-story graduate student apartment complex, a 233-space parking deck, an auxiliary classroom space for schools and colleges called

3910-408: The area was part of the now-defunct Pontiac Township . In 1908, automobile pioneer John Dodge bought a farmhouse 3 miles (4.8 km) northeast of Auburn Heights to use as his country retreat. His oldest child, Winifred Dodge, married real estate baron Wesson Seyburn , who built his own country retreat 2.5 miles (4.0 km) north of Auburn Heights. The estate included hunting land, dog kennels,

3995-496: The auto manufacturer in the last two years, and the remainder have been converted utilizing after market conversion kits in workshops. There are 750 active refueling stations country wide with an additional 660 refueling stations under construction and expected to come on stream. Currently the major problem facing the industry as a whole is the building of refueling stations that is lagging behind dual fuel vehicle production, forcing many to use petrol instead. Nigeria CNG started with

4080-417: The average family size was 2.92. The age distribution is 20.4% under the age of 18, 15.9% from 18 to 24, 38.1% from 25 to 44, 18.2% from 45 to 64, and 7.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 31 years. For every 100 females, there were 98.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 97.5 males. The median income for a household in the city was $ 51,376, and the median income for

4165-471: The beginning of 2005, 10,300 CNG busses and 20,000 CNG cars ran on Delhi’s roads. In 2006 Fiat Siena Tetrafuel was introduced in the Brazilian market, equipped with a 1.4-litre FIRE engine that runs on E100, E25 (Standard Brazilian Gasoline), Ethanol, and CNG. Any existing petrol vehicle can be converted to a dual-fuel petrol/CNG vehicle. Authorized shops can do the retrofitting, which involves installing

4250-598: The capital Sofia there are 22 CNG stations making it possibly the city with the most publicly available CNG stations in Europe. There are also quite a few in Plovdiv , Ruse , Stara Zagora and Veliko Tarnovo as well as in the towns on the Black Sea – Varna , Burgas , Nesebar and Kavarna . CNG vehicles are becoming more and more popular in the country. The fuel is mostly used by taxi drivers because of its much lower price compared to petrol. Currently (as of July, 2015)

4335-479: The city has a total area of 16.64 square miles (43.10 km ), of which 16.60 square miles (42.99 km ) is land and 0.04 square miles (0.10 km ) (0.24%) is water. As of the census of 2010, there were 21,412 people, 8,844 households, and 4,923 families living in the city. The population density was 1,289.9 inhabitants per square mile (498.0/km ). There were 9,965 housing units at an average density of 600.3 per square mile (231.8/km ). The racial makeup of

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4420-544: The city limits: R. Grant Graham Elementary School and Auburn Elementary School. Portions of Auburn Hills in ASD are zoned to these schools. All ASD residents are zoned to Avondale Middle School in Rochester Hills and Avondale High School in Auburn Hills. Other ASD facilities in Auburn Hills include the district administrative offices and Avondale Montessori. A Pontiac school district school, Will Rogers Elementary School,

4505-415: The city of Sofia is rapidly renewing its public transport fleet with MAN Lion's City buses running on CNG. Also, many companies switch to CNG cargo vans and even heavy trucks for their daily operations within city limits. In North Macedonia , there is one CNG station located in the capital Skopje, but it is not for public use. Only twenty buses of the local Public Transport Company have been fitted to use

4590-574: The city was 48.4% female and 51.6% male. As of the census of 2000, there were 19,837 people, 8,064 households, and 4,604 families living in the city. The population density was 1,194.5 inhabitants per square mile (461.2/km ). There were 8,822 housing units at an average density of 531.2 per square mile (205.1/km ). The racial makeup of the city was 75.92% White , 13.22% African American , 0.32% Native American , 6.33% Asian , 0.04% Pacific Islander , 1.56% from other races , and 2.61% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4.50% of

4675-421: The city was 66.3% White , 18.5% African American , 0.3% Native American , 8.9% Asian , 2.7% from other races , and 3.4% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 7.8% of the population. There were 8,844 households, of which 27.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 38.8% were married couples living together, 12.4% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.5% had

4760-416: The conversion to CNG, as they accuse the companies of being proxies of the junta, and also their desire that the petrodollars earned by the regime should go towards the defense sector rather than towards improving the infrastructure or welfare of the people. In India , there are over 4500 CNG Stations all over the country now as compared to 2014 when the country only had about 900 CNG Stations. The government

4845-431: The costs of business for key industries including the fertilizer, cement and textile sectors. In Singapore, CNG was once used by public transport vehicles like buses and taxis, as well as goods vehicles until 2018. During its heyday in 2008 onwards, more owners of private cars had sought interest in converting their petrol-driven vehicles to also run on CNG – due to rising petrol prices. The initial cost of converting

4930-447: The cylinders used to store the CNG take up space in the trunk of a car or bed of a pickup truck that has been modified to additionally run on CNG. This problem is solved in factory-built CNG vehicles that install the cylinders under the body of the vehicle, leaving the trunk free, e.g. , Fiat Multipla , New Fiat Panda , Volkswagen Touran Ecofuel, Volkswagen Caddy Ecofuel, Chevy Taxi, which sold in countries such as Peru. Another option

5015-430: The early 1980s, Oakland University partnered with developers to create a technology and research park. The Oakland Technology Park was approved by the city in 1985, with Comerica , EDS , and Chrysler to build campuses there. The city's many tech and office buildings host 80,000 people during the workday. Great Lakes Crossing Outlets , an enclosed super-regional outlet shopping mall, opened November 12, 1998. In 2002,

5100-409: The electricity that drives the traction motors. Some CNG locomotives are able to selectively fire their cylinders only when there is a demand for power, which, theoretically, gives them a higher fuel-efficiency than conventional diesel engines. CNG is also cheaper than petrol or diesel fuel. CNG is used to transport natural gas by sea for intermediate distances, using CNG carrier ships, especially when

5185-584: The eyes of the consumers. Petronas , Malaysia's state-owned oil company, also monopolises the provision of CNG to road users. As of July 2008, Petronas only operates about 150 CNG refueling stations, most of which are concentrated in the Klang Valley. At the same time, another 50 were expected by the end of 2008. As fuel subsidies were gradually removed in Malaysia starting June 5, 2008, the subsequent 41 percent price hike on petrol and diesel fuel led to

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5270-468: The facility is always free and it remains open from April to November, 8 a.m. until dusk. Popular hiking and walking attraction with numerous nature trails. A fishing pond and picnic area are also available for public use. The park offers open lawn areas and a picnic shelter with a fireplace inside. The park features a softball field, 9-hole disc golf course, tennis courts, two play structures, and swings. An expansive, 16-mile (26 km) walkway through

5355-690: The former home of the National Basketball Association 's Detroit Pistons and the former home of Women's National Basketball Association 's Detroit Shock . In 2017, Maserati announced it was moving its U.S. headquarters from Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey to the former Walter P. Chrysler Museum in Auburn Hills. School districts serving sections of Auburn Hills include Avondale School District , Pontiac School District , and Rochester Community Schools . The Avondale School District operates two elementary schools in

5440-399: The heart of Oakland County . The trail cuts through several different cities, including Rochester , Rochester Hills , Sylvan Lake , Auburn Hills, and Pontiac . The 2.1-mile (3.4 km) section of trail within Auburn Hills is covered in finely crushed stone, ideal for walking, jogging and biking. Featuring a fireman-themed "tot-lot" for children ages 2–5, Dennis Dearing Jr. Memorial Park

5525-416: The high cost of the pressure vessels. Since then, there have been attempts at developing a commercially viable CNG carrier. Several competing CNG ocean transport designs have evolved. Each design proposes a unique approach to optimizing gas transport, while using as much off-the-shelf technology as possible, to keep costs competitive. Worldwide, there were 14.8 million natural gas vehicles (NGVs) by 2011, with

5610-496: The industry's steady growth, the cost of such fuel storage cylinders has been brought down to a much more acceptable level. Especially, for the CNG Type 1 and Type 2 cylinders , many countries are able to make reliable and cost effective cylinders for conversion need. CNG's energy density is the same as liquefied natural gas at 53.6 MJ/kg. Its volumetric energy density, 9 MJ/L, is 42 % of that of LNG (22 MJ/L) because it

5695-457: The infrastructure for pipelines or LNG is not in place. At short distances, undersea pipelines are often more cost-effective, and for longer distances, LNG is often more cost-effective. Compressed natural gas vehicles require a greater amount of space for fuel storage than conventional petrol-powered vehicles. Since it is a compressed gas, rather than a liquid like petrol, CNG takes up more space for each GGE ( petrol gallon equivalent ). However,

5780-457: The largest in the world with 46 refuelling hoses. The Union Group, which operates 1000 CNG Toyota Wish taxis then planned to introduce another three daughter stations and increase the CNG taxi fleet to 8000 units. As a key incentive for using this eco-friendly fuel Singapore has a green vehicle rebate for users of CNG technology. First introduced in January 2001, the GVR grants a 40 percent discount on

5865-766: The largest numbers in Iran (4.07 million), Pakistan (2.85 million), Argentina (2.07 million), Brazil (1.7 million) and India (1.1 million), with the Asia-Pacific region leading with 5.7 million NGVs, followed by Latin America with almost four million vehicles. Several car and vehicle manufacturers, such as Fiat , Opel / General Motors , Peugeot , Volkswagen , Toyota , Honda , Maruti Suzuki , Hyundai , Tata Motors , and others, sell bi-fuel cars.In 1995, The Supreme Court of India decided that cars put into circulation after 1995 would have to run on unleaded fuel. At

5950-404: The last CNG taxis were on its way to being scrapped in 2018. In Italy , there are more than 1173 CNG stations. The use of methane for vehicles, started in the 1930s and has continued off and on until today. Since 2008 there have been a large market expansion for natural gas vehicles (CNG and LPG) caused by the rise of petrol prices and by the need to reduce air pollution emissions. Before 1995

6035-853: The only way to have a CNG-powered car was by having it retrofitted with an after-market kit. A large producer was Landi Renzo , Tartarini Auto, Prins Autogassystemen, OMVL, BiGAs,... and AeB for electronic parts used by the most part of kit producer. Landi Renzo and Tartarini selling vehicles in Asia and South America. After 1995 bi-fuel cars (petrol/CNG) became available from several major manufacturers. Currently Fiat , Opel , Volkswagen , Citroën , Renault , Volvo and Mercedes sell various car models and small trucks that are petrol/CNG powered. Usually CNG parts used by major car manufacturers are actually produced by automotive aftermarket kit manufacturers, e.g. Fiat use Tartarini Auto components, Volkswagen use Teleflex GFI and Landi Renzo components. In Belgium , CNG

6120-407: The population. There were 8,064 households, out of which 26.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them; 43.0% were married couples living together; 10.5% had a female householder with no husband present and 42.9% were non-families. 33.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.25 and

6205-712: The pressure regulator. The National Fire Protection Association 's NFPA 52 code covers natural gas vehicle safety standards in the United States. Iran , Pakistan , Argentina , Brazil and China have the highest number of CNG run vehicles in the world. Natural gas vehicles are increasingly used in Iran, Pakistan, the Asia-Pacific region, the Indian capital of Delhi , and other large cities such as Ahmedabad , Mumbai , Pune , and Kolkata , as well as cities such as Lucknow , Kanpur , Varanasi , and others. Its use

6290-434: The primary component of natural gas, is a powerful, short-lived greenhouse gas. It is more than 100 times more potent at trapping energy than carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), the principal contributor to man-made climate change. Compressed natural gas is often confused with LNG ( liquefied natural gas ). Both are stored forms of natural gas. The main difference is that CNG is stored at ambient temperature and high pressure, while LNG

6375-509: The same year. In Portugal , there are 9 CNG refueling stations as of September 25, 2017. In Hungary , there are four public CNG refueling stations in the cities Budapest , Szeged , Pécs and Győr . The public transportation company of Szeged , Szolnok and some districts in Budapest runs buses mainly on CNG. In Bulgaria , there are 96 CNG refueling stations as of July 2011. One can be found in most of Bulgaria's big towns. In

6460-403: The town and the hilly terrain in the area. Besides Oakland Community College, three other colleges, Oakland University , Baker College , and Western Michigan University Thomas M. Cooley Law School have campuses partially within the city limits. Auburn Hills began as Pontiac Township, including the village of Auburn, in 1821, at what is today the corner of Auburn and Squirrel roads. Situated on

6545-618: The use of CNG was originally introduced for taxicabs and airport limousines during the late 1990s, when new taxis were launched with CNG engines while taxicab operators were encouraged to send in existing taxis for full engine conversions. The practice of using CNG remained largely confined to taxicabs predominately in the Klang Valley and Penang due to a lack of interest. No incentives were offered for those besides taxicab owners to use CNG engines, while government subsidies on petrol and diesel made conventional road vehicles cheaper to use in

6630-710: The western part of the country. Another station on the mainland is in Mandai Link to the north and is operated by SMART Energy. SMART also own a second station on Serangoon North Ave 5 which was set up end of March 2009; The fifth and largest station in the world, located in Toh Tuck, was opened by the UNION Group in September 2009. This station is recognized by the Guniness World Records as being

6715-422: Was a wholly owned subsidiary of Energy Conversion Devices, Inc. and as an EPC contractor ( Engineering, Procurement, Construction ), Solar Integrated took responsibility for the whole supply chain from administration, system design and engineering to purchasing, construction, operations and maintenance of Uni-Solar products. Ovonic nickel–metal hydride (NiMH) batteries were used in the 1998 Chevrolet S-10 EV and

6800-587: Was bought by SB LiMotive a joint venture of Samsung and Bosch before later being folded into Bosch itself. Although mistaken as owning the intellectual property to the large NiMH battery packs, according to CEO Tom Neslage they merely have an exclusive licensing deal with Chevron. In February 2012, ECD sold its majority owned subsidiary, Ovonic Battery Company to BASF Corporation for the gross purchase price of $ 58 million in cash before transaction fees, minority participations, and working capital and other adjustments. Auburn Hills, Michigan Auburn Hills

6885-597: Was denied by state officials. Pontiac Township became a charter township in 1978, to protect itself from further annexation. In 1983, Pontiac Township merged with the village of Auburn Heights to become the City of Auburn Hills. It is not to be confused with the similarly named city of Auburn, Michigan , that exists in Bay County , near Saginaw Bay . According to the United States Census Bureau ,

6970-539: Was divided into three parts, and had full or partial ownership of several other companies. The United Solar Ovonic Corporation was at one time the world's largest (2008) manufacturer of photovoltaic laminates . In the broader category of thin film solar cells , as of 2007 the company was the second-largest U.S. manufacturer, after First Solar . The solar cells are made of 11 triple junction amorphous silicon solar cells connected in series and have 11–13% in conversion efficiency. The laminate encapsulation material

7055-627: Was durable ETFE , high light-transmissive polymer . The laminates were sold under the trademark " UNI-SOLAR ". Manufacturing and global headquarters were in Auburn Hills, Michigan. A second campus was constructed in Greenville, Michigan in 2007. Much of the production was sold to manufacturers and suppliers of building envelope elements, such as metal roofs (Rheinzink, Corus "Kalzip") or polymer roof membranes (Alwitra, Solar Integrated technologies). Flexible, thin-film solar PV products were also developed for space applications. Solar Integrated, Inc.

7140-495: Was engaged in manufacturing of PV laminates designed to be integrated directly with roofing materials . The Ovonic Materials segment invented, designed and developed materials and products based on ECD's materials science technology. ECD, through its subsidiaries, commercialized materials, products and production processes for the alternative energy generation (primarily solar energy), energy storage and information technology markets. Ovonics (coined from "Ovshinsky" and "electronics")

7225-460: Was not manufacturing any NiMH batteries for automotive purposes. In December 2006, Cobasys and General Motors announced that they had signed a contract under which Cobasys would provide NiMH batteries for the Saturn Aura hybrid sedan . Although announced, the car was later scrapped and Saturn has been shut down. In March 2007, General Motors announced that it would use Cobasys NiMH batteries in

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