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47-461: The LTE+ format was first proposed by NTT DoCoMo of Japan and has been adopted as the international standard. The work by 3GPP to define a 4G candidate radio interface technology started in Release 9 with the study phase for LTE-Advanced. Being described as a 3.9G (beyond 3G but pre-4G), the first release of LTE did not meet the requirements for 4G (also called IMT Advanced as defined by

94-552: A wireless LAN and is able to maintain the service when switching to a cellular network is called a wireless heterogeneous network. Reference to a HetNet often indicates the use of multiple types of access nodes in a wireless network. A Wide Area Network can use some combination of macrocells , picocells , and femtocells in order to offer wireless coverage in an environment with a wide variety of wireless coverage zones, ranging from an open outdoor environment to office buildings, homes, and underground areas. Mobile experts define

141-404: A HetNet as a network with complex interoperation between macrocell, small cell, and in some cases WiFi network elements used together to provide a mosaic of coverage, with handoff capability between network elements. A study from ARCchart estimates that HetNets will help drive the mobile infrastructure market to account for nearly US$ 57 billion in spending globally by 2017. Small Cell Forum defines

188-541: A HetNet may consist of a network of computers or devices with different capabilities in terms of operating systems, hardware, protocols, etc., an HWN is a wireless network that consists of devices using different underlying radio access technology (RAT). Several problems still need to be solved in heterogeneous wireless networks such as: An HWN has several benefits when compared with a traditional homogeneous wireless network , including increased reliability, improved spectrum efficiency , and increased coverage. Reliability

235-402: A PHS service on January 7, 2008. In late 2020, Docomo was bought back by NTT for about $ 40 billion. NTT Docomo is a subsidiary of Japan's incumbent telephone operator , NTT . The majority of NTT Docomo's shares are owned by NTT (which is 33.71% government-owned). While some NTT shares are publicly traded, control of the company by Japanese interests (government and civilian) is guaranteed by

282-570: A breath analyzer. On January 24, 2008, NTT Docomo announced a partnership with Google , which allowed all models after the FOMA904i models to view YouTube videos. In 2008, NTT Docomo became a founding member of the Symbian Foundation . In May 2017, Docomo launched 5G trial networks at Aomi , Odaiba (Tokyo Waterfront City) and the area around Tokyo Skytree . It commercially launched its 5G network on March 25, 2020, making it

329-512: A distance of 140 km. If successful, then Docomo and Airbus would be able to provide communication services to remote islands, mountainous areas, and to remote sea lanes. From 2008, Docomo began offering a service called the "Area Mail Disaster Information Service" which broadcasts Earthquake Early Warning messages produced by the Japan Meteorological Agency to its subscribers with compatible handsets. This service

376-413: A new provider , NTT Docomo has lost many users to KDDI and SoftBank . This promotion was made in order to get more users for NTT Docomo. The company was the last major global mobile carrier to offer Apple's iPhone, which it finally did with the release of the iPhone 5s and 5c. This has been cited as one of the reasons for the steady stream of its customers switching to competing networks. In June 2011,

423-418: A semantic point of view, the heterogeneous network terminology can have different connotations in wireless telecommunications. For instance, it could refer to the paradigm of seamless and ubiquitous interoperability between various multi-coverage protocols (aka, HetNet ). Otherwise, it might refer to the non-uniform spatial distribution of users or wireless nodes (aka, spatial inhomogeneity ). Therefore, using

470-611: A total of 33% stake in U Mobile Malaysia. In June 2008 NTT Docomo joined the non-profit Symbian Foundation led by Nokia to co-develop a new Symbian smartphone operating system based on the S60 platform, which resulted in Symbian^2 for the Japanese market. In December 2006 they acquired Guamcell, the largest phone company in Guam , and changed its name to DOCOMO PACIFIC . Docomo

517-615: A workshop in April 2008 in China, 3GPP agreed the plans for work on Long Term Evolution (LTE). A first set of specifications were approved in June 2008. Besides the peak data rate 1  Gb/s as defined by the ITU-R, it also targets faster switching between power states and improved performance at the cell edge. Detailed proposals are being studied within the working groups . Three technologies from

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564-486: Is a Japanese IPTV service. It was established on March 31, 2008, and was originally owned and operated by the internet service provider NTT Plala . It launched Hikari TV Game, the first cloud gaming service for televisions in Japan, in 2013. On July 1, 2022, NTT Docomo absorbed and merged the operating company NTT Plala, and on the same day, this service was also incorporated into NTT DoCoMo's service. Along with this,

611-417: Is a key feature of Release 11 in order to support such network structures. Whereas users located at a cell edge in homogenous networks suffer from decreasing signal strength compounded by neighbor cell interference, CoMP is designed to enable use of a neighboring cell to also transmit the same signal as the serving cell, enhancing quality of service on the perimeter of a serving cell. In-device Co-existence (IDC)

658-415: Is a network connecting computers and other devices where the operating systems and protocols have significant differences. For example, local area networks (LANs) that connect Windows , Linux and Macintosh computers are heterogeneous . Heterogeneous network also describes wireless networks using different access technologies. For example, a wireless network that provides a service through

705-487: Is an evolution of LTE Advanced (LTE-A) cellular standard supporting data rates in excess of 3 Gbit/s using 32- carrier aggregation . It also introduces the concept of License Assisted Access , which allows sharing of licensed and unlicensed spectrum. Additionally, it incorporates several new technologies associated with 5G , such as 256- QAM , Massive MIMO , LTE-Unlicensed and LTE IoT , that facilitated early migration of existing networks to enhancements promised with

752-841: Is another topic addressed in Release 11. IDC features are designed to ameliorate disturbances within the user equipment caused between LTE/LTE-A and the various other radio subsystems such as WiFi, Bluetooth, and the GPS receiver. Further enhancements for MIMO such as 4x4 configuration for the uplink were standardized. The higher number of cells in HetNet results in user equipment changing the serving cell more frequently when in motion. The ongoing work on LTE-Advanced in Release 12, amongst other areas, concentrates on addressing issues that come about when users move through HetNet, such as frequent hand-overs between cells. It also included use of 256-QAM. This list covers technology demonstrations and field trials up to

799-460: Is essential to enable order-of-magnitude network densification with small cells. Self-configuration or ‘plug and play’ reduces time and cost of deployment, while self-optimization then ensures the network auto-tunes itself for maximum efficiency as conditions change. Traffic demand, user movements and service mix will all evolve over time, and the network needs to adapt to keep pace. These enhanced SON capabilities will therefore need to take into account

846-536: Is even the hero of a Nintendo DS puzzle and platforming video game, Boing! Docomodake DS on 2007 and 2009; on 2016 or 2015, Nintendo put a Docomodake Mii in the app they called Miitomo , which was also released in North America, Japan and Europe. He also has a wide variety of merchandising such as cell phone straps, keychains, and plush dolls. As one type of advertising method, there are many types of Docomodakes such as mother and father, which symbolizes

893-478: Is improved since when one particular RAT within the HWN fails, it may still be possible to maintain a connection by falling back to another RAT. Spectrum efficiency is improved by making use of RATs, which may have few users through the use of load balancing across RATs and coverage may be improved because different RATs may fill holes in coverage that any one of the single networks alone would not be able to fill. From

940-591: Is listed on the Tokyo (9437), London (NDCM), and New York (DCM) stock exchanges. On April 19, 2008, it was announced that Ryuji Yamada, the co-president of NTT Docomo, would be promoted to president of NTT Docomo in June 2008. Masao Nakamura would stay in NTT Docomo as a director and also the senior adviser. Since the introduction in October 2006 of the service that allows a user to take their original phone number to

987-441: Is provided free of charge and messages are limited to those areas affected by each particular alert. These alerts have a unique ring tone so they can be easily distinguished from incoming calls or messages. From 2014, under Civil Protection Law of Japan, Docomo began offering a service called the "Area Mail Disaster and Evacuation Information Service" which broadcasts J-Alert messages (including Earthquake Early Warning) produced by

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1034-527: Is the largest wireless carrier in Japan , with 82.632 million subscribers as of March 2021 . Docomo was spun off from NTT in August 1991 to take over the mobile cellular operations. NTT held a majority stake in the company until Docomo's re-privatization in 2020. It provides 2G (mova) PDC cellular services, 3G ( FOMA ) W-CDMA , 4G LTE and 5G NR services. Its businesses also included PHS (Paldio), paging, and satellite. Docomo ceased offering

1081-430: Is the ability to take advantage of advanced topology networks; optimized heterogeneous networks with a mix of macrocells with low power nodes such as picocells , femtocells and new relay nodes. The next significant performance leap in wireless networks will come from making the most of topology, and brings the network closer to the user by adding many of these low power nodes – LTE Advanced further improves

1128-520: Is to reach and surpass the ITU requirements. LTE Advanced should be compatible with first release LTE equipment, and should share frequency bands with first release LTE. In the feasibility study for LTE Advanced, 3GPP determined that LTE Advanced would meet the ITU-R requirements for 4G . The results of the study are published in 3GPP Technical Report (TR) 36.912. One of the important LTE Advanced benefits

1175-492: Is working on implementing its FeliCa -based payment system, called iD, overseas. It has already launched the system in Guam , as well as Shanghai and Beijing, China (however, as of November 2010, it has withdrawn iD terminals from all merchants in China). Working closely with NTT Docomo's business and R&D divisions, Docomo Capital is in charge of NTT Docomo's venture investments in mobile related start-up companies, mainly in

1222-542: The Global mobile Suppliers Association (GSA) reported that there were 304 commercially launched LTE-Advanced networks in 134 countries. Overall, 335 operators are investing in LTE-Advanced (in the form of tests, trials, deployments or commercial service provision) in 141 countries. LTE Advanced Pro ( LTE-A Pro , also known as 4.5G , 4.5G Pro , 4.9G , Pre-5G , 5G Project ) is a name for 3GPP release 13 and 14. It

1269-561: The International Telecommunication Union ) such as peak data rates up to 1  Gb/s . The ITU has invited the submission of candidate Radio Interface Technologies (RITs) following their requirements in a circular letter, 3GPP Technical Report (TR) 36.913, "Requirements for Further Advancements for E-UTRA (LTE-Advanced)." These are based on ITU's requirements for 4G and on operators’ own requirements for advanced LTE. Major technical considerations include

1316-582: The Nippon Telegraph and Telephone (NTT). The name is officially an abbreviation of the phrase , "do communications over the mobile network", and is also from a compound word dokomo , meaning "everywhere" in Japanese. The company is headquartered in Sanno Park Tower , Nagatachō , Chiyoda, Tokyo . Docomo provides phone, video phone ( FOMA and some PHS ), i-mode (internet), and mail (i-mode mail, Short Mail, and SMS ) services. It

1363-798: The HetNet as ‘multi-x environment – multi-technology, multi-domain, multi-spectrum, multi-operator and multi-vendor. It must be able to automate the reconfiguration of its operation to deliver assured service quality across the entire network, and flexible enough to accommodate changing user needs, business goals and subscriber behaviors.’ From an architectural perspective, the HetNet can be viewed as encompassing conventional macro radio access network (RAN) functions, RAN transport capability, small cells , and Wi-Fi functionality, which are increasingly being virtualized and delivered in an operational environment where span of control includes data center resources associated with compute, networking, and storage. In this framework, self-optimizing network (SON) functionality

1410-479: The Japan Fire and Disaster Management Agency to its subscribers with compatible handsets (e.g. Sony XPERIA, iPhone 5s, Samsung Galaxy). The message is broadcast when threats are imminent (e.g. North Korea's ballistic missile launching, terrorist attack to nuclear power plant, volcanic eruptions, or an approaching tsunami.) The company's mascot is Docomodake, a mushroom, which is quite a celebrity in Japan. He

1457-444: The LTE-Advanced tool-kit – carrier aggregation , 4x4 MIMO and 256QAM modulation in the downlink – if used together and with sufficient aggregated bandwidth, can deliver maximum peak downlink speeds approaching, or even exceeding, 1 Gbit/s. Such networks are often described as ‘Gigabit LTE networks’ mirroring a term that is also used in the fixed broadband industry. The target of 3GPP LTE Advanced

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1504-637: The United States and has committed $ 100M in capital. It has invested in Cooliris , Couchbase , Evernote , Fab.com , HighlightCam, Swype , TuneWiki , and Sigfox . Docomo Digital is the international payments business of NTT DOCOMO. DOCOMO Digital partners with carriers, merchants, OTT services, app stores and payment providers in both developed and emerging markets to facilitate direct carrier billing and other payments such as e-wallets . Sold to Bango plc August 2022. [1] Hikari TV ( ひかりTV )

1551-474: The base station under ideal conditions. Advanced network architectures combined with distributed and collaborative smart antenna technologies provide several years road map of commercial enhancements. The 3GPP standards Release 12 added support for 256-QAM. A summary of a study carried out in 3GPP can be found in TR36.912. Original standardization work for LTE-Advanced was done as part of 3GPP Release 10, which

1598-620: The capacity and coverage, and ensures user fairness. LTE Advanced also introduces multicarrier to be able to use ultra wide bandwidth, up to 100 MHz of spectrum supporting very high data rates. In the research phase many proposals have been studied as candidates for LTE Advanced (LTE-A) technologies. The proposals could roughly be categorized into: Within the range of system development, LTE-Advanced and WiMAX 2 can use up to 8x8 MIMO and 128- QAM in downlink direction. Example performance: 100 MHz aggregated bandwidth, LTE-Advanced provides almost 3.3 Gbit peak download rates per sector of

1645-475: The company announced that they were teaming up with McAfee to provide McAfee VirusScan Mobile for its Android mobile users. In July 2012, NTT Docomo acquired Italy's Buongiorno in a deal worth 209 million euros. In October 2007, Docomo and Mitsubishi Electric showcased a prototype mobile phone at the CEATEC trade show. The phone checked health by tracking body movement and measuring calories, and included

1692-512: The copyright for emoji used on platforms such as Facebook, Twitter, and WhatsApp belong to the respective companies. Emoji are standardized through the Unicode Consortium , which sets standards for how emoji should look and what they should represent. However, individual companies and platforms can still design their own variations of emoji within those standards. NTT Docomo has a wide range of foreign investments. However, NTT Docomo

1739-406: The evolving user needs, business goals and subscriber behaviors. Importantly, functions associated with HetNet operations and management take earlier SON capability that may have only been targeted at a single domain or technology, and expand it to deliver automated service quality management across the entire HetNet. A Heterogeneous wireless network (HWN) is a special case of a HetNet. Whereas

1786-404: The first Japanese operator to do so, and making Japan among the first country in the world to launch 5G. In August 2021, Docomo and Airbus demonstrated a solar-powered Zephyr High Altitude Platform Station (HAPS) for use with 5G and 6G technology. The trial took place in the United States over 18 days, and involved flying in the stratosphere and transmitting data at various speeds up to

1833-516: The following: Likewise, ' WiMAX 2 ', 802.16m, has been approved by ITU as the IMT Advanced family. WiMAX 2 is designed to be backward compatible with WiMAX 1 devices. Most vendors now support conversion of 'pre-4G', pre-advanced versions and some support software upgrades of base station equipment from 3G. The mobile communication industry and standards organizations have therefore started work on 4G access technologies, such as LTE Advanced. At

1880-433: The full 5G standard. LTE for UMTS - OFDMA and SC-FDMA Based Radio Access , ISBN   978-0-470-99401-6 Chapter 2.6: LTE Advanced for IMT-advanced , pp. 19–21. Resources (white papers, technical papers, application notes) NTT DoCoMo NTT Docomo, Inc. ( 株式会社NTTドコモ , stylized as NTT DoCoMo until 2008) , also known as Docomo ( ドコモ , Dokomo ) , is a Japanese mobile phone operator owned by

1927-491: The number of shares available to buyers. It provides wireless voice and data communications to subscribers in Japan. NTT Docomo is the creator of W-CDMA technology as well as mobile i-mode service. NTT Docomo had over 53 million customers (as of March 2008), which is more than half of Japan's cellular market. The company provides a wide variety of mobile multimedia services. These include i-mode which provides e-mail and internet access to over 50 million subscribers, FOMA , which

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1974-524: The plans that NTT Docomo offers. Shigetaka Kurita , who was part of the team working on NTT DoCoMo's i-mode mobile Internet platform, that has been credited as the first creator of emoji . However, SoftBank released their emoji set on the DP-211SW mobile phone in 1997. Copyright ownership of an emoji typically belongs to the company or organization that created it. For example, the copyright for Apple's emoji designs belongs to Apple Inc. Similarly,

2021-485: The rate plan for new subscribers was changed after the same day. Aside from offering access to various television channels , Hikari TV also produces its own content, primarily broadcast on the Hikari TV Channel  [ ja ] . Both of these base stations were removed or relocated after the problem was discovered. Heterogeneous networks In computer networking , a heterogeneous network

2068-488: The year 2014, paving the way for a wider commercial deployment of the VoLTE technology worldwide. From 2014 onwards various further operators trialled and demonstrated the technology for future deployment on their respective networks. These are not covered here. Instead a coverage of commercial deployments can be found in the section below. The deployment of LTE-Advanced is in progress in various LTE networks . In August 2019,

2115-553: Was frozen in April 2011. Trials were based on pre-release equipment. Major vendors support software upgrades to later versions and ongoing improvements. In order to improve the quality of service for users in hotspots and on cell edges, heterogeneous networks (HetNets) are formed of a mixture of macro-, pico- and femto base stations serving corresponding-size areas. Frozen in December 2012, 3GPP Release 11 concentrates on better support of HetNet. Coordinated Multi-Point operation (CoMP)

2162-640: Was launched in 2001 as the world's first 3G mobile service based on W-CDMA , Xi, a 4G LTE mobile service which was launched on December 24, 2010, Premium 4G, a LTE Advanced service which was launched on March 27, 2015, and DoCoMo 5G , a 5G NR service which launched on March 25, 2020. In addition to wholly owned subsidiaries in Europe and North America , the company is expanding its global reach through strategic alliances with mobile and multimedia service providers in Asia-Pacific and Europe. NTT Docomo

2209-496: Was not successful in investing in foreign carriers. Docomo had invested very large multibillion-dollar amounts in KPN , KT Freetel , AT&T Wireless , and had to write-off sell all these investments in foreign carriers. As a result, Docomo booked a total of about US$ 10 billion in losses, while during the same time Docomo's Japan operations were profitable. In December 2007, NTT Docomo and KT Freetel jointly invested US$ 200 million for

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