Economic geography is the subfield of human geography that studies economic activity and factors affecting it. It can also be considered a subfield or method in economics .
40-490: The Loddon Mallee is an economic rural region located in the north-western part of Victoria , Australia . Occupying more than a quarter of the state, it stretches from Greater Melbourne to the northernmost point of Victoria, sharing a border with South Australia and New South Wales , and has one of the most consistently warm climates in Victoria. It has two major regional cities Bendigo and Mildura and also contains
80-428: A cohesive core sub-graph in which the nodes are highly interconnected, and the second is made up of a peripheral set of nodes that is loosely connected to the core. In an ideal core–periphery matrix, core nodes are adjacent to other core nodes and to some peripheral nodes while peripheral nodes are not connected with other peripheral nodes (Borgatti & Everett, 2000, p. 378). This requires, however, that there be an
120-449: A core–periphery structure has a long history in disciplines such as sociology , international relations (Nemeth & Smith, 1985), and economics (Snyder & Kick, 1979). Observed trade flows and diplomatic ties among countries fit this structure. Paul Krugman (1991) suggests that when transportation costs are low enough manufacturers concentrate in a single region known as the core and other regions (the periphery) limit themselves to
160-446: A focus on the firm as the most important unit and on growth rather than development of regions. As a result, the actual impact of clusters on a region is given far less attention, relative to the focus on clustering of related activities in a region. However, the focus on the firm as the main entity of significance hinders the discussion of New Economic Geography. It limits the discussion in a national and global context and confines it to
200-469: A geographer may also examine material flow, commodity flow, population flow and information flow from different parts of the economic activity system. Through analysis of flow and production, industrial areas, rural and urban residential areas, transportation site, commercial service facilities and finance and other economic centers are linked together in an economic activity system. Thematically, economic geography can be divided into these subdisciplines: It
240-492: A large impact on the field: the article became a rallying point for the younger generation of economic geographers who were intent on reinventing the discipline as a science, and quantitative methods began to prevail in research. Well-known economic geographers of this period include William Garrison , Brian Berry , Waldo Tobler , Peter Haggett and William Bunge . Contemporary economic geographers tend to specialize in areas such as location theory and spatial analysis (with
280-627: A more holistic approach to the analysis of economic phenomena, which is to conceptualize a problem in terms of space, place, and scale as well as the overt economic problem that is being examined. The economist approach, according to some economic geographers, has the main drawback of homogenizing the economic world in ways economic geographers try to avoid. With the rise of the New Economy , economic inequalities are increasing spatially. The New Economy, generally characterized by globalization, increasing use of information and communications technology,
320-426: A priori partition that indicates whether a node belongs to the core or periphery. This model allows for the existence of three or more partitions of node classes. However, including more classes makes modifications to the discrete model more difficult. Borgatti & Everett (1999) suggest that, in order to overcome this problem, each node be assigned a measure of ‘coreness’ that will determine its class. Nevertheless,
360-556: A smaller scale context. It also places limits on the nature of the firm's activities and their position within the global value chain. Further work done by Bjorn Asheim (2001) and Gernot Grabher (2002) challenges the idea of the firm through action-research approaches and mapping organizational forms and their linkages. In short, the focus on the firm in new economic geographies is undertheorized in NEG1 and undercontextualized in NEG2, which limits
400-400: A switch from manufacturing-based economies to the digital economy. In these sectors, competition makes technological changes robust. These high technology sectors rely heavily on interpersonal relationships and trust, as developing things like software is very different from other kinds of industrial manufacturing—it requires intense levels of cooperation between many different people, as well as
440-410: Is a network theory model. There are two main intuitions behind the definition of core–periphery network structures; one assumes that a network can only have one core, whereas the other allows for the possibility of multiple cores. These two intuitive conceptions serve as the basis for two modes of core–periphery structures. This model assumes that there are two classes of nodes. The first consists of
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#1732779524370480-432: Is evidence by the overrepresentation of women and ethnic minorities in lower-paid service sector jobs. These divisions in the new economy are much more difficult to overcome as a result of few clear pathways of progression to higher-skilled work. The study of geography, in terms of how it has shaped or impacted on the settlement, location of resources, trade routes, shows how geography has shaped economic history. One of
520-449: Is impossible without geography, and geography is incomplete without economics. World War II contributed to the popularization of geographical knowledge generally, and post-war economic recovery and development contributed to the growth of economic geography as a discipline. During environmental determinism 's time of popularity, Ellsworth Huntington and his theory of climatic determinism , while later greatly criticized, notably influenced
560-525: Is located along two major transport corridors, the Calder Highway corridor linking Melbourne to Bendigo and Mildura and the interstate Sturt Highway corridor linking Sydney to Mildura and Adelaide . The region comprises two distinct and inter-connected sub-regions or districts: Loddon Campaspe and Mallee . For the purposes of Australian federal elections for the House of Representatives ,
600-630: Is sometimes approached as a branch of anthropogeography that focuses on regional systems of human economic activity. An alternative description of different approaches to the study of human economic activity can be organized around spatiotemporal analysis, analysis of production/consumption of economic items, and analysis of economic flow. Spatiotemporal systems of analysis include economic activities of region, mixed social spaces, and development. Alternatively, analysis may focus on production, exchange, distribution, and consumption of items of economic activity. Allowing parameters of space-time and item to vary,
640-620: Is traditionally considered the branch of economic geography that investigates those parts of the Earth's surface that are transformed by humans through primary sector activities. It thus focuses on structures of agricultural landscapes and asks for the processes that lead to these spatial patterns. While most research in this area concentrates rather on production than on consumption,[1] a distinction can be made between nomothetic (e.g. distribution of spatial agricultural patterns and processes) and idiographic research (e.g. human-environment interaction and
680-615: The Murray Sunset National Park , Big Desert Wilderness Park , Wyperfeld National Park , Hattah - Kulkyne National Park , Kooyoora State Park and Greater Bendigo National Park . Economic geography Economic geography takes a variety of approaches to many different topics, including the location of industries, economies of agglomeration (also known as "linkages"), transportation , international trade , development, real estate , gentrification , ethnic economies, gendered economies, core-periphery theory,
720-442: The economics of urban form , the relationship between the environment and the economy (tying into a long history of geographers studying culture-environment interaction), and globalization . There are diverse methodological approaches in the field of location theory. Neoclassical location theorists , following in the tradition of Alfred Weber , often concentrate on industrial location and employ quantitative methods. However, since
760-498: The 1970s, two major reactions against neoclassical approaches have reshaped the discipline. One is Marxist political economy, stemming from the contributions of scholars like David Harvey , which offers a critical perspective on spatial economics. The other is the new economic geography, which considers social, cultural, and institutional factors alongside economic aspects in understanding spatial phenomena. Economists like Paul Krugman and Jeffrey Sachs have contributed extensively to
800-618: The Loddon Mallee region is contained within all or part of the electoral divisions of Bendigo , Mallee , McEwen and Nicholls . For the purposes of Victorian elections for the Legislative Assembly , the Loddon Mallee region is contained within all or part of the electoral districts of Bendigo East , Bendigo West , Euroa , Macedon , Mildura , Murray Plains and Ripon . The region contains ten local government areas , which are: The Loddon Malle region contains
840-441: The analysis of economic geography. Krugman, in particular, referred to his application of spatial thinking to international trade theory as the "new economic geography," which presents a competing perspective to a similarly named approach within the discipline of geography. This overlap in terminology can lead to confusion. As an alternative, some scholars have proposed using the term "geographical economics" to differentiate between
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#1732779524370880-592: The commercial experience, for example Khyber Pass. Agriculture and the Climate Climate too plays a very important role in determining the pace of economic development. The results also indicated that the level of productivity in agriculturally dominated regions was higher where the weather was moderate. For instance, the Mediterranean environment creates employment in the Southern Europe through
920-571: The contemporary world is still defined through its widening social and spatial divisions, most of which are increasingly gendered. Danny Quah explains these spatial divisions through the characteristics of knowledge goods in the New Economy: goods defined by their infinite expansibility, weightlessness, and nonrivalry . Social divisions are expressed through new spatial segregation that illustrates spatial sorting by income, ethnicity, abilities, needs, and lifestyle preferences. Employment segregation
960-426: The core. It is possible to find that a set of highly central nodes in a graph does not make an internally cohesive subgraph (Borgatti & Everett, 2000)... The concept was first introduced into economics as "centre-periphery" by Raúl Prebisch in the 1950s, but the origin of the idea could ultimately be traced back to Thünen 's Isolated State (1826). However, the qualitative notion that social networks can have
1000-415: The discussion of its impact on spatial economic development. Spatial divisions within these arising New Economic geographies are apparent in the form of the digital divide , as a result of regions attracting talented workers instead of developing skills at a local level (see Creative Class for further reading). Despite increasing inter-connectivity through developing information communication technologies,
1040-539: The entire China with its influence on Yangtze River. The present is still true for a river like the Mississippi in order to efficiently transport products. Meanwhile geographical hindrances which include deserts, mountains among others make trade challenging. Sahara Desert needed some trade routes that were strictly depended on the oases while Himalayas separated some places like Tibet. However, there are some well-developed mountain passes, which play an essential role in
1080-575: The field. Valuable contributions also came from location theorists such as Johann Heinrich von Thünen or Alfred Weber . Other influential theories include Walter Christaller 's Central place theory , the theory of core and periphery. Fred K. Schaefer 's article "Exceptionalism in geography: A Methodological Examination", published in the American journal Annals of the Association of American Geographers , and his critique of regionalism, made
1120-399: The growth of knowledge goods, and feminization, has enabled economic geographers to study social and spatial divisions caused by the rising New Economy, including the emerging digital divide . The new economic geographies consist of primarily service-based sectors of the economy that use innovative technology, such as industries where people rely on computers and the internet. Within these is
1160-459: The help of geographic information systems ), market research, geography of transportation, real estate price evaluation, regional and global development, planning, Internet geography , innovation, social networks . As economic geography is a very broad discipline, with economic geographers using many different methodologies in the study of economic phenomena in the world some distinct approaches to study have evolved over time: Economic geography
1200-689: The major settlements of Castlemaine , Echuca , Gisborne , Kerang , Kyneton , Maryborough , Swan Hill , Wedderburn and Wycheproof . Comprising an area in excess of 58,000 square kilometres (22,000 sq mi) this is the largest region in Victoria hosting a population of over 348,000 people. The Loddon Malle region includes the Shire of Buloke , Shire of Campaspe , Shire of Central Goldfields , Shire of Gannawarra , City of Greater Bendigo , Shire of Loddon , Shire of Macedon Ranges , Rural City of Mildura , Shire of Mount Alexander and Rural City of Swan Hill local government areas . The Loddon Mallee region
1240-421: The native people, the climate, the landscape, and the productivity of various locations. These early accounts encouraged the development of transcontinental trade patterns and ushered in the era of mercantilism . Lindley M. Keasbey wrote in 1901 that no discipline of economic geography existed, with scholars either doing geography or economics. Keasbey argued for a discipline of economic geography, writing, On
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1280-1046: The ocean. But the cost of transport is comparatively higher in the land locked countries. Despite what technology has made geography do to us, it is possible to weigh in on the future course that our future economic plans are to take through gaining an understanding of geography’s far reaching implications. Citations: [1] https://study.com/academy/lesson/how-geographical-features-impact-economic-activity.html [2] https://www.bb.org.bd/pub/research/workingpaper/wp1615.pdf [3] https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/display/document/obo-9780199874002/obo-9780199874002-0146.xml [4] https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/016001799761012334 [5] https://www.hks.harvard.edu/centers/cid/publications/faculty-working-papers/geography-and-economic-development [6] https://shs.cairn.info/revue-recherches-economiques-de-louvain-2011-2-page-141?lang=fr [7] https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233996238_Geography_and_Economic_Development [8] https://www.jstor.org/stable/857 Core-periphery Core–periphery structure
1320-435: The one hand, the economic activities of man are determined from the first by the phenomena of nature; and, on the other hand, the phenomena of nature are subsequently modified by the economic activities of man. Since this is the case, to start the deductions of economics, the inductions of geography are necessary; and to continue the inductions of geography, the deductions of economics are required. Logically, therefore, economics
1360-596: The period of exploration were able to take advantages of the geographical opportunities, while the initial farm based communities were found to be developed in the Fertile Crescent. Sea channels connected continents for the primary aim of the acquisition of resources in the Atlantic Slave trade. Contemporary Consequences Geographical barriers continue to impact the economic outcomes in the present situation. Maritime trade benefits countries that are bordering
1400-405: The promotion of the sale of olive oil and wines. On the other hand, in desert region, creativity in matters concerning the use of water as a resource is well hammered when there is no innovation in the use of water.. Historical Background Historically, geography has influenced whether some parts of the world are indeed capable of supporting civilization at any one point in time. Colonial powers during
1440-535: The reasons why interactions between geographic characteristics and economic activity can be convoluted is because the said characteristics are the primary cause by which the emergence or decline of civilizations. Transportation and Trade In the past rivers and water ways have remained critical transport channels. In the Nile, river, one of the first civilization icons of Egypt benefited from transport of goods and farming. Similarly it proliferated economic unification across
1480-566: The shaping of agricultural landscapes). The latter approach of agricultural geography is often applied within regional geography. These areas of study may overlap with other geographical sciences . Generally, spatially interested economists study the effects of space on the economy . Geographers, on the other hand, are interested in the economic processes' impact on spatial structures . Moreover, economists and economic geographers differ in their methods in approaching spatial-economic problems in several ways. An economic geographer will often take
1520-513: The threshold of what constitutes a high ‘coreness’ value must be justified theoretically. Hubs are commonly found in empirical networks and pose a problem for community detection as they usually have strong ties to many communities. Identifying core–periphery structures can help circumvent this problem by categorizing hubs as part of the network's core (Rombach et al., 2014, p. 160). Likewise, though all core nodes have high centrality measures, not all nodes with high centrality measures belong to
1560-620: The two approaches. Early approaches to economic geography are found in the seven Chinese maps of the State of Qin , which date to the 4th century BC and in the Greek geographer Strabo 's Geographika , compiled almost 2000 years ago. As cartography developed, geographers illuminated many aspects used today in the field; maps created by different European powers described the resources likely to be found in American, African, and Asian territories. The earliest travel journals included descriptions of
1600-626: The use of tacit knowledge . As a result of cooperation becoming a necessity, there is a clustering in the high-tech new economy of many firms. Diane Perrons argues that in Anglo-American literature, the New Economy Geography consists of two distinct types. Both New Economic Geographies acknowledge transport costs, the importance of knowledge in a new economy, possible effects of externalities, and endogenous processes that generate increases in productivity. The two also share
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