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68-419: The LSC was established in 1997, under the leadership of Barry Barish . Its mission is to ensure equal scientific opportunity for individual participants and institutions by organizing research, publications, and all other scientific activities, and it includes scientists from both LIGO Laboratory and collaborating institutions. Barish appointed Rainer Weiss as the first spokesperson. LSC members have access to

136-486: A 750  keV electrostatic field giving the ions their second acceleration. At the exit of RFQ, the beam is matched by medium energy beam transport (MEBT) into the entrance of the linear accelerator (linac). The next stage of acceleration is a linear particle accelerator (linac). This stage consists of two segments. The first segment has five drift tube cavities, operating at 201 MHz. The second stage has seven side-coupled cavities, operating at 805 MHz. At

204-610: A White House ceremony. Barish was born in Omaha, Nebraska , the son of Lee and Harold Barish. His parents' families were Jewish immigrants from a part of Poland that is now in Belarus. Just after World War II , the family moved to Los Feliz in Los Angeles . He attended John Marshall High School and other schools. He earned a B.A. degree in physics (1957) and a Ph.D. degree in experimental high energy physics (1962) at

272-654: A new field of gravitational wave astronomy." Barish was a recipient of the 2017 Giuseppe and Vanna Cocconi Prize of the European Physical Society for his "pioneering and leading role in the LIGO observatory that led to the direct detection of gravitational waves, opening a new window to the Universe." Barish was a recipient of the 2017 Princess of Asturias Award for his work on gravitational waves (jointly with Kip Thorne and Rainer Weiss ). Barish

340-526: A new force of nature. They have found more evidence that sub-atomic particles, called muons, are not behaving in the way predicted by the current theory of sub-atomic physics. Starting in the 2010s, delays and cost over-runs led to substantial concerns about mismanagement of the laboratory. In 2014, the Particle Physics Project Prioritization Panel ("P5") recommended three major initiatives for construction on

408-513: A precision of 0.14  ppm , which will be a sensitive test of the Standard Model . Fermilab is continuing an experiment conducted at Brookhaven National Laboratory to measure the anomalous magnetic dipole moment of the muon . The magnetic dipole moment ( g ) of a charged lepton ( electron , muon, or tau ) is very nearly 2. The difference from 2 (the "anomalous" part) depends on the lepton, and can be computed quite exactly based on

476-514: A site for Fermilab. The laboratory was founded in 1969 as the National Accelerator Laboratory ; it was renamed in honor of Enrico Fermi in 1974. The laboratory's first director was Robert Rathbun Wilson , under whom the laboratory opened ahead of time and under budget. Many of the sculptures on the site are of his creation. He is the namesake of the site's high-rise laboratory building, whose unique shape has become

544-539: Is a United States Department of Energy national laboratory specializing in high-energy particle physics . Fermilab's Main Injector, two miles (3.3 km) in circumference, is the laboratory's most powerful particle accelerator . The accelerator complex that feeds the Main Injector is under upgrade, and construction of the first building for the new PIP-II linear accelerator began in 2020. Until 2011, Fermilab

612-605: Is an American experimental physicist and Nobel Laureate . He is a Linde Professor of Physics, emeritus at California Institute of Technology and a leading expert on gravitational waves . In 2017, Barish was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics along with Rainer Weiss and Kip Thorne "for decisive contributions to the LIGO detector and the observation of gravitational waves". He said, "I didn't know if I would succeed. I

680-722: Is an intense beam of neutrinos that travels 455 miles (732 km) through the Earth to the Soudan Mine in Minnesota and the Ash River, Minnesota, site of the NOνA far detector. In 2017, the ICARUS neutrino experiment was moved from CERN to Fermilab. Muon g−2 : (pronounced "gee minus two") is a particle physics experiment to measure the anomaly of the magnetic moment of a muon to

748-648: Is being uniquely coordinated worldwide, representing a major step in international collaborations going from conception to design to implementation for large scale projects in physics. In 2002, he received the Klopsteg Memorial Award of the American Association of Physics Teachers. Barish was honored by the University of Bologna (2006) and University of Florida ( 2007) where he received honorary doctorates. In 2007, delivered

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816-616: Is building a new 800 MeV superconducting Linac to inject to the Booster ring. Construction of the first building for the PIP-II accelerator began in 2020. The new Linac site will be located on top of a small portion of Tevatron near the Booster ring in order to take advantage of existing electrical and water, and cryogenic infrastructure. The PIP-II Linac will have low energy beam transport line (LEBT), radio frequency quadrupole (RFQ), and medium energy beam transport line (MEBT) operated at

884-408: Is for four modules of instrumented liquid argon with a fiducial volume of 10 kilotons each. According to the 2016 Conceptual Design Report, the first two modules were expected to be complete in 2024, with the beam operational in 2026. The final modules were planned to be operational in 2027. In 2022, the cost for two far detector modules and the beam, alone, had risen to $ 3B. This led to a decision by

952-608: Is housed at CERN ). The LPC offers a vibrant community of CMS scientists from the US and plays a major role in the CMS detector commissioning, and in the design and development of the detector upgrade. Fermilab is the host laboratory for USCMS, which includes researchers from 50 U.S. universities including 715 students. Fermilab hosts the largest CMS Tier 1 computing center, handling approximately 40% of global CMS Tier 1 computing requests. On February 9, 2022, Fermilab's Patricia McBride (physicist)

1020-445: Is introduced into a container lined with molybdenum electrodes, each a matchbox-sized, oval-shaped cathode and a surrounding anode, separated by 1 mm and held in place by glass ceramic insulators. A Cavity_magnetron generates a plasma to form the ions near the metal surface. The ions are accelerated by the source to 35  keV and matched by low energy beam transport (LEBT) into the radio-frequency quadrupole (RFQ) which applies

1088-501: Is the smaller of the two rings in the last picture below (foreground). Completed in 1999, it has become Fermilab's "particle switchyard" in that it can route protons to any of the experiments installed along the beam lines after accelerating them to 120 GeV. Until 2011, the Main Injector provided protons to the antiproton ring [circumference 6,283.2 m (20,614 ft)] and the Tevatron for further acceleration but now provides

1156-516: Is to replace the Booster cavities with a new design. The research and development of the new cavities is underway, with replacement expected in 2018. The goals of PIP-II include a plan to delivery 1.2 MW of proton beam power from the Main Injector to the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment target at 120 GeV and the power near 1 MW at 60 GeV with a possibility to extend the power to 2 MW in

1224-512: The Enrico Fermi Prize "for his fundamental contributions to the formation of the LIGO and LIGO-Virgo scientific collaborations and for his role in addressing challenging technological and scientific aspects whose solution led to the first detection of gravitational waves". Membership of LIGO Scientific Collaboration as of November 2015 is detailed in the table below. Barry Barish Barry Clark Barish (born January 27, 1936)

1292-614: The Intensity Frontier of particle physics, especially neutrino physics and rare physics searches using muons. A program exploring nucleon structure is also continuing. Fermilab strives to become the world leader in neutrino physics through the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment at the Long Baseline Neutrino Facility . Other leaders are CERN , which leads in Accelerator physics with

1360-729: The Large Hadron Collider (LHC), and Japan, which has been approved to build and lead the International Linear Collider (ILC). Fermilab will be the site of LBNF's future beamline, and the Sanford Underground Research Facility (SURF), in Lead, SD, is the site selected to house the massive far detector. The term "baseline" refers to the distance between the neutrino source and the detector. The far detector current design

1428-631: The Nobel Prize in Physics (jointly with Rainer Weiss and Kip Thorne ) "for decisive contributions to the LIGO detector and the observation of gravitational waves". In 2018, Barish was honored as the Alumnus of the year by the University of California, Berkeley . In 2018, he received an honorary doctorate at Southern Methodist University . In 2018, he was conferred the Honorary Degree Doctor Honoris Causa of Sofia University St. Kliment Ohridski In 2023, he

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1496-472: The Standard Model . The measurements DUNE will make are expected to greatly increase the physics community's understanding of neutrinos and their role in the universe, thereby better elucidating the nature of matter and anti-matter. It will send the world's highest-intensity neutrino beam to a near detector on the Fermilab site and the far detector 800 miles (1300 km) away at SURF. The MiniBooNE detector

1564-465: The University of California, Berkeley . He joined Caltech in 1963 as part of a new experimental effort in particle physics using frontier particle accelerators at the national laboratories. From 1963 to 1966, he was a research fellow, and from 1966 to 1991 an assistant professor, associate professor, and professor of physics. From 1991 to 2005, he became Linde Professor of Physics, and after that Linde Professor of Physics, emeritus. From 1984 to 1996, he

1632-691: The Van Vleck lectures at the University of Minnesota . The University of Glasgow honored Barish with an honorary degree of science in 2013. Barish was honored as a Titan of Physics in the On the Shoulders of Giants series at the 2016 World Science Festival . In 2016, Barish received the Enrico Fermi Prize "for his fundamental contributions to the formation of the LIGO and LIGO-Virgo scientific collaborations and for his role in addressing challenging technological and scientific aspects whose solution led to

1700-514: The 1980s, he directed MACRO , an experiment in a cave in Gran Sasso , Italy , that searched for exotic particles called magnetic monopoles and also studied penetrating cosmic rays , including neutrino measurements that provided important confirmatory evidence that neutrinos have mass and oscillate. In 1991, Barish was named the Maxine and Ronald Linde Professor of Physics at Caltech. In

1768-468: The Booster about 20,000 times in 33 milliseconds, adding energy with each revolution until they leave the Booster accelerated to 8  GeV . In 2021, the lab announced that its latest superconducting YBCO magnet could increase field strength at a rate of 290 tesla per second, reaching a peak magnetic field strength of around 0.5 tesla. The final acceleration is applied by the Main Injector [circumference 3,319.4 m (10,890 ft)], which

1836-695: The Department of Energy Office of Science to phase the experiment. Phase I would consist of two modules, to be completed in 2028–29, and the beamline, to be completed in 2032. The installation of phase II, the remaining two far detector modules, is not yet planned and will be at a cost above the $ 3B estimate for phase I. A large prototype detector constructed at CERN took data with a test beam from 2018 to 2020. The results show that ProtoDUNE performed with greater than 99% efficiency. LBNF/DUNE program in neutrino physics plans to measure fundamental physical parameters with high precision and to explore physics beyond

1904-522: The Fermilab site. Two were particle physics experiments: the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment and Mu2e . The third was the PIPII accelerator upgrade described above. Also, P5 recommended Fermilab participation in LHC at CERN . As of 2022, two P5-recommended Fermilab projects had suffered substantial delays: Even smaller experiments, below the cost-level of individual P5 approval, that were proposed at

1972-537: The July 15, 2024 "whistleblowers" report. Fermilab is a part of the Illinois Technology and Research Corridor . Argonne National Laboratory , which is another USDoE national laboratory, is located approximately 20 miles away. Asteroid 11998 Fermilab is named in honor of the laboratory. Weston, Illinois , was a community next to Batavia voted out of existence by its village board in 1966 to provide

2040-653: The LIGO-Virgo collective, and the LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA collective is called "LVK". The current LSC Spokesperson is Patrick Brady of University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee . The Executive Director of the LIGO Laboratory is David Reitze from the University of Florida . On 11 February 2016, the LIGO and Virgo collaborations announced that they succeeded in making the first direct gravitational wave observation on 14 September 2015. In 2016, Barish received

2108-697: The NRC Board of Physics and Astronomy Neutrino Facilities Assessment Committee Report, "Neutrinos and Beyond". From 2005 to 2013, Barish was director of the Global Design Effort for the International Linear Collider ( ILC ). The ILC is the highest priority future project for particle physics worldwide, as it promises to complement the Large Hadron Collider at CERN in exploring the TeV energy scale. This ambitious effort

LIGO Scientific Collaboration - Misplaced Pages Continue

2176-1096: The US-based Advanced LIGO detectors in Hanford, Washington and in Livingston, Louisiana , as well as the GEO 600 detector in Sarstedt , Germany. Under an agreement with the European Gravitational Observatory (EGO), LSC members also have access to data from the Virgo detector in Pisa , Italy. While the LSC and the Virgo Collaboration are separate organizations, they cooperate closely and are referred to collectively as "LVC". The KAGRA observatory's collaboration has joined

2244-468: The current Standard Model of particle physics . Measurements of the electron are in excellent agreement with this computation. The Brookhaven experiment did this measurement for muons, a much more technically difficult measurement due to their short lifetime, and detected a tantalizing, but not definitive, 3  σ discrepancy between the measured value and the computed one. The Brookhaven experiment ended in 2001, but 10 years later Fermilab acquired

2312-676: The early 1990s, he spearheaded GEM (Gammas, Electrons, Muons), an experiment that would have run at the Superconducting Super Collider which was approved after the former project L* led by Samuel Ting (and Barish as chairman of collaboration board) was rejected by SSC director Roy Schwitters . Barish was GEM spokesperson. Barish became the principal investigator of the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-wave Observatory (LIGO) in 1994 and director in 1997. He led

2380-674: The effort through the approval of funding by the NSF National Science Board in 1994, the construction and commissioning of the LIGO interferometers in Livingston, LA and Hanford, WA in 1997. He created the LIGO Scientific Collaboration , which now numbers more than 1000 collaborators worldwide to carry out the science. The initial LIGO detectors reached design sensitivity and set many limits on astrophysical sources. The Advanced LIGO proposal

2448-430: The end of linac, the particles are accelerated to 400  MeV , or about 70% of the speed of light . Immediately before entering the next accelerator, the H ions pass through a carbon foil, becoming H ions ( protons ). The resulting protons then enter the booster ring, a 468 m (1,535 ft) circumference circular accelerator whose magnets bend beams of protons around a circular path. The protons travel around

2516-579: The equipment, and is working to make a more accurate measurement (smaller  σ ) which will either eliminate the discrepancy or, hopefully, confirm it as an experimentally observable example of physics beyond the Standard Model . Central to the experiment is a 50 foot-diameter superconducting magnet with an exceptionally uniform magnetic field. This was transported, in one piece, from Brookhaven in Long Island , New York, to Fermilab in

2584-635: The estimated PIP-II accelerator start date for the accelerator is 2028. The project was approved for construction in April 2022 with an expected cost to the Department of Energy of $ 978M and with an additional $ 330M in contributions from international partners. The following particles were first directly observed at Fermilab: In 1999, physicists at on the KTeV experiment were also the first to observe direct CP violation in kaon decays. The DØ experiment and CDF experiment each made important contributions to

2652-769: The first detection of gravitational waves from merging black holes, confirming a key part of Einstein's Theory of Relativity. He has broadened our understanding of the universe and our Nation's sense of wonder and discovery.” Barish has been elected to and held fellowship at the following organizations: Barry Barish is married to Samoan Barish. They have two children, Stephanie Barish and Kenneth Barish , professor and chair of Physics & Astronomy at University of California, Riverside , and three grandchildren, Milo Barish Chamberlin, Thea Chamberlin, and Ariel Barish. Fermilab Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory ( Fermilab ), located in Batavia, Illinois , near Chicago ,

2720-707: The first detection of gravitational waves". Barish was a recipient of the 2016 Smithsonian magazine's American Ingenuity Award in the Physical Science category. Barish was awarded the 2017 Henry Draper Medal from the National Academy of Sciences "for his visionary and pivotal leadership role, scientific guidance, and novel instrument design during the development of LIGO that were crucial for LIGO's discovery of gravitational waves from colliding black holes, thus directly validating Einstein's 100-year-old prediction of gravitational waves and ushering

2788-696: The first presentation on this discovery to a scientific audience at CERN on February 11, 2016, simultaneously with the public announcement. From 2001 to 2002, Barish served as co-chair of the High Energy Physics Advisory Panel subpanel that developed a long-range plan for U.S. high energy physics. He has chaired the Commission of Particles and Fields and the U.S. Liaison committee to the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics (IUPAP). In 2002, he chaired

LIGO Scientific Collaboration - Misplaced Pages Continue

2856-575: The future. The plan should also support the current 8 GeV experiments including Mu2e, Muon g−2, and other short-baseline neutrino experiments. These require an upgrade to the Linac to inject to the Booster with 800 MeV. The first option considered was to add 400 MeV "afterburner" superconducting Linac at the tail end of the existing 400 MeV. This would have required moving the existing Linac up 50 metres (160 ft). However, there were many technical issues with this approach. Instead, Fermilab

2924-594: The journals Science and Scientific American each published articles describing the project as "troubled". Ongoing neutrino experiments are ICARUS (Imaging Cosmic and Rare Underground Signals) and NOνA ( NuMI Off-Axis ν e Appearance). Completed neutrino experiments include MINOS (Main Injector Neutrino Oscillation Search), MINOS+ , MiniBooNE and SciBooNE (SciBar Booster Neutrino Experiment) and MicroBooNE (Micro Booster Neutrino Experiment). On-site experiments outside of

2992-496: The last push before the particles reach the beam line experiments. Recognizing higher demands of proton beams to support new experiments, Fermilab began to improve their accelerators in 2011. Expected to continue for many years, the project has two phases: Proton Improvement Plan (PIP) and Proton Improvement Plan-II (PIP-II). The overall goals of PIP are to increase the repetition rate of the Booster beam from 7 Hz to 15 Hz and replace old hardware to increase reliability of

3060-485: The national laboratories in its portfolio on eight performance metrics. Fermilab has received the lowest grades among the national laboratories in FY2019, 2020, 2021 and 2022. A rare C grade was assigned for project management in 2021, reflective of the delays and cost overruns. In an article in the journal Science , James Decker, who was principal deputy director of DOE's Office of Science from 1973 to 2007, stated that

3128-749: The neutrino program include the SeaQuest fixed-target experiment and Muon g-2 . Fermilab continues to participate in the work at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC); it serves as a Tier 1 site in the Worldwide LHC Computing Grid. Fermilab also pursues research in quantum information science. It founded the Fermilab Quantum Institute in 2019. Since 2020, it also is home to the SQMS (Superconducting Quantum Materials and Systems) Center. From 2007 through 2024, Fermilab

3196-619: The observation of the Higgs Boson , announced in 2012. Fermilab dismantled the CDF ( Collider Detector at Fermilab ) experiment to make the space available for IARC (Illinois Accelerator Research Center). Fermilab physicists continue to play a key role in the world-wide collider program. The LHC Physics Center (LPC) at Fermilab is a regional center of the Compact Muon Solenoid Collaboration (the experiment

3264-495: The operation. Before the start of the PIP project, a replacement of the pre-accelerator injector was underway. The replacement of almost 40 year-old Cockcroft–Walton generators to RFQ started in 2009 and completed in 2012. At the Linac stage, the analog beam position monitor (BPM) modules were replaced with digital boards in 2013. A replacement of Linac vacuum pumps and related hardware is expected to be completed in 2015. A study on

3332-648: The performance evaluation for 2021 was "one of the most scathing I have seen". Also, in 2020, the high-energy physics community expressed concern that the cost of major projects at Fermilab have led to diversion of funds from the high-energy physics core research program, harming the health of the field. Congress increased the annual HEP budget from less than $ 800 million by about $ 250M to more than $ 1 billion—a 30% increase that went mainly to support large projects at Fermilab. The Fermilab project delays led to substantial change in leadership in 2022. In September 2021, Nigel Lockyer , Director of Fermilab, resigned. Lockyer

3400-416: The replacement of 201 MHz drift tubes is still ongoing. At the boosting stage, a major component of the PIP is to upgrade the Booster ring to 15 Hz operation. The Booster has 19 radio frequency stations. Originally, the Booster stations were operating without solid-state drive system which was acceptable for 7 Hz but not 15 Hz operation. A demonstration project in 2004 converted one of

3468-419: The room temperature at with a 162.5 MHz and energy increasing from 0.03 MeV. The first segment of Linac will be operated at 162.5 MHz and energy increased up to 11 MeV. The second segment of Linac will be operated at 325 MHz and energy increased up to 177 MeV. The last segment of linac will be operated at 650 MHz and will have the final energy level of 800 MeV. As of 2022,

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3536-473: The site was named in his honor. The later directors are: Prior to the startup in 2008 of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) near Geneva, Switzerland, the Tevatron was the most powerful particle accelerator in the world, accelerating protons and antiprotons to energies of 980  GeV , and producing proton-antiproton collisions with energies of up to 1.96  TeV , the first accelerator to reach one "tera-electron-volt" energy. At 3.9 miles (6.3 km), it

3604-483: The stations to solid state drive before the PIP project. As part of the project, the remaining stations were converted to solid state in 2013. Another major part of the PIP project is to refurbish and replace 40 year-old Booster cavities. Many cavities have been refurbished and tested to operate at 15 Hz. The completion of cavity refurbishment is expected in 2015, after which the repetition rate can be gradually increased to 15 Hz operation. A longer term upgrade

3672-654: The summer of 2013. The move traversed 3,200 miles over 35 days, mostly on a barge down the East Coast and up the Mississippi . The magnet was refurbished and powered on in September ;2015, and has been confirmed to have the same 1300  ppm (0.13%) p-p basic magnetic field uniformity that it had before the move. The project worked on shimming the magnet to improve its magnetic field uniformity. This had been done at Brookhaven, but

3740-542: The symbol for Fermilab and which is the center of activity on the campus. After Wilson stepped down in 1978 to protest the lack of funding for the lab, Leon M. Lederman took on the job. It was under his guidance that the original accelerator was replaced with the Tevatron, an accelerator capable of colliding protons and antiprotons at a combined energy of 1.96 TeV. Lederman stepped down in 1989 and remained director emeritus until his death. The science education center at

3808-463: The time of the 2014 P5 suffered considerable delay. The Short-Baseline Near Detector (SBND) that was proposed in 2014 with a $ 10M cost scale was originally scheduled for data taking in spring 2018, but is now scheduled to begin in autumn 2023. The Department of Energy raised flags as early as Fiscal Year (FY) 2019. Each year, the US Department of Energy Office of Science reviews and grades

3876-514: Was a 40-foot (12 m) diameter sphere containing 800 tons of mineral oil lined with 1,520 phototube detectors . An estimated 1 million neutrino events were recorded each year. SciBooNE sat in the same neutrino beam as MiniBooNE but had fine-grained tracking capabilities. The NOνA experiment uses, and the MINOS experiment used, Fermilab's NuMI (Neutrinos at the Main Injector) beam, which

3944-489: Was a recipient of the 2017 Fudan-Zhongzhi Science Award for his leadership in the construction and initial operations of LIGO, the creation of the international LIGO Scientific Collaboration, and for the successful conversion of LIGO from small science executed by a few research groups into big science that involved large collaborations and major infrastructures, which eventually enabled gravitational-wave detection" (jointly with Kip Thorne and Rainer Weiss ). In 2017, he won

4012-427: Was afraid I would fail, but because I tried, I had a breakthrough." In 2018, he joined the faculty at University of California, Riverside , becoming the university's second Nobel Prize winner on the faculty. In the fall of 2023, he joined Stony Brook University as the inaugural President’s Distinguished Endowed Chair in Physics. In 2023, Barish was awarded the National Medal of Science by President Biden in

4080-402: Was awarded the inaugural the Copernicus Prize, bestowed by the government of Poland on “those who made exceptional contributions to the development of world science.” In 2023, he was awarded the National Medal of Science for “exemplary service to science, including groundbreaking research on sub-atomic particles. His leadership of the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory led to

4148-415: Was developed while Barish was director, and he has continued to play a leading role in LIGO and Advanced LIGO. The first detection of the merger of two 30 solar mass black holes was made on September 14, 2015. This represented the first direct detection of gravitational waves since they were predicted by Einstein in 1916 and the first ever observation of the merger of a pair of black holes. Barish delivered

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4216-402: Was disturbed by the move and had to be re-done at Fermilab. In 2018, the experiment started taking data at Fermilab. In 2021, the laboratory reported that results from initial study involving the particle challenged the Standard Model , with the potential for discovery of new forces and particles. In August 2023, the Fermilab group said they may be getting closer to proving the existence of

4284-406: Was elected spokesperson of the CMS collaboration. During this time-frame, the laboratory also established a new program in research in cutting-edge information science, including the development of quantum teleportation technology for the quantum internet and increasing the lifetime of superconducting resonators for use in quantum computers. The on-site program in the 2020s is largely focused on

4352-462: Was operated by the Fermi Research Alliance (FRA), a joint venture of the University of Chicago , and the Universities Research Association (URA). Starting January 1, 2025, the management will be taken over by the Fermi Forward Discovery Group, LLC (FFDG), which is a consortium of FRA, Amentum Environment & Energy, Inc., and Longenecker & Associates. The management shake-up resulted from serious performance issues, including those reflected in

4420-459: Was replaced by Lia Merminga , head of the PIP II project. On March 31, 2022, James Siegrist, associate director for High Energy Physics in the Department of Energy Office of Science, who had overseen the response to the P5 report, stepped down. In September 2022, it was announced that deputy director for Research Joseph Lykken would step down, to be replaced by Yale Professor Bonnie Fleming, who previously served as Deputy Chief Research Officer for

4488-415: Was the home of the 6.28 km (3.90 mi) circumference Tevatron accelerator. The ring-shaped tunnels of the Tevatron and the Main Injector are visible from the air and by satellite. Fermilab aims to become a world center in neutrino physics. It is the host of the multi-billion dollar Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) now under construction. The project has suffered delays and, in 2022,

4556-402: Was the principal investigator of Caltech High Energy Physics Group. Firstly, Barish's experiments were performed at Fermilab using high-energy neutrino collisions to reveal the quark substructure of the nucleon. Among others, these experiments were the first to observe a current that was weak and neutral, a linchpin of the electroweak unification theories of Salam, Glashow, and Weinberg. In

4624-448: Was the world's fourth-largest particle accelerator in circumference. One of its most important achievements was the 1995 discovery of the top quark , announced by research teams using the Tevatron's CDF and DØ detectors. It was shut down in 2011. Since 2013, the first stage in the acceleration process (pre-accelerator injector) in the Fermilab chain of accelerators takes place in two ion sources which ionize hydrogen gas. The gas

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