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88-505: [REDACTED] Look up ltp in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. LTP may refer to: Biology and medicine [ edit ] Lateral tibial plateau , part of a leg bone Lipid transfer proteins , proteins found in plant tissues Long-term potentiation (neurophysiology), a long-lasting enhancement in signal transmission between neurons 'The All-Species Living Tree' Project ,

176-402: A bursa intervenes between the deep surface of the ligament and the part of the bone immediately above the tuberosity. Posteriorly, the condyles are separated from each other by a shallow depression, the posterior intercondyloid fossa , which gives attachment to part of the posterior cruciate ligament of the knee-joint . The medial condyle presents posteriorly a deep transverse groove, for

264-519: A cell . Here, parts of DNA are copied and sent to the body of the cell via RNA . The RNA is then used to create proteins , which form the basis for cells, their activity, and their products. Proteins dictate cell function and gene expression, a cell is able to self-regulate by the amount of proteins produced. However, not all cells have DNA; some cells such as mature red blood cells lose their nucleus as they mature. The body consists of many different types of tissue , defined as cells that act with

352-435: A differential pair amplifier Linux Test Project , a body of regression tests Communications [ edit ] Lightweight Telephony Protocol , a signaling protocol Licklider Transmission Protocol , a communication protocol for use in deep space links Long Term Prediction , a method of sound compression and quantization in mobile communications Other uses [ edit ] Lunar Transient Phenomena ,

440-420: A number of body cavities , separated areas which house different organ systems. The brain and central nervous system reside in an area protected from the rest of the body by the blood brain barrier . The lungs sit in the pleural cavity . The intestines , liver , and spleen sit in the abdominal cavity . Height, weight, shape and other body proportions vary individually and with age and sex. Body shape

528-399: A number of sexually transmitted infections including syphilis , HIV , chlamydia , HPV and genital warts . Cancer can affect most parts of the reproductive system including the penis , testicles , prostate , ovaries , cervix , vagina , fallopian , uterus and vulva . The respiratory system consists of the nose, nasopharynx , trachea , and lungs . It brings oxygen from

616-559: A project to create a phylogeny of all Bacteria and Archaea Transportation and vehicles [ edit ] Local Tangent Plane , a geographical coordinate system commonly used in aviation Local transport plan , part of transport planning in England LTP tank, two different World War II-era tank designs: A Czech factory designation for Panzer 38(t) A Soviet light tank design by Lieutenant Provornov, never built Technology [ edit ] Long-tailed pair ,

704-461: A rough transverse depression for the attachment of the articular capsule of the ankle-joint. The posterior surface is traversed by a shallow groove directed obliquely downward and medialward, continuous with a similar groove on the posterior surface of the talus and serving for the passage of the tendon of the Flexor hallucis longus . The lateral surface presents a triangular rough depression for

792-750: A short-lived change in appearance of Earth's moon Leaning Tower of Pisa , a tower in the Italian city of Pisa Lullabies to Paralyze , an album by American hard rock band Queens of the Stone Age Liberia Transformation Party . a political party in Liberia See also [ edit ] [REDACTED] Search for "ltp" on Misplaced Pages. LTPS (disambiguation) ITP (disambiguation) All pages with titles beginning with LTP All pages with titles containing LTP Topics referred to by

880-505: A specialised function. The study of tissues is called histology and is often done with a microscope . The body consists of four main types of tissues. These are lining cells ( epithelia ), connective tissue , nerve tissue and muscle tissue . Cells that line surfaces exposed to the outside world or gastrointestinal tract ( epithelia ) or internal cavities ( endothelium ) come in numerous shapes and forms – from single layers of flat cells , to cells with small beating hair-like cilia in

968-442: Is swallowed , and moves through the esophagus to the stomach . In the stomach, food is mixed with gastric acids to allow the extraction of nutrients . What is left is called chyme ; this then moves into the small intestine , which absorbs the nutrients and water from the chyme. What remains passes on to the large intestine , where it is dried to form feces ; these are then stored in the rectum until they are expelled through

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1056-433: Is a common disease in which one or more stones form in the gallbladder or biliary tract . Most people are asymptomatic but if a stone blocks the biliary tract, it causes a gallbladder attack , symptoms may include sudden pain in the upper right abdomen or center of the abdomen. Nausea and vomiting may also occur. Typical treatment is removal of the gallbladder through a procedure called a cholecystectomy . Having gallstones

1144-444: Is a risk factor for gallbladder cancer , which although quite uncommon, is rapidly fatal if not diagnosed early. The circulatory system consists of the heart and blood vessels ( arteries , veins and capillaries ). The heart propels the circulation of the blood, which serves as a "transportation system" to transfer oxygen , fuel, nutrients, waste products, immune cells and signaling molecules (i.e. hormones ) from one part of

1232-500: Is an eminence, situated on a level with the upper border of the tuberosity and at the junction of its anterior and lateral surfaces, for the attachment of the iliotibial band . Just below this a part of the extensor digitorum longus takes origin and a slip from the tendon of the biceps femoris is inserted. The shaft or body of the tibia is triangular in cross-section and forms three borders: an anterior, medial, and lateral or interosseous border. These three borders form three surfaces:

1320-400: Is anchored to the lower extremity of the femur . The intercondylar eminence divides the intercondylar area into an anterior and posterior part . The anterolateral region of the anterior intercondylar area are perforated by numerous small openings for nutrient arteries . The articular surfaces of both condyles are concave, particularly centrally. The flatter outer margins are in contact with

1408-415: Is brought by the ureters from the kidneys down to the bladder . The smooth muscle lining the ureter walls continuously tighten and relax through a process called peristalsis to force urine away from the kidneys and down into the bladder. Small amounts of urine are released into the bladder every 10–15 seconds. The bladder is a hollow balloon shaped organ located in the pelvis . It stores urine until

1496-520: Is covered by the aponeurosis derived from the tendon of the sartorius , and by the tendons of the Gracilis and Semitendinosus , all of which are inserted nearly as far forward as the anterior crest; in the rest of its extent it is subcutaneous . The lateral surface is narrower than the medial; its upper two-thirds present a shallow groove for the origin of the Tibialis anterior; its lower third

1584-425: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Tibia In human anatomy , the tibia is the second largest bone next to the femur . As in other vertebrates the tibia is one of two bones in the lower leg, the other being the fibula , and is a component of the knee and ankle joints. The ossification or formation of the bone starts from three centers, one in

1672-547: Is divided by a vertical ridge into two parts; the ridge begins at the popliteal line and is well-marked above, but indistinct below; the medial and broader portion gives origin to the Flexor digitorum longus, the lateral and narrower to part of the Tibialis posterior . The remaining part of the posterior surface is smooth and covered by the Tibialis posterior, Flexor digitorum longus , and Flexor hallucis longus . Immediately below

1760-419: Is influenced by the distribution of bones, muscle and fat tissue . Human physiology is the study of how the human body functions. This includes the mechanical, physical, bioelectrical , and biochemical functions of humans in good health, from organs to the cells of which they are composed. The human body consists of many interacting systems of organs. These interact to maintain homeostasis , keeping

1848-509: Is mostly responsible for gathering information with sensory neurons and directing body movements with motor neurons . From a functional perspective, the nervous system is again typically divided into two component parts: the somatic nervous system (SNS) and the autonomic nervous system (ANS). The SNS is involved in voluntary functions like speaking and sensory processes . The ANS is involved in involuntary processes, such as digestion and regulating blood pressure . The nervous system

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1936-476: Is quadrilateral, and smooth for articulation with the talus. It is concave from before backward, broader in front than behind, and traversed from before backward by a slight elevation, separating two depressions. It is continuous with that on the medial malleolus. The anterior surface of the lower extremity is smooth and rounded above, and covered by the tendons of the Extensor muscles; its lower margin presents

2024-405: Is similar to the circulatory system in terms of both its structure and its most basic function, to carry a body fluid. The musculoskeletal system consists of the human skeleton (which includes bones , ligaments , tendons , joints and cartilage ) and attached muscles . It gives the body basic structure and the ability for movement. In addition to their structural role, the larger bones in

2112-416: Is smooth, convex, curves gradually forward to the anterior aspect of the bone, and is covered by the tendons of the Tibialis anterior , Extensor hallucis longus , and Extensor digitorum longus , arranged in this order from the medial side. The posterior surface presents, at its upper part, a prominent ridge, the popliteal line, which extends obliquely downward from the back part of the articular facet for

2200-430: Is subject to many different diseases. In epilepsy , abnormal electrical activity in the brain can cause seizures . In multiple sclerosis , the immune system attacks the nerve linings , damaging the nerves' ability to transmit signals. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), also known as Lou Gehrig 's disease, is a motor neuron disease which gradually reduces movement in patients. There are also many other diseases of

2288-425: Is the organ of thought , emotion, memory , and sensory processing ; it serves many aspects of communication and controls various systems and functions. The special senses consist of vision , hearing , taste , and smell . The eyes , ears , tongue , and nose gather information about the body's environment. From a structural perspective, the nervous system is typically subdivided into two component parts:

2376-442: Is the study of the shape and form of the human body. The human body has four limbs (two arms and two legs), a head and a neck , which connect to the torso . The body's shape is determined by a strong skeleton made of bone and cartilage , surrounded by fat ( adipose tissue ), muscle, connective tissue , organs, and other structures. The spine at the back of the skeleton contains the flexible vertebral column , which surrounds

2464-443: Is thin and prominent, especially its central part, and gives attachment to the interosseous membrane ; it commences above in front of the fibular articular facet, and bifurcates below, to form the boundaries of a triangular rough surface, for the attachment of the interosseous ligament connecting the tibia and fibula. The medial surface is smooth, convex, and broader above than below; its upper third, directed forward and medialward,

2552-468: Is used in the Passover Seder plate . The structure of the tibia in most other tetrapods is essentially similar to that in humans. The tuberosity of the tibia, a crest to which the patellar ligament attaches in mammals, is instead the point for the tendon of the quadriceps muscle in reptiles, birds, and amphibians, which have no patella . [REDACTED] This article incorporates text in

2640-433: Is variable in shape and size. It stores bile before it is released into the small intestine via the common bile duct to help with digestion of fats . It receives bile from the liver via the cystic duct , which connects to the common hepatic duct to form the common bile duct . The gallbladder gets its blood supply from the cystic artery , which in most people, emerges from the right hepatic artery . Gallstones

2728-441: The anus . The endocrine system consists of the principal endocrine glands : the pituitary , thyroid , adrenals , pancreas , parathyroids , and gonads , but nearly all organs and tissues produce specific endocrine hormones as well. The endocrine hormones serve as signals from one body system to another regarding an enormous array of conditions, resulting in variety of changes of function. The immune system consists of

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2816-520: The central nervous system (CNS), composed of the brain and the spinal cord ; and the peripheral nervous system (PNS), composed of the nerves and ganglia outside the brain and spinal cord. The CNS is mostly responsible for organizing motion , processing sensory information , thought, memory, cognition and other such functions. It remains a matter of some debate whether the CNS directly gives rise to consciousness . The peripheral nervous system (PNS)

2904-425: The foot . The tibia is most contracted in the lower third and the distal extremity is smaller than the proximal. The proximal or upper extremity of the tibia is expanded in the transverse plane with a medial and lateral condyle , which are both flattened in the horizontal plane. The medial condyle is the larger of the two and is better supported over the shaft . The upper surfaces of the condyles articulate with

2992-468: The heart , lungs and liver . Many organs reside within cavities within the body. These cavities include the abdomen (which contains the stomach, for example) and pleura , which contains the lungs. The heart is an organ located in the thoracic cavity between the lungs and slightly to the left. It is surrounded by the pericardium , which holds it in place in the mediastinum and serves to protect it from blunt trauma, infection and help lubricate

3080-441: The kidneys filter the blood through their respective nephrons , removing waste products like urea , creatinine and maintaining the proper balance of electrolytes and turning the waste products into urine by combining them with water from the blood. The kidneys filter about 150 quarts (170 liters) of blood daily, but most of it is returned to the blood stream with only 1-2 quarts (1-2 liters) ending up as urine. The urine

3168-408: The lateral tibial condyle and the head of fibula . The joint capsule is reinforced by anterior and posterior ligament of the head of the fibula . The distal tibiofibular joint (tibiofibular syndesmosis) is formed by the rough, convex surface of the medial side of the distal end of the fibula, and a rough concave surface on the lateral side of the tibia. The part of the ankle joint known as

3256-443: The menisci of the knee joint, which here intervene between the two bones. Between the articular facets in the intercondylar area , but nearer the posterior than the anterior aspect of the bone, is the intercondyloid eminence ( spine of tibia ), surmounted on either side by a prominent tubercle, on to the sides of which the articular facets are prolonged; in front of and behind the intercondyloid eminence are rough depressions for

3344-456: The ovary of a female is penetrated by sperm . The egg then lodges in the uterus , where an embryo and later fetus develop until birth . Growth and development occur after birth, and include both physical and psychological development, influenced by genetic, hormonal, environmental and other factors. Development and growth continue throughout life, through childhood , adolescence , and through adulthood to old age , and are referred to as

3432-401: The public domain from page 256 of the 20th edition of Gray's Anatomy (1918) Human anatomy The human body is the entire structure of a human being . It is composed of many different types of cells that together create tissues and subsequently organs and then organ systems . The external human body consists of a head , hair , neck , torso (which includes

3520-407: The sinoatrial node traveling through the atria causing them to pump blood into the ventricles . It then travels to the atrioventricular node , which makes the signal slow down slightly allowing the ventricles to fill with blood before pumping it out and starting the cycle over again. Coronary artery disease is the leading cause of death worldwide , making up 16% of all deaths. It is caused by

3608-400: The spinal cord , which is a collection of nerve fibres connecting the brain to the rest of the body. Nerves connect the spinal cord and brain to the rest of the body. All major bones, muscles, and nerves in the body are named, with the exception of anatomical variations such as sesamoid bones and accessory muscles . Blood vessels carry blood throughout the body, which moves because of

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3696-421: The spleen and bone marrow . The digestive system consists of the mouth including the tongue and teeth , esophagus , stomach , ( gastrointestinal tract , small and large intestines , and rectum ), as well as the liver , pancreas , gallbladder , and salivary glands . It converts food into small, nutritional, non-toxic molecules for distribution and absorption into the body. These molecules take

3784-432: The testicles . The testicle is the gonad , the sex gland that produces the sperm cells . Unlike the egg cells in the female, sperm cells are produced throughout life. Other internal sex organs are the epididymides , vasa deferentia , and some accessory glands . Diseases that affect the reproductive system include polycystic ovary syndrome , a number of disorders of the testicles including testicular torsion , and

3872-420: The thorax and abdomen ), genitals , arms , hands , legs , and feet . The internal human body includes organs, teeth , bones , muscle , tendons , ligaments , blood vessels and blood , lymphatic vessels and lymph . The study of the human body includes anatomy , physiology , histology and embryology . The body varies anatomically in known ways. Physiology focuses on the systems and organs of

3960-427: The uterus , and the cervix . At birth there are about 70,000 immature egg cells that degenerate until at puberty there are around 40,000. No more egg cells are produced. Hormones stimulate the beginning of menstruation, and the ongoing menstrual cycles . The female external sex organs are the vulva ( labia , clitoris , and vestibule ). The male external genitalia include the penis and scrotum that contains

4048-441: The white blood cells , the thymus , lymph nodes and lymph channels, which are also part of the lymphatic system . The immune system provides a mechanism for the body to distinguish its own cells and tissues from outside cells and substances and to neutralize or destroy the latter by using specialized proteins such as antibodies , cytokines , and toll-like receptors , among many others. The integumentary system consists of

4136-436: The ages of 9 and 13 and is characterized by ovulation and menstruation ; the growth of secondary sex characteristics, such as growth of pubic and underarm hair , breast , uterine and vaginal growth, widening hips and increased height and weight, also occur during puberty. Male puberty sees the further development of the penis and testicles . The female inner sex organs are the two ovaries, their fallopian tubes ,

4224-435: The air and excretes carbon dioxide and water back into the air. First, air is pulled through the trachea into the lungs by the diaphragm pushing down, which creates a vacuum . Air is briefly stored inside small sacs known as alveoli (sing.: alveolus) before being expelled from the lungs when the diaphragm contracts again. Each alveolus is surrounded by capillaries carrying deoxygenated blood, which absorbs oxygen out of

4312-420: The air and into the bloodstream . For the respiratory system to function properly, there need to be as few impediments as possible to the movement of air within the lungs. Inflammation of the lungs and excess mucus are common sources of breathing difficulties. In asthma , the respiratory system is persistently inflamed, causing wheezing or shortness of breath . Pneumonia occurs through infection of

4400-400: The alveoli, and may be caused by tuberculosis . Emphysema , commonly a result of smoking , is caused by damage to connections between the alveoli. The urinary system consists of the two kidneys , two ureters , bladder , and urethra . It removes waste materials from the blood through urine, which carries a variety of waste molecules and excess ions and water out of the body. First,

4488-419: The attachment of the anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments and the menisci. The anterior surfaces of the condyles are continuous with one another, forming a large somewhat flattened area; this area is triangular, broad above, and perforated by large vascular foramina; narrow below where it ends in a large oblong elevation, the tuberosity of the tibia , which gives attachment to the patellar ligament ;

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4576-408: The attachment of the inferior interosseous ligament connecting it with the fibula; the lower part of this depression is smooth, covered with cartilage in the fresh state, and articulates with the fibula. The surface is bounded by two prominent borders (the anterior and posterior colliculi), continuous above with the interosseous crest ; they afford attachment to the anterior and posterior ligaments of

4664-406: The beating of the heart . Venules and veins collect blood low in oxygen from tissues throughout the body. These collect in progressively larger veins until they reach the body's two largest veins, the superior and inferior vena cava , which drain blood into the right side of the heart. From here, the blood is pumped into the lungs where it receives oxygen and drains back into the left side of

4752-427: The body contain bone marrow , the site of production of blood cells. Also, all bones are major storage sites for calcium and phosphate . This system can be split up into the muscular system and the skeletal system . The nervous system consists of the body's neurons and glial cells, which together form the nerves , ganglia and gray matter , which in turn form the brain and related structures. The brain

4840-423: The body in a stable state with safe levels of substances such as sugar and oxygen in the blood. Each system contributes to homeostasis, of itself, other systems, and the entire body. Some combined systems are referred to by joint names. For example, the nervous system and the endocrine system operate together as the neuroendocrine system . The nervous system receives information from the body, and transmits this to

4928-441: The body to another. Paths of blood circulation within the human body can be divided into two circuits: the pulmonary circuit , which pumps blood to the lungs to receive oxygen and leave carbon dioxide , and the systemic circuit, which carries blood from the heart off to the rest of the body. The blood consists of fluid that carries cells in the circulation, including some that move from tissue to blood vessels and back, as well as

5016-558: The body. The adult male body is about 60% total body water content of some 42 litres (9.2 imp gal; 11 US gal). This is made up of about 19 litres (4.2 imp gal; 5.0 US gal) of extracellular fluid including about 3.2 litres (0.70 imp gal; 0.85 US gal) of blood plasma and about 8.4 litres (1.8 imp gal; 2.2 US gal) of interstitial fluid , and about 23 litres (5.1 imp gal; 6.1 US gal) of fluid inside cells. The content, acidity and composition of

5104-412: The brain signals it to relax the urinary sphincter and release the urine into the urethra starting urination . A normal bladder can hold up to 16 ounces (half a liter) for 3–5 hours comfortably. Numerous diseases affect the urinary system including kidney stones , which are formed when materials in the urine concentrate enough to form a solid mass, urinary tract infections , which are infections of

5192-463: The brain via nerve impulses and neurotransmitters . At the same time, the endocrine system releases hormones, such as to help regulate blood pressure and volume. Together, these systems regulate the internal environment of the body, maintaining blood flow, posture, energy supply, temperature, and acid balance ( pH ). Development of the human body is the process of growth to maturity. The process begins with fertilisation, where an egg released from

5280-481: The buildup of plaque in the coronary arteries supplying the heart, eventually the arteries may become so narrow that not enough blood is able to reach the myocardium , a condition known as myocardial infarction or heart attack , this can cause heart failure or cardiac arrest and eventually death. Risk factors for coronary artery disease include obesity , smoking , high cholesterol , high blood pressure , lack of exercise and diabetes . Cancer can affect

5368-412: The cell numbers of all the organs of the body and cell types . The skin of the body is also host to billions of commensal organisms as well as immune cells. Not all parts of the body are made from cells. Cells sit in an extracellular matrix that consists of proteins such as collagen , surrounded by extracellular fluids. Cells in the body function because of DNA . DNA sits within the nucleus of

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5456-406: The center of the body, about the seventh week of fetal life, and gradually extends toward the extremities. The center for the upper epiphysis appears before or shortly after birth at close to 34 weeks gestation; it is flattened in form, and has a thin tongue-shaped process in front, which forms the tuberosity ; that for the lower epiphysis appears in the second year. The lower epiphysis fuses with

5544-439: The center. It begins at the back part of the medial condyle, and ends at the posterior border of the medial malleolus; its upper part gives attachment to the tibial collateral ligament of the knee-joint to the extent of about 5 cm., and insertion to some fibers of the popliteus muscle . From its middle third some fibers of the soleus and flexor digitorum longus muscles take origin. The interosseous crest or lateral border

5632-432: The covering of the body (the skin ), including hair and nails as well as other functionally important structures such as the sweat glands and sebaceous glands . The skin provides containment, structure, and protection for other organs, and serves as a major sensory interface with the outside world. The lymphatic system extracts, transports and metabolizes lymph, the fluid found in between cells. The lymphatic system

5720-437: The femur to form the tibiofemoral joint, the weightbearing part of the kneejoint. The medial and lateral condyle are separated by the intercondylar area , where the cruciate ligaments and the menisci attach. Here the medial and lateral intercondylar tubercle forms the intercondylar eminence . Together with the medial and lateral condyle the intercondylar region forms the tibial plateau , which both articulates with and

5808-578: The fibula to the medial border, at the junction of its upper and middle thirds; it marks the lower limit of the insertion of the Popliteus , serves for the attachment of the fascia covering this muscle, and gives origin to part of the Soleus , Flexor digitorum longus , and Tibialis posterior . The triangular area, above this line, gives insertion to the Popliteus. The middle third of the posterior surface

5896-458: The form of proteins (which are broken down into amino acids ), fats , vitamins and minerals (the last of which are mainly ionic rather than molecular). After being swallowed , food moves through the gastrointestinal tract by means of peristalsis : the systematic expansion and contraction of muscles to push food from one area to the next. Digestion begins in the mouth , which chews food into smaller pieces for easier digestion. Then it

5984-403: The heart , though it is exceedingly rare and has usually metastasized from another part of the body such as the lungs or breasts . This is because the heart cells quickly stop dividing and all growth occurs through size increase rather than cell division . The gallbladder is a hollow pear-shaped organ located posterior to the inferior middle part of the right lobe of the liver . It

6072-434: The heart. From here, it is pumped into the body's largest artery , the aorta , and then progressively smaller arteries and arterioles until it reaches tissue. Here, blood passes from small arteries into capillaries , then small veins and the process begins again. Blood carries oxygen , waste products, and hormones from one place in the body to another. Blood is filtered at the kidneys and liver . The body consists of

6160-499: The human body and their functions. Many systems and mechanisms interact in order to maintain homeostasis , with safe levels of substances such as sugar , iron , and oxygen in the blood. The body is studied by health professionals , physiologists, anatomists, and artists to assist them in their work. The human body is composed of elements including hydrogen , oxygen , carbon , calcium and phosphorus . These elements reside in trillions of cells and non-cellular components of

6248-420: The insertion of the tendon of the semimembranosus . Its medial surface is convex, rough, and prominent; it gives attachment to the medial collateral ligament . The lateral condyle presents posteriorly a flat articular facet, nearly circular in form, directed downward, backward, and lateralward, for articulation with the head of the fibula. Its lateral surface is convex, rough, and prominent in front: on it

6336-414: The knee the tibia forms one of the two articulations with the femur , often referred to as the tibiofemoral components of the knee joint.; it is the weightbearing part of the knee joint. The tibiofibular joints are the articulations between the tibia and fibula which allows very little movement. The proximal tibiofibular joint is a small plane joint . The joint is formed between the undersurface of

6424-407: The late stance phase is up to 71.6 bodyweight times millimetre. Fractures of the tibia can be divided into those that only involve the tibia; bumper fracture , Segond fracture , Gosselin fracture , toddler's fracture , and those including both the tibia and fibula ; trimalleolar fracture , bimalleolar fracture , Pott's fracture . In Judaism , the tibia, or shankbone, of a goat or sheep

6512-442: The lateral condyle has a circular facet for articulation with the head of the fibula . Beneath the condyles is the tibial tuberosity which serves for attachment of the patellar ligament , a continuation of the quadriceps femoris muscle . The superior articular surface presents two smooth articular facets . The central portions of these facets articulate with the condyles of the femur , while their peripheral portions support

6600-453: The lateral malleolus. The medial surface – see medial malleolus for details. Ankle fractures of the tibia have several classification systems based on location or mechanism: The tibia is supplied with blood from two sources: A nutrient artery , as the main source, and periosteal vessels derived from the anterior tibial artery . The tibia is a part of four joints; the knee, ankle, superior and inferior tibiofibular joint . In

6688-421: The lungs, to column-like cells that line the stomach . Endothelial cells are cells that line internal cavities including blood vessels and glands. Lining cells regulate what can and cannot pass through them, protect internal structures, and function as sensory surfaces. Organs , structured collections of cells with a specific function, mostly sit within the body, with the exception of skin . Examples include

6776-438: The medial, lateral, and posterior. The anterior crest or border , the most prominent of the three, commences above at the tuberosity , and ends below at the anterior margin of the medial malleolus . It is sinuous and prominent in the upper two-thirds of its extent, but smooth and rounded below; it gives attachment to the deep fascia of the leg. The medial border is smooth and rounded above and below, but more prominent in

6864-421: The menisci. The medial condyles superior surface is oval in form and extends laterally onto the side of medial intercondylar tubercle . The lateral condyles superior surface is more circular in form and its medial edge extends onto the side of the lateral intercondylar tubercle . The posterior surface of the medial condyle bears a horizontal groove for part of the attachment of the semimembranosus muscle , whereas

6952-415: The movement of the heart via pericardial fluid . The heart works by pumping blood around the body allowing oxygen , nutrients , waste , hormones and white blood cells to be transported. The heart is composed of two atria and two ventricles . The primary purpose of the atria is to allow uninterrupted venous blood flow to the heart during ventricular systole . This allows enough blood to get into

7040-407: The nervous system. The purpose of the reproductive system is to reproduce and nurture the growth of offspring. The functions include the production of germ cells and hormones. The sex organs of the male reproductive system and the female reproductive system develops and mature at puberty . These systems include the internal and external genitalia . Female puberty generally occurs between

7128-415: The popliteal line is the nutrient foramen, which is large and directed obliquely downward. The distal end of the tibia is much smaller than the proximal end and presents five surfaces; it is prolonged downward on its medial side as a strong pyramidal process, the medial malleolus . The lower extremity of the tibia together with the fibula and talus forms the ankle joint . The inferior articular surface

7216-403: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title LTP . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LTP&oldid=1217583637 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

7304-419: The shaft and one in each extremity. The tibia is categorized as a long bone and is as such composed of a diaphysis and two epiphyses . The diaphysis is the midsection of the tibia, also known as the shaft or body. While the epiphyses are the two rounded extremities of the bone; an upper (also known as superior or proximal) closest to the thigh and a lower (also known as inferior or distal) closest to

7392-448: The talocrural joint, is a synovial hinge joint that connects the distal ends of the tibia and fibula in the lower limb with the proximal end of the talus. The articulation between the tibia and the talus bears more weight than between the smaller fibula and the talus. The tibia is ossified from three centers : a primary center for the diaphysis (shaft) and a secondary center for each epiphysis (extremity). Ossification begins in

7480-403: The tibial shaft at about the eighteenth, and the upper one fuses about the twentieth year. Two additional centers occasionally exist, one for the tongue-shaped process of the upper epiphysis, which forms the tuberosity, and one for the medial malleolus . The tibia has been modeled as taking an axial force during walking that is up to 4.7 bodyweight. Its bending moment in the sagittal plane in

7568-405: The urinary tract and can cause pain when urinating, frequent urination and even death if left untreated. Renal failure occurs when the kidneys fail to adequately filter waste from the blood and can lead to death if not treated with dialysis or kidney transplantation . Cancer can affect the bladder , kidneys , urethra and ureters , with the latter two being far more rare. Human anatomy

7656-417: The ventricles during atrial systole . Consequently, the atria allows a cardiac output roughly 75% greater than would be possible without them. The purpose of the ventricles is to pump blood to the lungs through the right ventricle and to the rest of the body through the left ventricle. The heart has an electrical conduction system to control the contraction and relaxation of the muscles. It starts in

7744-401: The water inside and outside cells is carefully maintained. The main electrolytes in body water outside cells are sodium and chloride , whereas within cells it is potassium and other phosphates . The body contains trillions of cells , the fundamental unit of life. At maturity, there are roughly 30 trillion cells, and 38 trillion bacteria in the body, an estimate arrived at by totaling

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