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122-407: Proponents of the law claim that it is meant to promote critical thinking and improve education. State Senator Ben Nevers said the law is intended to allow educators to create an environment that "(promotes) critical thinking skills, logical analysis, and open and objective discussions of scientific theories such as evolution, the origins of life , global warming, and human cloning ." SB733 opens

244-488: A D.Phil. in politics, instead joining the consulting firm McKinsey & Company . He then interned in the office of Rep. Jim McCrery of Louisiana, where McCrery assigned him to work on healthcare policy; Jindal spent two weeks studying Medicare to compile an extensive report on possible solutions to Medicare's financial problems, which he presented to McCrery. In 1993, McCrery introduced Jindal to Governor Mike Foster . In 1996, Foster appointed Jindal as Secretary of

366-411: A creationism law, because it singles out specific scientific theories , which happen to be politically controversial, for teachers to "critique and review" using "supplemental materials." The scientific theories in question include "evolution, the origins of life, global warming, and cloning." Zack Kopplin explained: You don't need a law to teach critical thinking. That's what science is. You need

488-461: A critique ; it identifies the intellectual capacity and the means "of judging", "of judgement", "for judging", and of being "able to discern". The intellectual roots of critical thinking are as ancient as its etymology, traceable, ultimately, to the critical reasoning of the Presocractic philosophers, as well as the teaching practice and vision of Socrates 2,500 years ago who discovered by

610-632: A 4-3 vote on April 22, 2015. The scientific community in the United States has called the Louisiana Science Education Act an "anti-science" law with the purpose of allowing creationism into public school science classrooms. The Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology had planned to host a conference in New Orleans in 2011, but decided to change the location of the conference "in large part" because of

732-563: A Brown biology major." Nine academic freedom bills were proposed in various state legislatures in 2011. The effort to repeal the Louisiana Science Education Act may have had an effect in dampening the pressure to pass those bills. Also, the Louisiana Coalition for Science was able to stop two new efforts to put creationism in Louisiana classrooms after the passage of the Louisiana Science Education Act. First, they convinced

854-532: A Democrat. Despite winning in Blanco's hometown, he lost many normally conservative parishes in north Louisiana, and Blanco prevailed with 52 percent of the popular vote. Some political analysts blamed Jindal's loss for his refusal to answer questions targeted at his religion and ethnic background brought up in several Democratic advertisements, which the Jindal campaign called "negative attack ads." Despite losing

976-400: A backdoor to teaching creationism in public schools, which is illegal under federal law. Alan Leshner , the executive publisher of Science , condemned the bill as the "latest effort to insert religious, unscientific views into science classrooms." Leshner stated the bill would, "unleash an assault against scientific integrity, leaving students confused about science and unprepared to excel in

1098-417: A bill that would have more than doubled the current state legislative pay. During his gubernatorial campaign, Jindal had pledged to prevent legislative pay raises that would take effect during the current term. Jindal responded by saying that he is opposed to the pay increase, but that he had pledged to let the legislature govern themselves. On June 30, 2008, Jindal reversed his earlier position by vetoing

1220-682: A computer newsletter, retail candy business, and a mail-order software company. He spent free time working in the stands at LSU football games. Jindal graduated from Brown University in 1992 at the age of 20, with honors in two majors: biology and public policy. Jindal was admitted to the Program in Liberal Medical Education (PLME), guaranteeing him a place at Brown Medical School . He did not pursue his Medical Doctorate. Jindal has been credited with leading Brown University 's College Republicans student group. Jindal

1342-418: A definition analysis by Kompf & Bond (2001), critical thinking involves problem-solving, decision making, metacognition , rationality, rational thinking, reasoning , knowledge , intelligence and also a moral component such as reflective thinking. Critical thinkers therefore need to have reached a level of maturity in their development, possess a certain attitude as well as a set of taught skills. There

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1464-559: A desirable general thinking skill by the end of the 19th century and early 20th century. Traditionally, critical thinking has been variously defined as follows: Contemporary critical thinking scholars have expanded these traditional definitions to include qualities, concepts, and processes such as creativity, imagination, discovery, reflection, empathy, connecting knowing, feminist theory, subjectivity, ambiguity, and inconclusiveness. Some definitions of critical thinking exclude these subjective practices. The study of logical argumentation

1586-637: A law to teach creationism. Barbara Forrest is also wary of the law because the Board of Elementary and Secondary Education's initial draft policy to implement the Louisiana Science Education Act was changed under pressure from a local conservative Christian group, the Louisiana Family Forum . The initial draft would have explicitly prohibited teaching religion under the guise of 'critical thinking' and using creationist materials in public school science classrooms. She added: The initial version of

1708-677: A main A-level for admissions. Nevertheless, the AS is often useful in developing reasoning skills, and the full Advanced GCE is useful for degree courses in politics, philosophy, history or theology , providing the skills required for critical analysis that are useful, for example, in biblical study. There used to also be an Advanced Extension Award offered in Critical Thinking in the UK, open to any A-level student regardless of whether they have

1830-535: A method of probing questioning that people could not rationally justify their confident claims to knowledge . According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the exact term “critical thinking” first appeared in 1815, in the British literary journal The Critical Review , referring to critical analysis in the literary context. The meaning of "critical thinking" gradually evolved and expanded to mean

1952-628: A modern workforce." In 2010, high school student Zack Kopplin launched a high-profile campaign sponsored by Louisiana State Senator Karen Carter Peterson to repeal the law. Kopplin's campaign has been endorsed by 78 Nobel laureates , the New Orleans City Council, and more than a dozen scientific and educational associations. Bills to repeal the LSEA have failed to advance past the Senate Education committee five years in

2074-464: A painter, sculptor, engineer, business person, etc. In other words, though critical-thinking principles are universal, their application to disciplines requires a process of reflective contextualization . Psychology offerings, for example, have included courses such as Critical Thinking about the Paranormal , in which students are subjected to a series of cold readings and tested on their belief of

2196-516: A particular set of religious beliefs or promote discrimination for or against religion or nonreligion." He pointed out that the line was "written with a nod and a wink, and it just goes to show how much craftier the obscurantists have become." This wording is a religion disclaimer from the Discovery Institute's model bill and is in all of the different variants of the bill in every state where it has been introduced. In early June 2010,

2318-426: A plan that would eliminate the Louisiana state income tax , which he felt would expand business investment in the state, and then raise sales taxes in order to keep the plan revenue-neutral. Self-styled taxpayer watchdog and former legislative aide C.B. Forgotston correctly predicted that Jindal's plan would fail to clear the legislature because of the higher sales taxes, the lack of needed support from Democrats, and

2440-556: A prominent critic of the Discovery Institute and the intelligent design movement, has explained that she thinks the law itself passed because, In Louisiana, we had no organizational framework to respond to [the Louisiana Science Education Act]. One of the ways that Florida, for example, has kept [creationism] out is they have a very active, well organized Florida Citizens for Science . At

2562-770: A recruit of any substance. Running against four Democrats, a Libertarian and four independents in the jungle primary , Jindal received 66% of the vote in the blanket primary, thereby winning election in the first round. In August 2011, the American Legislative Exchange Council (ALEC) awarded Jindal the Thomas Jefferson Freedom Award for "outstanding public service". On October 25, 2011, in preparing for his second term, Jindal tapped Republican state representative Chuck Kleckley of Lake Charles and State Senator John Alario of Westwego as his choices for Speaker of

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2684-456: A row from 2011 through 2015. The Louisiana Science Education Act is an "academic freedom law" based on the Discovery Institute 's academic freedom model statute. The LSEA allows teachers in public schools to use supplemental materials in the science classroom that are critical of established scientific theories "including, but not limited to, evolution, the origins of life, global warming and human cloning." Senator Nevers originally pre-filed

2806-541: A sound rationale. In modern times, the phrase critical thinking was coined by Pragmatist philosopher John Dewey in his book How We Think. As a type of intellectualism , the development of critical thinking is a means of critical analysis that applies rationality to develop a critique of the subject matter. According to the Foundation for Critical Thinking, in 1987 the U.S. National Council for Excellence in Critical Thinking defined critical thinking as

2928-477: A specific mental basis underpinning critical thinking. After undertaking research in schools, Edward M. Glaser proposed in 1941 that the ability to think critically involves three elements: Educational programs aimed at developing critical thinking in children and adult learners, individually or in group problem solving and decision making contexts, continue to address these same three central elements. The Critical Thinking project at Human Science Lab, London ,

3050-427: A statement saying that this legislation saved over 1,000 jobs, serves as a stimulus to Louisiana's economy, and had wide bipartisan support. Jindal oversaw one of the largest evacuations in U.S. history (nearly two million people) in late August 2008 prior to the Louisiana landfall of Hurricane Gustav . He issued mandatory evacuation orders for the state's coastal areas and activated 3,000 National Guardsman to aid in

3172-448: A statewide state of emergency due to the threat of subsidence and subsurface instability that threatens the lives and property of the citizens of the state. By the end of Jindal's second term, he saw a marked drop in his state popularity and problems such as a budget deficit and cuts to public expenditure. He could not stand for a third term because the governor of Louisiana is subject to term limits. In January 2013, Jindal released

3294-442: A strong way of critical thinking gives due consideration to establish for instance: In addition to possessing strong critical-thinking skills, one must be disposed to engage problems and decisions using those skills. Critical thinking employs not only logic but broad intellectual criteria such as clarity, credibility , accuracy , precision, relevance , depth, breadth , significance, and fairness. Critical thinking calls for

3416-564: A student at Baton Rouge Magnet High School , Zack Kopplin, launched a campaign to repeal the law as his high school senior project . He started working on a repeal with Barbara Forrest , who was an expert witness at the Kitzmiller v. Dover trial and was responsible for demonstrating intelligent design was simply creationism dressed up to appear scientific. According to Kopplin, he is organizing Louisiana "students, scientists, clergy, teachers, and business leaders in support of repealing

3538-649: A supernatural being created humankind shall be prohibited for use in science classes." [President of the Louisiana Family Forum, Rev. Gene Mills] referred to these statements as expressing "religious hostility" and "a cheap shot." In doing so, he revealed his true intent concerning both the LSEA and the BESE policy: to promote and protect the religious agenda of the LA Family Forum and its Discovery Institute accomplices. If, as Mills keeps insisting,

3660-401: Is a postulation by some writers that the tendencies from habits of mind should be thought as virtues to demonstrate the characteristics of a critical thinker. These intellectual virtues are ethical qualities that encourage motivation to think in particular ways towards specific circumstances. However, these virtues have also been criticized by skeptics who argue that the evidence is lacking for

3782-399: Is a renumbered and renamed version of SB 561, which was introduced earlier by Senator Nevers. Gene Mills, president of the Louisiana Family Forum, states that the bill is necessary to allow teachers to "critically present" evidence and "quit choosing sides when it comes to teaching students this controversial subject matter." Critics of the bill suggest that it is intended as an end-run around

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3904-406: Is also a former state senator, ran fourth with 161,425 (12 percent). The remaining candidates collectively polled three percent of the vote. This marked the first time that a non-incumbent candidate for governor was elected without a runoff under the Louisiana election system. As governor-elect, Jindal named a new ethics team, with Democratic Shreveport businesswoman Virginia Kilpatrick Shehee ,

4026-466: Is also worried about the process for parents to challenge supplemental materials brought into the classroom, because "the proposed procedure for reviewing challenged supplemental materials ... appears designed to provide a forum for promoting creationism . Barbara Forrest is the current Secretary for Americans United. Also, supporters of the law have openly admitted that its purpose is to bring creationism into public school science classrooms. In July 2010,

4148-628: Is an American politician who served as the 55th governor of Louisiana from 2008 to 2016. A member of the Republican Party , Jindal previously served as a U.S. representative from Louisiana from 2005 to 2008, and served as chair of the Republican Governors Association from 2012 to 2013. In 1995, Jindal was appointed secretary of the Louisiana Department of Health and Hospitals . In 1999, he

4270-443: Is crucial. All students must do their own thinking, their own construction of knowledge. Good teachers recognize this and therefore focus on the questions, readings, activities that stimulate the mind to take ownership of key concepts and principles underlying the subject. Historically, the teaching of critical thinking focused only on logical procedures such as formal and informal logic. This emphasized to students that good thinking

4392-583: Is equivalent to logical thinking. However, a second wave of critical thinking, urges educators to value conventional techniques, meanwhile expanding what it means to be a critical thinker. In 1994, Kerry Walters compiled a conglomeration of sources surpassing this logical restriction to include many different authors' research regarding connected knowing, empathy, gender-sensitive ideals, collaboration, world views, intellectual autonomy, morality and enlightenment. These concepts invite students to incorporate their own perspectives and experiences into their thinking. In

4514-507: Is essential. But so is the ability to be flexible and consider non-traditional alternatives and perspectives. These complementary functions are what allow for critical thinking to be a practice encompassing imagination and intuition in cooperation with traditional modes of deductive inquiry. The list of core critical thinking skills includes observation, interpretation, analysis, inference, evaluation, explanation, and metacognition . According to Reynolds (2011), an individual or group engaged in

4636-447: Is involved in the scientific study of all major educational systems in prevalence today to assess how the systems are working to promote or impede critical thinking. Contemporary cognitive psychology regards human reasoning as a complex process that is both reactive and reflective. This presents a problem that is detailed as a division of a critical mind in juxtaposition to sensory data and memory. The psychological theory disposes of

4758-414: Is relevant to the study of critical thinking. Logic is concerned with the analysis of arguments, including the appraisal of their correctness or incorrectness. In the field of epistemology , critical thinking is considered to be logically correct thinking, which allows for differentiation between logically true and logically false statements. In "First wave" logical thinking, the thinker is removed from

4880-750: Is supported by 78 Nobel laureate scientists, the City of New Orleans , the American Association for the Advancement of Science , the largest general science organization in the world with over 10 million members, and many other organizations. SB 70 was heard in the Senate Education Committee on May 26, 2011. After a heated debate, where in response to being presented the Nobel laureate letter, Senator Julie Quinn declared she

5002-485: Is technically a nonpartisan blanket primary ), Jindal finished first with 33 percent of the vote. He received endorsements from the largest paper in Louisiana, the Times-Picayune ; the newly elected Democratic mayor of New Orleans , Ray Nagin ; and the outgoing Republican governor, Mike Foster . In the second balloting, Jindal faced the outgoing lieutenant governor, Kathleen Babineaux Blanco of Lafayette ,

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5124-591: Is the California Measure of Mental Motivation and the California Critical Thinking Dispositions Inventory. The Critical Thinking Toolkit is an alternative measure that examines student beliefs and attitudes about critical thinking. John Dewey is one of many educational leaders who recognized that a curriculum aimed at building thinking skills would benefit the individual learner, the community, and

5246-662: Is the first of two sons of Raj (née Gupta) and Amar Jindal, from Punjab , India . His father is a civil engineer and graduate of Guru Nanak Dev University and Punjab University . His mother is a graduate of Rajasthan University and worked in nuclear physics at the Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research in Chandigarh . Before migrating to the United States, both of his parents were lecturers at an Indian engineering college. At

5368-651: Is to form a judgment through the application of rational , skeptical , and unbiased analyses and evaluation. In modern times, the use of the phrase critical thinking can be traced to John Dewey, who used the phrase reflective thinking, which depends on the knowledge base of an individual; the excellence of critical thinking in which an individual can engage varies according to it. According to philosopher Richard W. Paul, critical thinking and analysis are competencies that can be learned or trained. The application of critical thinking includes self-directed , self-disciplined , self-monitored , and self- corrective habits of

5490-762: The Botanical Society of America , the Natural Science Collections Alliance , the Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology , the Society of Systematic Biologists , and the Society for the Study of Evolution . Senator Ben Nevers , Chairman of the Louisiana Senate Education Committee, a Bogalusa Democrat , filed the "Louisiana Academic Freedom Act," (SB 561) on March 21, 2008. The bill

5612-669: The LNAT , the UKCAT , the BioMedical Admissions Test and the Thinking Skills Assessment . In Qatar , critical thinking was offered by Al-Bairaq - an outreach, non-traditional educational program that targeted high school students and focussed on a curriculum based on STEM fields . The idea behind this was to offer high school students the opportunity to connect with the research environment in

5734-470: The Livingston Parish school board discussed using this law to teach creationism in public school science class. The National Center for Science Education reported, The director of curriculum for [Livingston Parish] reportedly told the board that, under the Louisiana Science Education Act, schools are allowed to present "critical thinking and creationism" in science classes. The response from

5856-519: The Louisiana Board of Elementary and Secondary Education to adopt new biology books after creationists attempted to have the books thrown out. Then they also succeeded in killing a Louisiana House bill (HB 580) which was meant to weaken the Board of Elementary and Secondary Education's oversight of public school biology books and supplementary materials. Advocates of the bill argue that it does not concern Creationism. Advocates also argue that

5978-422: The Louisiana Department of Health and Hospitals , an agency that represented about 40 percent of the state budget and employed over 12,000 people. Foster called Jindal a genius who had a great deal of medical knowledge. Jindal was 24 at the time. During his tenure, Louisiana's Medicaid program went from bankruptcy with a $ 400 million deficit into three years of surpluses totaling $ 220 million. Jindal

6100-466: The "calculus of justification" but also considers " cognitive acts such as imagination , conceptual creativity, intuition and insight". These "functions" are focused on discovery, on more abstract processes instead of linear, rules-based approaches to problem-solving. The linear and non-sequential mind must both be engaged in the rational mind . The ability to critically analyze an argument — to dissect structure and components, thesis and reasons —

6222-418: The "intellectually disciplined process of actively and skillfully conceptualizing, applying, analyzing, synthesizing, or evaluating information gathered from, or generated by, observation, experience, reflection, reasoning, or communication, as a guide to belief and action." In the term critical thinking , the word critical , (Grk. κριτικός = kritikos = "critic") derives from the word critic and implies

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6344-868: The "psychic", who is eventually announced to be a fake. Critical thinking is considered important in the academic fields for enabling one to analyze, evaluate, explain, and restructure thinking, thereby ensuring the act of thinking without false belief. However, even with knowledge of the methods of logical inquiry and reasoning, mistakes occur, and due to a thinker's inability to apply the methodology consistently, and because of overruling character traits such as egocentrism . Critical thinking includes identification of prejudice , bias , propaganda, self-deception, distortion, misinformation , etc. Given research in cognitive psychology , some educators believe that schools should focus on teaching their students critical-thinking skills and cultivation of intellectual traits. Critical-thinking skills can be used to help nurses during

6466-465: The Center for Advanced Materials (CAM) at Qatar University. Faculty members train and mentor the students and help develop and enhance their critical thinking, problem-solving, and teamwork skills. In 1995, a meta-analysis of the literature on teaching effectiveness in higher education was undertaken. The study noted concerns from higher education , politicians , and business that higher education

6588-574: The Critical Thinking A-level. Cambridge International Examinations have an A-level in Thinking Skills. From 2008, Assessment and Qualifications Alliance has also been offering an A-level Critical Thinking specification. OCR exam board have also modified theirs for 2008. Many examinations for university entrance set by universities, on top of A-level examinations, also include a critical-thinking component, such as

6710-967: The English and Welsh school systems, Critical Thinking is offered as a subject that 16- to 18-year-olds can take as an A-Level . Under the OCR exam board , students can sit two exam papers for the AS: "Credibility of Evidence" and "Assessing and Developing Argument". The full Advanced GCE is now available: in addition to the two AS units, candidates sit the two papers "Resolution of Dilemmas" and "Critical Reasoning". The A-level tests candidates on their ability to think critically about, and analyze, arguments on their deductive or inductive validity, as well as producing their own arguments. It also tests their ability to analyze certain related topics such as credibility and ethical decision-making. However, due to its comparative lack of subject content, many universities do not accept it as

6832-675: The Future of Medicare , a 17-member panel charged with devising plans to reform Medicare . In 1999, at the request of the Louisiana governor's office and the Louisiana State Legislature , Jindal examined how Louisiana might use its $ 4.4 billion share of the tobacco settlement . In 1998, Jindal received the Samuel S. Beard Award for greatest public service by an individual 35 years old or under, an award given annually by Jefferson Awards . At 28 years of age in 1999, Jindal

6954-514: The House's amendments. Governor Bobby Jindal signed the legislation into law on June 25 making the LSEA Act 473 of 2008. Bills that would have repealed the LSEA were introduced by Senator Karen Carter Peterson as SB70 in 2011, SB374 in 2012, SB26 in 2013 and SB175 in 2014. SB70 failed to pass on a 1-5 vote by the Senate Education committee after an hour-long hearing. The bill was then deferred by

7076-603: The LSEA aids both in supplying the necessary critiques of the scientific theories, and also in providing the other viewpoints that are disregarded. Critical thinking Critical thinking is the process of analyzing available facts , evidence , observations , and arguments to make sound conclusions or informed choices. It involves recognizing underlying assumptions, providing justifications for ideas and actions, evaluating these justifications through comparisons with varying perspectives, and assessing their rationality and potential consequences. The goal of critical thinking

7198-426: The LSEA allows teachers to supplement additional information into the curricula that is not in the textbook and say that the bill does not mention Creationism, and Section D states: "This section shall not be construed to promote any religious doctrine, promote discrimination for or against a particular set of religious beliefs, or promote discrimination for or against religion or nonreligion." Furthermore, advocates of

7320-505: The LSEA were only intended to promote good science education and not to promote creationism, there would be no reason for him to object to the initial policy's prohibition against teaching "creationism or intelligent design or that advance the religious belief that a supernatural being created humankind. In the revised policy introduced at the S/SPS Committee meeting on January 13, 2009, the first statement had been deleted prior to

7442-428: The LSEA, stating that it was their "firm opinion ... that this law undermines the integrity of science and science education in Louisiana." They also announced that they would not consider hosting further conferences in New Orleans. The New Orleans Convention and Visitors Bureau estimated that losing the conference caused an economic loss to Louisiana of at least $ 2.7 million. SICB lifted their boycott in early 2013 after

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7564-564: The Louisiana House of Representatives and Louisiana Senate President , respectively. Both were confirmed by legislators. Alario is a long-term Democrat who switched parties prior to the 2011 elections. In January 2012, Jindal elevated John C. White , the short-term superintendent at the Recovery School District in New Orleans, to the position of state superintendent of education. In August 2012, Jindal declared

7686-451: The Louisiana Science Education Act." They convinced Senator Karen Carter Peterson , a Democrat from New Orleans , to sponsor their repeal bill. Representative Walt Leger III , who represents part of Senator Peterson's district, agreed to handle the legislation in the House. Senator Peterson introduced SB 70 to repeal the Louisiana Science Education Act on April 14, 2011. The repeal effort gained support nationally and internationally. It

7808-838: The New Orleans City Council and Orleans Parish School Board both rejected the teaching of creationism in science classes. Prominent critic of the Louisiana Science Education Act Zack Kopplin has stated that the law "leaves our students at a disadvantage when competing for jobs in the global economy. To illustrate this, he often humorously refers to the fact that when you search creationism on Monster.com or CareerBuilder you get "zero jobs," while when you search biology , you find over 1000. Professor of philosophy Barbara Forrest at Southeastern Louisiana University in Hammond,

7930-495: The ability to: In sum: "A persistent effort to examine any belief or supposed form of knowledge in the light of the evidence that supports or refutes it and the further conclusions to which it tends." The habits of mind that characterize a person strongly disposed toward critical thinking include a desire to follow reason and evidence wherever they may lead, a systematic approach to problem-solving, inquisitiveness , even-handedness, and confidence in reasoning . According to

8052-433: The absolute nature of the rational mind, in reference to conditions, abstract problems and discursive limitations. Where the relationship between critical-thinking skills and critical-thinking dispositions is an empirical question, the ability to attain causal domination exists, for which Socrates was known to be largely disposed against as the practice of Sophistry . Accounting for a measure of "critical-thinking dispositions"

8174-517: The amount and quality of critical thinking in a course (relative to face-to-face communication). There is some evidence to suggest a fourth, more nuanced possibility: that CMC may promote some aspects of critical thinking but hinder others. For example, Guiller et al. (2008) found that, relative to face-to-face discourse, online discourse featured more justifications, while face-to-face discourse featured more instances of students expanding on what others had said. The increase in justifications may be due to

8296-554: The area of increased charter schools. Jindal negotiated an agreement whereby Foster Farms, a private chicken processor, would receive $ 50 million in taxpayer funds to purchase a chicken processing plant owned by bankrupt Pilgrim's Pride . Some claimed there is a conflict of interest in that Pilgrim's Pride founder Lonnie "Bo" Pilgrim contributed $ 2500 to Jindal's campaign in 2007. Other contributors to Jindal's campaign who benefited from economic development spending include Albemarle and Edison Chouest Offshore. Jindal however released

8418-420: The assessment process. Through the use of critical thinking, nurses can question, evaluate, and reconstruct the nursing care process by challenging the established theory and practice. Critical-thinking skills can help nurses problem solve, reflect, and make a conclusive decision about the current situation they face. Critical thinking creates "new possibilities for the development of the nursing knowledge". Due to

8540-449: The asynchronous nature of online discussions, while the increase in expanding comments may be due to the spontaneity of 'real-time' discussion. Newman et al. (1995) showed similar differential effects. They found that while CMC boasted more important statements and linking of ideas, it lacked novelty. The authors suggest that this may be due to difficulties participating in a brainstorming-style activity in an asynchronous environment. Rather,

8662-864: The asynchrony may promote users to put forth "considered, thought out contributions". Researchers assessing critical thinking in online discussion forums often employ a technique called Content Analysis, where the text of online discourse (or the transcription of face-to-face discourse) is systematically coded for different kinds of statements relating to critical thinking. For example, a statement might be coded as "Discuss ambiguities to clear them up" or "Welcoming outside knowledge" as positive indicators of critical thinking. Conversely, statements reflecting poor critical thinking may be labeled as "Sticking to prejudice or assumptions" or "Squashing attempts to bring in outside knowledge". The frequency of these codes in CMC and face-to-face discourse can be compared to draw conclusions about

8784-587: The bill argue it is necessary for three reasons. First, the supplementation provided for by the LSEA is needed to keep the science textbooks updated, because Biology textbooks are often already falling behind modern research by the time they are written, edited, and published. Second, most science textbooks have several, if not dozens, of known errors that can be solved with supplementation. Third, many science books are faulty of focusing on only one viewpoint when discussing controversial issues, and further do not accurately critique their proposed theory. Advocates argue that

8906-599: The bill as the Louisiana Education Freedom Act (SB 561), at the behest of the Louisiana Family Forum to allow creationism to be taught in public schools. "They (the Louisiana Family Forum) believe that scientific data related to creationism should be discussed when dealing with Darwin's theory. This would allow the discussion of scientific facts," Nevers said. The Louisiana Science Education Act, SB 733, introduced April 17, 2008,

9028-546: The board was enthusiastic, with David Tate asking, "Why can't we get someone with religious beliefs to teach creationism?" and Clint Mitchell adding, "Teachers should have the freedom to look at creationism and find a way to get it into the classroom." James Gill, who writes for the New Orleans Times Picayune criticized a caveat from the law text stating that it should not be construed "to promote any religious doctrine, promote discrimination for or against

9150-577: The college. Critical thinking is also considered important for human rights education for toleration . The Declaration of Principles on Tolerance adopted by UNESCO in 1995 affirms that "education for tolerance could aim at countering factors that lead to fear and exclusion of others, and could help young people to develop capacities for independent judgement, critical thinking and ethical reasoning ". The advent and rising popularity of online courses have prompted some to ask if computer-mediated communication (CMC) promotes, hinders, or has no effect on

9272-399: The committee ending consideration on the legislation for the year. SB374 was rejected by the Senate Education committee in a 2-1 vote with four abstentions. The third attempt to repeal the measure met again with failure when the Senate Education Committee voted 3-2 to defer the bill on May 1, 2013. The fourth attempt was rejected in a 3-1 vote on April 24, 2014. The fifth attempt was rejected in

9394-527: The differential credibility and expertise of individuals. Further evidence for the impact of social experience on the development of critical-thinking skills comes from work that found that 6- to 7-year-olds from China have similar levels of skepticism to 10- and 11-year-olds in the United States. If the development of critical-thinking skills was solely due to maturation, it is unlikely we would see such dramatic differences across cultures. Bobby Jindal Piyush " Bobby " Jindal (born June 10, 1971 )

9516-534: The election in 2003, the run for governor made Jindal a well-known figure on the state's political scene and a rising star within the Republican Party. A few weeks after the 2003 gubernatorial runoff, Jindal decided to run for Louisiana's 1st congressional district . The incumbent, David Vitter , was running for the Senate seat being vacated by John Breaux . The Louisiana Republican Party endorsed him in

9638-604: The entire democracy. Critical thinking is significant in the learning process of internalization , in the construction of basic ideas, principles, and theories inherent in content. And critical thinking is significant in the learning process of application, whereby those ideas, principles, and theories are implemented effectively as they become relevant in learners' lives. Each discipline adapts its use of critical-thinking concepts and principles. The core concepts are always there, but they are embedded in subject-specific content. For students to learn content, intellectual engagement

9760-409: The exodus. He also ordered the state to purchase generators to provide needed power to hospitals and nursing homes without power. Government officials vacated hospitals and nursing homes and put the poor, the ill, and the elderly on buses and trains out of town. The evacuation was credited as one reason that Gustav resulted in only 16 deaths in the U.S. The state's successful response to Hurricane Gustav

9882-409: The federal ban on the teaching of creationism in public schools, and say that the sole purpose of the law is to provide legal cover to educators who want to include fundamentalist scriptural interpretations other than the science curriculum in relation to the teaching of evolution, in contravention of court rulings in cases such as Edwards v. Aguillard and Kitzmiller v. Dover , something opposed by

10004-457: The first woman to have served in the state senate, as the vice-chairman of the panel. Jindal assumed the position of governor when he took the oath of office on January 14, 2008. At thirty-six, he became the youngest sitting governor in the United States. He is also Louisiana's first non-white governor since P. B. S. Pinchback served for thirty-five days during Reconstruction , and the first non-white governor to be elected (Pinchback succeeded to

10126-731: The framework of scientific skepticism , the process of critical thinking involves the careful acquisition and interpretation of information and use of it to reach a well-justified conclusion. The concepts and principles of critical thinking can be applied to any context or case but only by reflecting upon the nature of that application. Critical thinking forms, therefore, a system of related, and overlapping, modes of thought such as anthropological thinking, sociological thinking, historical thinking, political thinking, psychological thinking, philosophical thinking, mathematical thinking, chemical thinking, biological thinking, ecological thinking, legal thinking, ethical thinking, musical thinking, thinking like

10248-445: The good thinker necessarily aims for styles of examination and appraisal that are analytical, abstract, universal, and objective. This model of thinking has become so entrenched in conventional academic wisdom that many educators accept it as canon". Such principles are concomitant with the increasing dependence on a quantitative understanding of the world. In the 'second wave' of critical thinking, authors consciously moved away from

10370-465: The governor pushed for increased federal dollars to cover rising Medicaid costs, speeding the construction of hurricane-protection barriers, and financing the proposed Louisiana State University teaching hospital. During a town hall meeting, Obama praised Jindal as a "hard working man who is doing a good job" for the State, and expressed support for the governor's overhaul of the State's educational system in

10492-550: The growth of Medicaid saying "Congress may act without them...there seems to be growing momentum that the status quo is not defensible." Jindal praised Bush's leadership on social security reform, saying "The administration has a lot more work to do to continue educating the American people about the very serious challenges facing Social Security." In response to Hurricane Katrina , Jindal stated "If we had been investing resources in restoring our coast, it wouldn't have prevented

10614-518: The implications of the statement under analysis, thereby tracing the implications of thought and action . As a form of co-operative argumentation , Socratic questioning requires the comparative judgment of facts, which answers then would reveal the person's irrational thinking and lack of verifiable knowledge. Socrates also demonstrated that Authority does not ensure accurate, verifiable knowledge; thus, Socratic questioning analyses beliefs, assumptions, and presumptions, by relying upon evidence and

10736-400: The importance of encouraging open dialogue within a supportive environment. Effective strategies for teaching critical thinking are thought to be possible in a wide variety of educational settings. One attempt to assess the humanities ' role in teaching critical thinking and reducing belief in pseudoscientific claims was made at North Carolina State University . Some success was noted and

10858-436: The laws of Athens and the guiding voice that Socrates claims to hear. Socrates established the unreliability of Authority and of authority figures to possess knowledge and consequent insight; that for an individual man or woman to lead a good life that is worth living, that person must ask critical questions and possess an interrogative soul, which seeks evidence and then closely examines the available facts, and then follows

10980-622: The likelihood that the plan would not increase overall state revenues. On April 8, 2013, the first day of the legislative session, Jindal dropped the plan after acknowledging some negative response to the plan from legislators and the public, but said he would still like the legislature to formulate its own plan that could end the state income tax. Jindal announced, in September 2014, a six-point energy platform that would, among other things, open up energy production on federal land and eliminated proposed carbon restrictions. In 2017, Jindal took

11102-815: The logocentric mode of critical thinking characteristic of the 'first wave'. Although many scholars began to take a less exclusive view of what constitutes critical thinking, rationality and logic remain widely accepted as essential bases for critical thinking. Walters argues that exclusive logicism in the first wave sense is based on "the unwarranted assumption that good thinking is reducible to logical thinking". There are three types of logical reasoning . Informally, two kinds of logical reasoning can be distinguished in addition to formal deduction , which are induction and abduction . Kerry S. Walters , an emeritus philosophy professor from Gettysburg College , argues that rationality demands more than just logical or traditional methods of problem solving and analysis or what he calls

11224-438: The meeting. To the second statement, another had been added: "Evaluations of supplementary materials shall be made without regard to the religious or non-religious beliefs and affiliations of the authors of supplementary materials." This new sentence was clearly added to prohibit any supplemental material from being challenged based on its having been authored by creationists. The Americans United for Separation of Church and State

11346-411: The mind, as critical thinking is not a natural process; it must be induced, and ownership of the process must be taken for successful questioning and reasoning. Critical thinking presupposes a rigorous commitment to overcome egocentrism and sociocentrism , that leads to a mindful command of effective communication and problem solving . In the classical period (5th c.–4th c. BC) of Ancient Greece,

11468-702: The only one until Nikki Haley became Governor of South Carolina in 2011. On June 24, 2015, Jindal announced his candidacy for the Republican nomination in the 2016 presidential election . He suspended his campaign in November 2015, subsequently announcing his support for Marco Rubio . He finished his term as governor in January 2016. Jindal was born on June 10, 1971, in Baton Rouge , Louisiana , to immigrant Indian Punjabi Hindu parents. He

11590-418: The outcome variable. The authors describe the various methodological approaches and attempt to categorize differing assessment tools, which include standardized tests (and second-source measures), tests developed by teachers, tests developed by researchers, and tests developed by teachers who also serve the role as the researcher . The results emphasized the need for exposing students to real-world problems and

11712-529: The pay raise legislation, stating that he made a mistake by staying out of the pay raise issue. In response, the petitioners dropped their recall effort. Standard and Poor's raised Louisiana's bond rating and credit outlook from stable to positive in 2009. In announcing this change, the organization gave credit to the state's strong management and "commitment to streamlining its government functions." Jindal met with President Barack Obama in October 2009 where

11834-457: The philosopher Plato (428–347 BC) indicated that the teachings of Socrates (470–399 BC) are the earliest records of what today is called critical thinking. In an early dialogue by Plato, the philosopher Socrates debates several speakers about the ethical matter of the rightness or wrongness of Socrates escaping from prison. Upon consideration, Plato concluded that to escape prison would violate everything he believes to be greater than himself:

11956-501: The policy contained two crucial statements that would have prohibited school districts from doing what the legislative sponsors and creationist authors of the LA Science Education Act designed the law to allow them to do: (1) "Religious beliefs shall not be advanced under the guise of encouraging critical thinking"; and (2) "Materials that teach creationism or intelligent design or that advance the religious belief that

12078-458: The position of lieutenant governor on the death of Oscar Dunn , then to governor upon the impeachment of Henry Clay Warmoth ). Additionally, Jindal became the first Indian American to be elected governor of any state in the United States. In a salute to the 2007 LSU Tigers football national championship team during his January 14, 2008, inauguration speech, Jindal stated in part "...They revere our athletes. Geaux Tigers...." In 2008, Jindal

12200-485: The primary although Mike Rogers, also a Republican, was running for the same seat. The 1st District has been in Republican hands since a 1977 special election and is widely considered to be staunchly conservative. Jindal's campaign was able to raise over $ 1 million very early in the campaign, making it harder for other candidates to effectively raise funds to oppose him. He won the 2004 election with 78 percent of

12322-479: The principal policy adviser to the Secretary of Health and Human Services . He resigned from that post on February 21, 2003, to return to Louisiana and run for governor. He was assigned to help fight the nurse shortage by examining steps to improve nursing education . Jindal came to national prominence during the 2003 election for governor of Louisiana. In what Louisianans call an " open primary " (but which

12444-500: The quality of critical thinking. Searching for evidence of critical thinking in discourse has roots in a definition of critical thinking put forth by Kuhn (1991), which emphasizes the social nature of discussion and knowledge construction. There is limited research on the role of social experience in critical thinking development, but there is some evidence to suggest it is an important factor. For example, research has shown that three- to four-year-old children can discern, to some extent,

12566-540: The race, and he remained the favorite throughout the campaign. He defeated eleven opponents in the nonpartisan blanket primary held on October 20, including two prominent Democrats, State Senator Walter Boasso of Chalmette and Louisiana Public Service Commissioner Foster Campbell of Bossier City , and an independent , New Orleans businessman John Georges . Jindal finished with 699,672 votes (54 percent). Boasso ran second with 226,364 votes (17 percent). Georges finished with 186,800 (14 percent), and Campbell, who

12688-527: The researchers emphasized the value of the humanities in providing the skills to evaluate current events and qualitative data in context. Scott Lilienfeld notes that there is some evidence to suggest that basic critical-thinking skills might be successfully taught to children at a younger age than previously thought. Critical thinking is an important element of all professional fields and academic disciplines (by referencing their respective sets of permissible questions, evidence sources, criteria, etc.). Within

12810-650: The scientific community. On June 3, 2008, The American Institute of Biological Sciences sent a letter to House Speaker Jim Tucker opposing SB 733. On June 20, 2008, AIBS and seven other societies sent a letter to Governor Bobby Jindal requesting that he veto SB733. The requesting societies included the American Institute of Biological Sciences, the American Ornithologists Union , the American Society of Mammalogists ,

12932-751: The sociocultural, environmental, and political issues that are affecting healthcare delivery, it would be helpful to embody new techniques in nursing. Nurses can also engage their critical-thinking skills through the Socratic method of dialogue and reflection. This practice standard is even part of some regulatory organizations such as the College of Nurses of Ontario's Professional Standards for Continuing Competencies (2006). It requires nurses to engage in Reflective Practice and keep records of this continued professional development for possible review by

13054-652: The storm, but the barrier islands would have absorbed some of the tidal surge." He was made vice-chairman of the House Subcommittee on the Prevention of Nuclear and Biological Attacks. Jindal served as president of the incoming freshman class of congressmen, in 2004. He was elected to the position of House assistant majority whip, a senior leadership role. He served in this capacity from 2004 to 2006. On January 22, 2007, Jindal announced his candidacy for governor. Polling data showed him with an early lead in

13176-526: The substitute bill to the Senate. The bill was passed by the Senate on April 28 by a unanimous vote of 35 to 0. The Louisiana House referred LSEA to the Committee on Education on April 30. The House Committee on Education reported the bill favorably on May 21 by a unanimous vote of 14 to 0. The full House passed the legislation by a vote of 94 to 3 on June 11, 2008. On June 16 the Senate unanimously accepted

13298-527: The time of their move to the U.S., Raj Jindal was to be a doctoral candidate in physics. They left Malerkotla , Punjab in January 1971, six months before their son was born. Jindal's paternal grandfather was a merchant from Khanpur , Samrala and his maternal grandfather was a Ferozepur banker. The family settled near Louisiana State University . Jindal attended Baton Rouge Magnet High School , graduating in 1988. While in high school, he competed in tennis tournaments, started various enterprises such as

13420-505: The time we didn't have that. I and a couple of people, very, very quickly, had to get something together. [Although] there weren't very many of us ... we did put up some opposition, but Louisiana Family Forum had been planning such a move probably since their founding in 1998. Zack Kopplin began an effort to repeal the LSEA while he was a Senior in high school in 2010. His repeal bill was sponsored by Senator Karen Carter Peterson . The Louisiana Science Education Act has been characterized as

13542-503: The train of thought, and the analysis of connections between concepts or points in thought is ostensibly free of any bias. In his essay Beyond Logicism in Critical Thinking Kerry S. Walters describes this ideology thus: "A logistic approach to critical thinking conveys the message to students that thinking is legitimate only when it conforms to the procedures of informal (and, to a lesser extent, formal) logic and that

13664-579: The vote. Jindal was only the second Indian-American to be elected to the United States Congress, after Dalip Singh Saund was elected in November 1955. Jindal won re-election to a second term with 88% of the vote. He was the second Indian American elected to Congress. He has reportedly lived in Kenner , Metairie , and Baton Rouge . In 2005, Jindal criticized Bush's budget for not calling for enough spending cuts. He warned of

13786-406: Was "tired of seeing little letters behind everyone's names," the Senate Education Committee voted 5-1 to defer action on SB 70, in effect killing it. The sole vote for SB 70 was Senator Yvonne Dorsey . The bill was introduced and rejected again from 2012 through 2015, see section Repeal attempts . In 2013 Kopplin said about Bobby Jindal: "I expect this law bothers him as much as it bothers me. He's

13908-461: Was appointed president of the University of Louisiana System . At 28, Jindal became the youngest person to hold the position. In 2001, President George W. Bush appointed Jindal as principal adviser to the U.S. Secretary of Health and Human Services . Jindal first ran for governor of Louisiana in 2003 , but lost in the runoff election to Democratic candidate Kathleen Blanco . In 2004, he

14030-538: Was appointed to become the youngest-ever president of the University of Louisiana System , the nation's 16th largest system of higher education with over 80,000 students. In March 2001, he was nominated by President George W. Bush to be Assistant Secretary of Health and Human Services for Planning and Evaluation . He was later unanimously confirmed by a vote of the United States Senate and began serving on July 9, 2001. In that position, he served as

14152-561: Was criticized during the 2007 campaign by the Louisiana AFL–CIO for closing some local clinics to reach that surplus. Under Jindal's term, Louisiana nationally rose to third place in child healthcare screenings, with child immunizations rising, and introduced new and expanded services for the elderly and the disabled. In 1998, Jindal was appointed executive director of the National Bipartisan Commission on

14274-475: Was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives , becoming the second Indian American in Congress, and he was reelected in 2006. To date, he is the only Indian American Republican to have ever served in Congress. Jindal ran for governor again in the 2007 election and won. Jindal was re-elected in 2011 in a landslide, winning more than 65 percent of the vote. He was the first Indian American governor, and

14396-476: Was failing to meet society's requirements for well-educated citizens. It concluded that although faculty may aspire to develop students' thinking skills, in practice they have tended to aim at facts and concepts utilizing lowest levels of cognition , rather than developing intellect or values . In a more recent meta-analysis, researchers reviewed 341 quasi- or true-experimental studies, all of which used some form of standardized critical-thinking measure to assess

14518-479: Was heard by the Senate Education committee on April 17. When introducing his legislation to the education committee, Senator Nevers substituted the original bill with SB733, the "Louisiana Science Education Act" or LSEA. After hearing two proponents in addition to Senator Nevers and approximately twenty opponents, the Education committee voted in favor of the legislation. On April 22, the Education committee presented

14640-580: Was in stark contrast to the failed hurricane response system for Hurricane Katrina in 2005. Jindal received bipartisan praise for his leadership during Gustav. Jindal had been scheduled to address the Republican National Convention, but cancelled his plans in order to focus on Louisiana's needs during the storm. Jindal announced his intention to seek reelection in 2011. In the face of Jindal's high approval ratings and big amounts of campaign funds , Democrats struggled to land

14762-460: Was named to the 1992 USA Today All-USA Academic Team. He applied to and was accepted by both Harvard Medical School and Yale Law School , but studied as a Rhodes Scholar where he received an MLitt in political science with an emphasis in health policy from New College, Oxford in 1994. The subject of his thesis was "A needs-based approach to health care". After completing his studies at Oxford, Jindal turned down an offer to study for

14884-485: Was ranked one of the nation's most popular governors with an approval rating of 77%. Thereafter, Janice Clark, a state district court judge in Baton Rouge, declared that portion of the law enhancing the retirement benefits of Edmonson to be unconstitutional. On June 27, 2008, Louisiana's Secretary of State confirmed that a recall petition had been filed against Jindal in response to Jindal's refusal to veto

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