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100-479: The Lotus Carlton (also called Vauxhall Lotus Carlton , Lotus Omega and Opel Lotus Omega ) is a version of the Vauxhall Carlton/Opel Omega A saloon upgraded by Lotus in order to be a high performance sports sedan . Like all Lotus vehicles, it was given a type designation—Type 104 in this case. Performance modifications started with an upgraded engine, which was enhanced by Lotus from

200-529: A Buick -derived 3.8-litre V6 between 1988 and 2004 or 5.0-litre V8 between 1988 and 1999, both manufactured by Holden , to a new 3.6-litre V6 from 2004 also built and exported by Holden and fully imported Chevrolet V8 engines, beginning with a 5.7 litre version in 1999, upgraded to a 260 kW 6.0 litre version in 2006. These vehicles were equally available in New Zealand. In the United Kingdom,

300-585: A "common rail" fuel system. In an effort to better compete with the BMW 5 Series and the Mercedes-Benz E-Class , Opel decided to install a V8 engine into what was at the time their flagship model, the Opel Omega. Prototypes of sedan and station wagon versions were built (equipped with multimedia systems, and named V8.com). The V8.com concept car project was meant to be a "mobile office" it

400-485: A Lotus Carlton registered "40 RA" was reported stolen from a home in the West Midlands . In the following months, a gang of thieves used the car to conduct midnight ram raids , stealing around £20,000 worth of cigarettes and alcohol. A West Midlands Police officer said, "We simply haven't been able to get near the thing and it looks unlikely that we ever will", as their police cars were incapable of safely pursuing

500-470: A consequence of this gap, any reversal in direction of a drive part will not be passed on immediately to the driven part. This unwanted delay is normally kept as small as practicable, and is usually called backlash . The amount of backlash will increase with time as the surfaces of moving parts wear. In the elastic hysteresis of rubber, the area in the centre of a hysteresis loop is the energy dissipated due to material internal friction . Elastic hysteresis

600-560: A facelift of the B. It was distinguished by minor revisions to the front and rear styling, centre console, and the introduction of an electronic stability program . Gradually, new engines of slightly larger displacement also replaced the earlier ones; the new ones were generally Euro 3 emissions compliant. Major changes: The engines were not a major departure from the Omega A, aside from the shift from Opel's own (outdated) 2.3-liter diesel to BMW's M51 turbocharged inline-six. Originally with

700-480: A function of electrical resistance. The relation between the sensor's electrical resistance and sensor matric potential is hysteretic. Thermocouples measure matric potential as a function of heat dissipation. Hysteresis occurs because measured heat dissipation depends on sensor water content, and the sensor water content–matric potential relationship is hysteretic. As of 2002 , only desorption curves are usually measured during calibration of soil moisture sensors . Despite

800-405: A high degree of elastic hysteresis. When the intrinsic hysteresis of rubber is being measured, the material can be considered to behave like a gas. When a rubber band is stretched it heats up, and if it is suddenly released, it cools down perceptibly. These effects correspond to a large hysteresis from the thermal exchange with the environment and a smaller hysteresis due to internal friction within

900-461: A high-performance version of the Omega built in cooperation with Lotus . This version was named the Lotus Omega or Lotus Carlton depending on whether the base car was sold as an Opel Omega or Vauxhall Carlton in their respective European markets. The car was built using a variety of parts from other GM suppliers and manufacturers. The engine was based on Opel's standard 3.0-litre, 24-valve, which

1000-469: A larger differential from Holden's Commodore with a 45% LSD, whereas the gearbox was a six-speed manual ZF gearbox fitted to the Corvette ZR1 . The tyres were custom made by Goodyear, and can be recognised by the small Greek letter Ω ( Omega ) on the side. These were required, as this car could reach 280 to 300 km/h (174 to 186 mph), which made this Omega the world's fastest production sedan at

1100-412: A magnetic field in the opposite direction. This is the effect that provides the element of memory in a hard disk drive . The relationship between field strength H and magnetization M is not linear in such materials. If a magnet is demagnetized ( H = M = 0 ) and the relationship between H and M is plotted for increasing levels of field strength, M follows

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1200-584: A rear spoiler. The car had a top speed of 220 km/h (137 mph), and accelerated from 0–100 km/h in 8.8 seconds. The catalyzed version of the engine originally only had 156 PS (115 kW). The uncatalyzed model was discontinued in August 1988. In countries where the Omega 3000 was sold as a Vauxhall , it was called the Carlton GSi 3000. In October 1989, the Omega 3000 received an optional new engine with 24 valves, two overhead camshafts , and

1300-577: A temperature of 20 °C then one might set the thermostat to turn the heater on when the temperature drops to below 18 °C and off when the temperature exceeds 22 °C). Similarly, a pressure switch can be designed to exhibit hysteresis, with pressure set-points substituted for temperature thresholds. Often, some amount of hysteresis is intentionally added to an electronic circuit to prevent unwanted rapid switching. This and similar techniques are used to compensate for contact bounce in switches, or noise in an electrical signal. A Schmitt trigger

1400-455: A top whack which is claimed to be around 180 mph", and suggested that Vauxhall should follow the example set by German automakers (who had begun electronically limiting the top speed of their high-performance cars to 155 mph (249 km/h)). Ultimately, Opel did not restrict the car's top speed. The Lotus Carlton was a frequent target for thieves and joyriders in the UK. On 26 November 1993,

1500-406: A variable intake manifold (Opel Dual Ram system). It also used a more advanced engine control unit . Power increased to 204 PS (150 kW), which increased top speed to 240 km/h (149 mph), and 0–100 km/h time dropped to 7.6 seconds. At the same time, output of the catalyzed two-valve version increased to 177 PS (130 kW), the same as the uncatalyzed original. This

1600-457: Is a simple electronic circuit that exhibits this property. A latching relay uses a solenoid to actuate a ratcheting mechanism that keeps the relay closed even if power to the relay is terminated. Some positive feedback from the output to one input of a comparator can increase the natural hysteresis (a function of its gain) it exhibits. Hysteresis is essential to the workings of some memristors (circuit components which "remember" changes in

1700-405: Is available from 2,000 rpm. The car was capable of accelerating from 0–60 mph (97 km/h) in 5.1 seconds, 0–100 mph (160 km/h) in 11.1 seconds, and going from 0–124–0 km/h in less than 17 seconds. Tall gearing allows it to achieve approximately 89 km/h (55 mph) in first gear and reach a top speed of over 176 mph (283 km/h). The Lotus Carlton held the title of

1800-412: Is different when gas is being added than it is when being removed. The specific causes of adsorption hysteresis are still an active area of research, but it is linked to differences in the nucleation and evaporation mechanisms inside mesopores. These mechanisms are further complicated by effects such as cavitation and pore blocking. In physical adsorption, hysteresis is evidence of mesoporosity -indeed,

1900-608: Is known as rate-dependent hysteresis. However, phenomena such as the magnetic hysteresis loops are mainly rate-independent , which makes a durable memory possible. Systems with hysteresis are nonlinear , and can be mathematically challenging to model. Some hysteretic models, such as the Preisach model (originally applied to ferromagnetism) and the Bouc–Wen model , attempt to capture general features of hysteresis; and there are also phenomenological models for particular phenomena such as

2000-407: Is mathematically equivalent to a transfer function in linear filter theory and analogue signal processing. This kind of hysteresis is often referred to as rate-dependent hysteresis . If the input is reduced to zero, the output continues to respond for a finite time. This constitutes a memory of the past, but a limited one because it disappears as the output decays to zero. The phase lag depends on

2100-406: Is needed (for example, magnetic recording ). Larger magnets are divided into regions called domains . Across each domain, the magnetization does not vary; but between domains are relatively thin domain walls in which the direction of magnetization rotates from the direction of one domain to another. If the magnetic field changes, the walls move, changing the relative sizes of the domains. Because

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2200-401: Is qualitatively similar to the adsorption hysteresis, and as in the contact angle hysteresis, the interfacial properties play an important role in bubble shape hysteresis. The existence of the bubble shape hysteresis has important consequences in interfacial rheology experiments involving bubbles. As a result of the hysteresis, not all sizes of the bubbles can be formed on a capillary. Further

2300-405: Is referred to as the tilting base method. Once a drop is dispensed on the surface with the surface level, the surface is then tilted from 0° to 90°. As the drop is tilted, the downhill side will be in a state of imminent wetting while the uphill side will be in a state of imminent dewetting. As the tilt increases the downhill contact angle will increase and represents the advancing contact angle while

2400-406: Is shown in the figure. In terms of force, the rubber band was harder to stretch when it was being loaded than when it was being unloaded. In terms of time, when the band is unloaded, the effect (the length) lagged behind the cause (the force of the weights) because the length has not yet reached the value it had for the same weight during the loading part of the cycle. In terms of energy, more energy

2500-478: Is the instantaneous response and Φ d ( τ ) {\displaystyle \Phi _{d}(\tau )} is the impulse response to an impulse that occurred τ {\displaystyle \tau } time units in the past. In the frequency domain , input and output are related by a complex generalized susceptibility that can be computed from Φ d {\displaystyle \Phi _{d}} ; it

2600-410: Is the result of two effects: rotation of magnetization and changes in size or number of magnetic domains . In general, the magnetization varies (in direction but not magnitude) across a magnet, but in sufficiently small magnets, it does not. In these single-domain magnets, the magnetization responds to a magnetic field by rotating. Single-domain magnets are used wherever a strong, stable magnetization

2700-782: The vollgasfest test. The solution to this problem would take longer than the planned production of the Omega. Holden did equip its Commodore (which was a reengineered Omega for Australian market) with the same V8 engine. A version of this platform was used for the Holden Monaro , which was marketed in the United States as the fourth-generation Pontiac GTO , and in the United Kingdom as the Vauxhall Monaro. These Australian sedans are larger in all body dimensions and have featured less sophisticated suspension designs, different interior styling, and powertrains ranging from

2800-502: The Audi 80 and BMW 7 Series . Compared to the Rekord, the Omega featured many modern technological advances, which were new to Opel in general, if not to the volume segment European automotive market. These included electronic engine management, ABS, on-board computer (which displayed parameters such as momentary fuel consumption or average speed), air-conditioned glove compartment, and even

2900-560: The Autobahn for long periods of time. While cooling was resolved by using the larger Holden Commodore radiator, the transmission problem remained. The Chevrolet Corvette (C5) had a transaxle transmission; the only gearbox suitable for the Omega V8 was the GM 4L60-E 4-speed automatic transmission. However, the transmission's flexplate repeatedly broke at 250 km/h (155 mph) during

3000-781: The Chevrolet Omega . As with the Rekord which preceded it, re-engineered versions of the Omega were manufactured in Australia from 1988 as the Holden Commodore (and its derivatives) since 1999. Commodore-based cars were in turn exported to South America as the Chevrolet Omega and to the Middle East as the Chevrolet Lumina . Production of the Omega was discontinued in 2004. It was succeeded by

3100-530: The Family II design, whilst the six-cylinder units and the 2.4 L four-cylinder were based on the older Opel cam-in-head engine family. In Brazil, the car was sold as the Chevrolet Omega and powered by 2.0 L I4 (C20NE and C20YE) or 3.0 L I6 (C30NE) Opel engines until 1994. Since the discontinuation of the Omega A in Germany, General Motors do Brasil needed new engines to continue production and

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3200-538: The Jiles–Atherton model for ferromagnetism. It is difficult to define hysteresis precisely. Isaak D. Mayergoyz wrote "...the very meaning of hysteresis varies from one area to another, from paper to paper and from author to author. As a result, a stringent mathematical definition of hysteresis is needed in order to avoid confusion and ambiguity.". The term "hysteresis" is derived from ὑστέρησις , an Ancient Greek word meaning "deficiency" or "lagging behind". It

3300-859: The Opel Senator as GM's executive car offering in European markets. The Vauxhall version was the first to feature the brand's corporate 'V' grille which also appeared on the facelifted MK3 Astra later in 1994. This was 1995 Semperit Irish Car of the Year in Ireland, and 1995 RJC Car of the Year for Import Car of the Year in Japan. Leaked images of a design studio mockup , featuring Opel badges and "D" plates, emerged in Europe in February 1990. The media at

3400-643: The Opel Signum . The original Omega went into production in September 1986, as a replacement for the final version of the Opel Rekord , which had been in production since 1978. Sales began in November. The body was designed as an evolution of the previous Opel design theme engineered more towards aerodynamics in view of higher fuel prices and the general drive towards more fuel efficiency. The result

3500-450: The Preisach model and the generalized Prandtl−Ishlinskii model . In control systems, hysteresis can be used to filter signals so that the output reacts less rapidly than it otherwise would by taking recent system history into account. For example, a thermostat controlling a heater may switch the heater on when the temperature drops below A, but not turn it off until the temperature rises above B. (For instance, if one wishes to maintain

3600-459: The initial magnetization curve . This curve increases rapidly at first and then approaches an asymptote called magnetic saturation . If the magnetic field is now reduced monotonically, M follows a different curve. At zero field strength, the magnetization is offset from the origin by an amount called the remanence . If the H-M relationship is plotted for all strengths of applied magnetic field

3700-425: The interfacial area decreasing the receding contact angle is thus measured. When volume is added to the maximum before the interfacial area increases, this is the advancing contact angle . As with the tilt method, the difference between the advancing and receding contact angles is the contact angle hysteresis. Most researchers prefer the tilt method; the add/remove method requires that a tip or needle stay embedded in

3800-465: The 17-inch wheels was manufactured by Ronal , along with Goodyear Eagle tyres that were wider than those used on the Omega. The tyre compound used was the same as that on the Esprit Turbo SE , with a combination of oils and low hysteresis . This allows for improved high-speed stability and better performance in wet conditions. The car is fitted with 12.9 in (328 mm) brake discs at

3900-451: The 2.0 L I4 was replaced by 2.2 L I4 engine (C22NE) with 116 PS (85 kW; 114 hp) and 197 N⋅m (145 lb⋅ft). The 3.0 L I6 was replaced by the locally produced 4.1 L (250ci) Chevrolet Straight-6 engine (C41GE) with 168 PS (124 kW; 166 hp) and 285 N⋅m (210 lb⋅ft). As fitted to the Omega, this engine was tuned by Lotus and equipped with multi port fuel injection. The Chevrolet Omega

4000-464: The 70th Geneva Motor Show (2–12 March 2000). The V8-engined version was to be put on sale in Autumn 2000, but it was cancelled after 32 pre-series cars had been completed. The reasons for cancelling production plans were concerns regarding the transmission and about whether the engine was vollgasfest ( German , "full throttle resistant"). The engine might overheat and be damaged if driven flat out on

4100-651: The Omega A (1986–1994), superseded the Opel Rekord . It was voted European Car of the Year for 1987, and was available as a saloon or estate . The second generation, the Omega B, was manufactured from 1994 to 2004. Rebadged variants of the Omega were marketed worldwide, including in North America as the Cadillac Catera , in Great Britain as the Vauxhall Omega , and South America as

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4200-623: The Omega A was afforded a facelift , which encompassed slight alterations to front and rear fascias, as well as interior materials and additional sound dampening. The until then base 1.8 L engine was dropped. The LS and GLS trim levels were also dropped, while the CD was joined by Club and CD Diamant. This options package was introduced in 1988, and could be added onto the GLS, LS, and CD trim versions. It included alloy wheels, metallic paint, tinted windows, stereo with cassette player, various leather trim in

4300-563: The Omega, already praised by the automotive press, was modified by Lotus for better high-speed stability and improved handling dynamics. To combat the problem of significant camber change at high speed and when fully laden, the self-leveling suspension from the Opel Senator was fitted. Also borrowed from the Senator was the Servotronic power steering system, which provides full power assistance at parking speeds and reduces assistance as

4400-540: The Philippines, the Omega was replaced by the Chevrolet Lumina . Stories and photographs of a "new" successor appeared in the motoring press one year later. In the case of Auto Express , though, its October 2004 article simply featured the Holden Torana TT36 concept car, which itself previewed the 2006 Holden Commodore . Nevertheless, Holden contributed in the Omega badge remaining alive by it, for

4500-895: The United Kingdom. In Japan, the Omega A (and Vectra ) were the first Opels to be distributed by Isuzu Motors Ltd. rather than by long-standing importer Toho Motors (東邦モーターズ), beginning in July 1989. In the Isuzu lineup, it was slotted above the Isuzu Aska . All the Omega models used a longitudinally mounted engine with a rear-wheel drive setup, with a five-speed manual transmission or four-speed automatic transmission . The engine range consisted of 1.8 L, 2.0 L, and 2.4 L four-cylinder units (as well as 2.0 L, 2.3 L diesel , and 2.3 L turbodiesel ) to 2.6 L, 3.0 L, and 3.0 L-24v six-cylinder units. The 1.8 L and 2.0 L four-cylinder petrol engines were all based on

4600-519: The Vauxhall Omega proved to be a successful model, despite being slated in many reviews for heavy depreciation and unreliability. Omegas and Carltons were a regular sight on United Kingdom roads, sporting police livery and as covert traffic surveillance cars. However, just four years after the introduction of its latest incarnation, Omega B2 , and seventeen years since introduction of Omega A , production of this model ended. On 25 June 2003,

4700-411: The band is increasing. When each weight is taken off, or unloaded , the band will contract as the force is reduced. As the weights are taken off, each weight that produced a specific length as it was loaded onto the band now contracts less, resulting in a slightly longer length as it is unloaded. This is because the band does not obey Hooke's law perfectly. The hysteresis loop of an idealized rubber band

4800-656: The base Omega A and the Lotus Omega were never federalized for sale in the US, the Omega was cleared for grey import under the DOT's " Show or Display " exemption in 2011. By the end of 2017, all model years of the Lotus Carlton were past the 25-year mark, making them exempt from NHTSA import restrictions. Opel Omega#Omega A (1986–1994) The Opel Omega is an executive car engineered and manufactured by German automaker Opel between 1986 and 2004. The first generation,

4900-404: The basis of the water retention curve . Matric potential measurements (Ψ m ) are converted to volumetric water content (θ) measurements based on a site or soil specific calibration curve. Hysteresis is a source of water content measurement error. Matric potential hysteresis arises from differences in wetting behaviour causing dry medium to re-wet; that is, it depends on the saturation history of

5000-448: The current passing through them by changing their resistance). Hysteresis can be used when connecting arrays of elements such as nanoelectronics , electrochrome cells and memory effect devices using passive matrix addressing . Shortcuts are made between adjacent components (see crosstalk ) and the hysteresis helps to keep the components in a particular state while the other components change states. Thus, all rows can be addressed at

5100-409: The definition of mesopores (2–50 nm) is associated with the appearance (50 nm) and disappearance (2 nm) of mesoporosity in nitrogen adsorption isotherms as a function of Kelvin radius. An adsorption isotherm showing hysteresis is said to be of Type IV (for a wetting adsorbate) or Type V (for a non-wetting adsorbate), and hysteresis loops themselves are classified according to how symmetric

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5200-416: The distributor drive was re-purposed as a water pump drive for the water-air intercooler circuit. The intercooler itself was manufactured by Behr and is capable of reducing charge air temperature from 120 °C (248 °F) to 60 °C (140 °F). In addition to the aforementioned engine modifications, Lotus made a number of engineering changes to the engine so that it would perform reliably with

5300-524: The domains are not magnetized in the same direction, the magnetic moment per unit volume is smaller than it would be in a single-domain magnet; but domain walls involve rotation of only a small part of the magnetization, so it is much easier to change the magnetic moment. The magnetization can also change by addition or subtraction of domains (called nucleation and denucleation ). The most known empirical models in hysteresis are Preisach and Jiles-Atherton models . These models allow an accurate modeling of

5400-409: The drop which can affect the accuracy of the values, especially the receding contact angle. The equilibrium shapes of bubbles expanding and contracting on capillaries ( blunt needles ) can exhibit hysteresis depending on the relative magnitude of the maximum capillary pressure to ambient pressure, and the relative magnitude of the bubble volume at the maximum capillary pressure to the dead volume in

5500-721: The entry-level model of its new Commodore. Unlike prior models since 1978, this new Holden was no longer based on an Omega platform. Ironically, a version of this Commodore would get exported to the UK market as the Vauxhall VXR8 from 2007 to 2017, effectively becoming the flagship of the brand. Being a high-performance sports sedan, it was the first such vehicle in Vauxhall's lineup since the Lotus Carlton/Omega . As of July 2020, only 3297 Vauxhall Omegas and 306 Carltons (including some rebadged Rekords ) are left on

5600-490: The events recede into the past. If an input variable X(t) cycles from X 0 to X 1 and back again, the output Y(t) may be Y 0 initially but a different value Y 2 upon return. The values of Y(t) depend on the path of values that X(t) passes through but not on the speed at which it traverses the path. Many authors restrict the term hysteresis to mean only rate-independent hysteresis. Hysteresis effects can be characterized using

5700-468: The fact that it can be a source of significant error, the sensor specific effect of hysteresis is generally ignored. When an external magnetic field is applied to a ferromagnetic material such as iron , the atomic domains align themselves with it. Even when the field is removed, part of the alignment will be retained: the material has become magnetized . Once magnetized, the magnet will stay magnetized indefinitely. To demagnetize it requires heat or

5800-507: The fastest four-door production saloon for many years. Production of the Lotus Carlton began in 1990, four years after the original Omega went on sale. Opel had hoped to build 1,100 cars in total, but owing to the recession of the early 1990s , the Lotus Carlton, priced at £48,000, was not selling as well as anticipated, and production at Lotus was halted in December 1992. Only 950 cars were completed: 320 Carltons and 630 Omegas, 150 short of

5900-439: The flow separates during the increase of the angle of attack. Hysteresis can be observed in the stage-flow relationship of a river during rapidly changing conditions such as passing of a flood wave. It is most pronounced in low gradient streams with steep leading edge hydrographs. Moving parts within machines, such as the components of a gear train , normally have a small gap between them, to allow movement and lubrication. As

6000-427: The frequency of the input, and goes to zero as the frequency decreases. When rate-dependent hysteresis is due to dissipative effects like friction , it is associated with power loss. Systems with rate-independent hysteresis have a persistent memory of the past that remains after the transients have died out. The future development of such a system depends on the history of states visited, but does not fade as

6100-568: The front and 11.8 in (300 mm) discs in the rear, both manufactured by Portland Engineering in Dorset , along with four-piston AP calipers at the front and two-piston calipers at the rear. The twin-turbocharged straight-six engine in the Lotus Carlton, codenamed the C36GET , has a power output of 382 PS (281 kW; 377 hp) at 5,200 rpm and 568 N⋅m (419 lb⋅ft) of torque at 4,200 rpm, of which 470 N⋅m (350 lb⋅ft)

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6200-415: The gas compressibility causing the hysteresis leads to unintended complications in the phase relation between the applied changes in interfacial area to the expected interfacial stresses. These difficulties can be avoided by designing experimental systems to avoid the bubble shape hysteresis. Hysteresis can also occur during physical adsorption processes. In this type of hysteresis, the quantity adsorbed

6300-462: The higher power output. To cope with increased cylinder pressures of about 95 bar (9,500 kPa), the external webbing on the engine block was reinforced. The crankshaft was replaced as well; early development crankshafts were machined from billet steel in Italy, but production units were forged by Opel and sent to Maschinenfabrik Alfing Kessler for machining. The cylinder head was left mostly

6400-468: The hysteresis loop and are widely used in the industry. However, these models lose the connection with thermodynamics and the energy consistency is not ensured. A more recent model, with a more consistent thermodynamical foundation, is the vectorial incremental nonconservative consistent hysteresis (VINCH) model of Lavet et al. (2011) There are a great variety of applications of the hysteresis in ferromagnets. Many of these make use of their ability to retain

6500-482: The interior, and a painted grille and door mirrors. It sold well and the package was kept after the facelift and a similar system with the same name was used for the Omega B. The Omega 3000 was the sports version of the Omega A model range. It featured a straight-six , 3.0 litre, 12-valve engine, which produced 177 PS (130 kW). Other modifications from the base model included a lowered suspension and limited-slip differential , as well as different fascias and

6600-609: The last Omega rolled out of the factory in Rüsselsheim – it was a silver 3.2 L V6 Omega B2, number 797,011. Following the demise of its direct rivals, the Ford Scorpio and Rover 800 , the former due to its controversial styling, Opel/Vauxhall found themselves competing against BMW's 5 Series , with minimal sales success. Apart from the Australian re-engineered Holden Commodore models that carried on until 2006 for

6700-399: The loop is. Adsorption hysteresis loops also have the unusual property that it is possible to scan within a hysteresis loop by reversing the direction of adsorption while on a point on the loop. The resulting scans are called "crossing", "converging", or "returning", depending on the shape of the isotherm at this point. The relationship between matric water potential and water content is

6800-405: The menu region. For instance, right-clicking on the desktop in most Windows interfaces will create a menu that exhibits this behavior. In aerodynamics , hysteresis can be observed when decreasing the angle of attack of a wing after stall, regarding the lift and drag coefficients. The angle of attack at which the flow on top of the wing reattaches is generally lower than the angle of attack at which

6900-530: The model code U25DT, this was updated to the Euro 2 compliant X25DT engine during 1996. In late 1999, the Omega received a facelift and a 2.2 L 16-valve engine was added to the range as an eventual replacement for the 2.0 L which was discontinued within a year. The following year, a 3.2 L V6 engine replaced the 3.0 L V6 unit, and a 2.6 L V6 engine replaced the 2.5 L V6 unit. 2001 brought also brand new diesel 2.5 DTI engine from BMW , with

7000-451: The original Mini car. The primary cause of rolling resistance when a body (such as a ball, tire, or wheel) rolls on a surface is hysteresis. This is attributed to the viscoelastic characteristics of the material of the rolling body. The contact angle formed between a liquid and solid phase will exhibit a range of contact angles that are possible. There are two common methods for measuring this range of contact angles. The first method

7100-517: The original target. The cars have since become modern classics as low-mileage, well-looked-after examples become rare. In 1991, the Italian design house Pininfarina produced a styling concept for a sports coupe named the Chronos that was designed to accept the drivetrain from the Lotus Omega, but on a shortened 2,450 mm (96.5 in) wheelbase. The single example of the Chronos, sans engine,

7200-491: The porous medium. Hysteretic behaviour means that, for example, at a matric potential (Ψ m ) of 5 kPa , the volumetric water content (θ) of a fine sandy soil matrix could be anything between 8% and 25%. Tensiometers are directly influenced by this type of hysteresis. Two other types of sensors used to measure soil water matric potential are also influenced by hysteresis effects within the sensor itself. Resistance blocks, both nylon and gypsum based, measure matric potential as

7300-576: The result is a hysteresis loop called the main loop . The width of the middle section is twice the coercivity of the material. A closer look at a magnetization curve generally reveals a series of small, random jumps in magnetization called Barkhausen jumps . This effect is due to crystallographic defects such as dislocations . Magnetic hysteresis loops are not exclusive to materials with ferromagnetic ordering. Other magnetic orderings, such as spin glass ordering, also exhibit this phenomenon. The phenomenon of hysteresis in ferromagnetic materials

7400-521: The road conditions. It was powered by a GM LS1 V8 engine. The car debuted at Frankfurt Motor Show in September 1999. Opel was planning to upgrade its flagship Omega model with a powerful GM LS1 V8 engine used in the Chevrolet Corvette . Unlike the V8.com which was a concept car , this model was intended to go into serial production . The Omega V8 was shown publicly for the first time at

7500-414: The road in the United Kingdom. Hysteresis Hysteresis can be found in physics , chemistry , engineering , biology , and economics . It is incorporated in many artificial systems: for example, in thermostats and Schmitt triggers , it prevents unwanted frequent switching. Hysteresis can be a dynamic lag between an input and an output that disappears if the input is varied more slowly; this

7600-425: The road speed increases. The Lotus engineers would have preferred using rack and pinion steering, but cost and space constraints limited them to the worm-and-roller arrangement. Initial sketches for the wheels showed a split-rim composite design, but this was ultimately abandoned in favor of a monoblock wheel design, with cited concerns over the durability of the wheels in poor road conditions. The final design for

7700-431: The rubber. This proper, intrinsic hysteresis can be measured only if the rubber band is thermally isolated. Small vehicle suspensions using rubber (or other elastomers ) can achieve the dual function of springing and damping because rubber, unlike metal springs, has pronounced hysteresis and does not return all the absorbed compression energy on the rebound. Mountain bikes have made use of elastomer suspension, as did

7800-408: The same as the original 24-valve design, though the combustion chamber was machined to reduce the static compression ratio from from 10.0:1 to 8.2:1. The engine was fitted with forged slipper pistons produced by Mahle . Piston connecting rods were replaced with new units made to an original Lotus design. The same ZF 6-speed manual transmission as fitted to a contemporary Chevrolet Corvette ZR-1

7900-399: The same time instead of individually. In the field of audio electronics, a noise gate often implements hysteresis intentionally to prevent the gate from "chattering" when signals close to its threshold are applied. A hysteresis is sometimes intentionally added to computer algorithms . The field of user interface design has borrowed the term hysteresis to refer to times when the state of

8000-531: The sedan (wagons and utilities until 2007), production of the Omega ended in 2003. The position that the Omega held as Opel's flagship model (after the demise of the Senator ) would be taken over by the smaller Opel Signum which used an extended-length platform of the Opel Vectra and incorporated practical features of both MPVs and station wagons into one package. Remaining stocks were sold into 2004. In

8100-453: The standard Opel 2,969 cc (3.0 L) 24-valve straight-six unit used in the GSi. The engine was enlarged to a capacity of 3,615 cc (3.6 L). Lotus then added two Garrett T25 turbochargers , which provide up to 0.7 bar (10 psi) of boost from about 2,500 rpm. The original distributor ignition system of the engine was replaced with a three-coil wasted spark system , and

8200-602: The stolen Lotus Carlton. The stolen car was later found dumped in a canal, damaged beyond repair by a large object and subsequently scrapped. A campaign by the Daily Mail and the Association of Chief Police Officers was launched to have the Lotus Carlton banned in the UK. The car's advertising was also condemned in Parliament. Despite gaining traction, the campaign to ban the Lotus Carlton ultimately failed. While

8300-428: The system. The bubble shape hysteresis is a consequence of gas compressibility , which causes the bubbles to behave differently across expansion and contraction. During expansion, bubbles undergo large non equilibrium jumps in volume, while during contraction the bubbles are more stable and undergo a relatively smaller jump in volume resulting in an asymmetry across expansion and contraction. The bubble shape hysteresis

8400-477: The then fashionable LCD instrument cluster (available in CD version from 1987, but dropped in 1991). More importantly, the Omega came with a self-diagnosis system (which is now a standard feature in present-day cars), whose output could be read by appropriately equipped, authorised service stations. The Omega was one of the first cars to offer (individual) heated seats in the rear. The Omega was sold in most European countries, albeit with "Vauxhall Carlton" badging in

8500-531: The time described the new saloon as coupé -like, speculating a release in 1992 or 1993. Meanwhile, the Cadillac Aurora (which also served as the basis for the Oldsmobile Aurora ) presented by General Motors at the 1990 Chicago Auto Show in February, was the concept car that bore close resemblance to the Omega B's eventual design style. The Omega B2 was launched in Autumn 1999 as

8600-399: The time. This was a controversial fact given that the other major German manufacturers producing high-performance cars had been fitting speed limiters to not allow maximum speeds higher than 250 km/h (155 mph). The 1,663 kg (3,666 lb) car accelerated from 0–100 km/h (62 mph) in 5.3 seconds and 0–160 km/h (99 mph) in 11.5 seconds. The 1994 Omega B

8700-406: The uphill side will decrease; this is the receding contact angle. The values for these angles just prior to the drop releasing will typically represent the advancing and receding contact angles. The difference between these two angles is the contact angle hysteresis. The second method is often referred to as the add/remove volume method. When the maximum liquid volume is removed from the drop without

8800-404: The user interface intentionally lags behind the apparent user input. For example, a menu that was drawn in response to a mouse-over event may remain on-screen for a brief moment after the mouse has moved out of the trigger region and the menu region. This allows the user to move the mouse directly to an item on the menu, even if part of that direct mouse path is outside of both the trigger region and

8900-622: Was a limited series model produced together with Irmscher . 500 examples were built so that Opel could compete in the DTM . The car had a three-litre straight-six engine producing 230 PS (169 kW). The car accelerated from 0–100 km/h in 7.5 seconds and had a top speed of 249 km/h (155 mph). The racing version used on the track had 380 PS (279 kW), accelerated to 100 km/h (62 mph) in about 5 seconds, and could reach nearly 300 km/h (186 mph). It did not, however, achieve great success. In 1989, Opel sanctioned

9000-531: Was a remarkable drag coefficient of 0.28 (0.32 for the Caravan). The whole development program cost 2.5 billion Deutschmarks or £1.5 billion. The UK market version of the final generation of Rekord had been marketed as the Vauxhall Carlton , and this nameplate was retained for the new car. Late in 1986, it was voted European Car of the Year for 1987, ahead of the highly acclaimed new versions of

9100-421: Was an all new car with a modern exterior design, but a traditional rear-wheel drive chassis. The engine range was all new. Its MV6 model was rebadged and sold in the United States as Cadillac Catera between 1997 and 2001. The Omega B's platform was also modified to form the basis of the Australian third-generation Holden Commodore up to 2006, commencing with the 1997 VT series . This generation also helped succeed

9200-480: Was built on Omega station wagon, which was elongated by 130 mm, to provide more space for the passengers and additional equipment; it contained separate 9.5-inch LCD screens for all passengers, Internet access, and integrated video conference mobile phone system with separate cameras and microphones providing passengers hands-free operation – hence the name. The car was also equipped with xenon headlights, and Advanced Frontlighting System, automatically adjustable to

9300-483: Was coined in 1881 by Sir James Alfred Ewing to describe the behaviour of magnetic materials. Some early work on describing hysteresis in mechanical systems was performed by James Clerk Maxwell . Subsequently, hysteretic models have received significant attention in the works of Ferenc Preisach ( Preisach model of hysteresis ), Louis Néel and Douglas Hugh Everett in connection with magnetism and absorption. A more formal mathematical theory of systems with hysteresis

9400-447: Was developed in the 1970s by a group of Russian mathematicians led by Mark Krasnosel'skii . One type of hysteresis is a lag between input and output. An example is a sinusoidal input X(t) that results in a sinusoidal output Y(t) , but with a phase lag φ : Such behavior can occur in linear systems, and a more general form of response is where χ i {\displaystyle \chi _{\text{i}}}

9500-446: Was displayed at the 1991 Detroit Auto Show . Because the Lotus Carlton could equal or exceed the performance of many contemporary sports cars from the likes of Ferrari and Porsche while also comfortably carrying four passengers, it generated some controversy among the automotive and general press. Bob Murray, then editor of Autocar magazine, wrote: "Nobody buying this car could possibly argue he either needs or will be able to use

9600-479: Was handed to Lotus to modify. As a result, engine capacity rose to 3.6 litres; in addition, two Garrett T25 turbochargers were installed along with a water-cooled intercooler . The engine management was also modified, and the ignition changed to an AC Delco type (same system as the Lotus Esprit uses). The result was a 377 bhp (281 kW; 382 PS) high-performance engine. This Omega also inherited

9700-411: Was one of the first types of hysteresis to be examined. The effect can be demonstrated using a rubber band with weights attached to it. If the top of a rubber band is hung on a hook and small weights are attached to the bottom of the band one at a time, it will stretch and get longer. As more weights are loaded onto it, the band will continue to stretch because the force the weights are exerting on

9800-406: Was produced until 1998. The four basic trim levels were LS, GL, GLS, and CD (from least to most expensive). The base LS was clearly intended for the fleet market, with the sedan unavailable to individual customers in some markets. The LS Caravan was also available as a panel van with rear side windows covered, with body-coloured foil rather than replaced by solid panels. For the 1991 model year,

9900-400: Was required during the loading than the unloading, the excess energy being dissipated as thermal energy. Elastic hysteresis is more pronounced when the loading and unloading is done quickly than when it is done slowly. Some materials such as hard metals don't show elastic hysteresis under a moderate load, whereas other hard materials like granite and marble do. Materials such as rubber exhibit

10000-560: Was used to transfer power output to the rear wheels via a rear limited-slip differential shared with the V8 Holden Commodore . Exterior changes included the addition of a rear spoiler , cooling vents on the bonnet , Lotus badges on the front wings and bootlid , a body kit , and considerably wider wheel arches for the larger wheels. The car was only sold in one colour, a dark green called Imperial Green (similar to British racing green ). The multi-link suspension of

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