32-620: The Bristol Lodekka is a half-cab low-height step-free double-decker bus built by Bristol Commercial Vehicles in England. It was the first production bus design to have step-free access from passenger entrance throughout the lower deck. The purpose of the Bristol Lodekka's design was to replace the traditional step-entrance and side-gangway lowbridge double-deck bus layout that had been widely disliked by both bus passengers and bus operating companies. Bristol's design lowered
64-506: A generally northern direction, being joined by the tributaries of the rivers Machno and Afon Lledr before reaching Betws-y-coed , where it is also joined by Llugwy . From Betws-y-coed the river continues to flow north through Llanrwst , Trefriw (where it is joined by the Afon Crafnant ) and Dolgarrog (where it is joined by Afon Porth-llwyd and Afon Ddu ) before reaching Conwy Bay at Conwy . A local quay , Cei Cae Gwyn,
96-814: A straight staircase, three-tier luggage racks and tables. Other nationalised operators in England and Wales who purchased the Bristol Lodekka included Brighton Hove & District , the Bristol Omnibus Company , Cumberland Motor Services , the Eastern Counties Omnibus Company , the Eastern National Omnibus Company , Hants & Dorset , Lincolnshire Road Car , Red & White Services , Southern Vectis , South Wales Transport , Luton & District , Thames Valley Traction , United Automobile Services , United Counties Omnibus , United Welsh,
128-671: A two or three letter code, followed by the number of engine cylinders and engine manufacturer. Example engine classifications Due to both Bristol Commercial Vehicles and Eastern Coach Works being bought into state ownership following the nationalisation of its parent the Tilling Group , Lodekkas could only be bought by the British Transport Commission 's bus subsidiaries, later becoming the Transport Holding Company . The design, though,
160-405: Is a powertrain layout with an engine in front and rear-wheel-drive , connected via a drive shaft . This arrangement, with the engine straddling the front axle, was the traditional automobile layout for most of the pre-1950s automotive mechanical projects. It is also used in trucks, pickups, and high-floor buses and school buses . A front mid-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout (FMR) places
192-555: Is a river in north Wales . From its source to its discharge in Conwy Bay it is 55 kilometres (34 mi) long and drains an area of 678 square km. "Conwy" was formerly anglicised as "Conway." The name 'Conwy' derives from the old Welsh words cyn (chief) and gwy (water), the river being originally called the 'Cynwy'. It rises on the Migneint moor where a number of small streams flow into Llyn Conwy , then flows in
224-586: Is located on its bank. During spring tides the river is tidal as far as Tan-lan, near Llanrwst. This is a list of named tributaries of the Conwy (and their tributaries) listed from source to sea; The Conwy is bounded to the east by the rolling ancient mudstone hills of the Silurian period, the Migneint Moors. These acid rocks are generally covered in thin, often acid soils and for large parts of
256-456: Is noted for its salmon and sea trout , although increasing acidification in the second half of the 20th century, especially in the poorly buffered upland waters has significantly impacted upon their spawning success. The construction of an artificial fish pass in the 1990s to allow migratory salmonids access to the river above Conwy falls was intended to help mitigate the effects of acidification. The Conwy Crossing, an immersed tube tunnel ,
288-449: Is routinely polluted by Dŵr Cymru sewage treatment plants and agricultural runoff. Algae blooms are common during the summer months. The river quality tends to be acidic in the headwaters with very low concentrations of the common anions and cations. Natural Resources Wales monitors water levels in the valley, with a view to giving flood warnings. There are measuring stations at Betws-y-coed (Cwmlanerch), Llanrwst and Trefriw. The Conwy
320-593: Is supported by natural rock, in addition to boulder clay cliff, sand dune, salt marsh and woodland. The scattered communities along the Conwy valley have ancient traditions with archeological evidence of habitation back to the Stone Age . The Romans occupied this area up to 400 AD and there has been continuous habitation since that time. The valley is home to two of the oldest churches in Wales , those at Llanrhychwyn and Llangelynnin , which respectively date back to
352-560: The West Yorkshire Road Car Company , Western National , Western Welsh , and Wilts & Dorset . Scottish operators of the Bristol Lodekka, most of whom had never operated buses manufactured by Bristol before, included Scottish Motor Traction companies Central SMT , Western SMT and Scottish Omnibuses (later Eastern Scottish ), as well as W. Alexander & Sons in the company's Fife and Southern operating areas. The Scottish Motor Traction, as well as
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#1732787757710384-515: The upland areas the cover is of moor grass – Mollinia spp and Erica communities. As a result, the water entering the river tends to be acidic and often coloured brown with humic acids . To the west, the catchment is underlain by older Cambrian rocks which are harder and the landscape is, as a consequence, more dramatic with high craggy hills and mountains , through which the river falls in cascades and waterfalls . Examples of torrential river geomorphology can be seen at Conwy Falls and in
416-618: The 11th and 12th centuries. Much of the Conwy valley was laid waste in the Wars of the Roses by the Earl of Pembroke , under the orders of Edward IV , the Yorkist king, following a Lancastrian attack on the town of Denbigh in 1466. At the mouth of the Conwy as it discharges into Conwy Bay is the town of Conwy with its World Heritage Site castle – Conwy Castle and two famous bridges. One of
448-632: The European programme dropped after 1996 due to low demand. Bristol Lodekkas are highly popular export vehicles for non-passenger-carrying use across Continental Europe and North America, with imports to the United States commencing in the late 1970s after the supply of genuine ex- London Transport AEC Regent III RTs had been exhausted; differing height regulations in several US states mean that only low-height double-deckers can be legally driven on public roads. Examples of these Lodekka operators in
480-501: The Lledr Gorge. The land to the east is highly forested with planted non-native conifers . On the western side of the valley are a number of lakes and reservoirs . The rocks are also rich in minerals and there are many abandoned mine sites where copper , lead and silver have been mined since Roman times. The river valley downstream of Betws-y-coed is relatively wide and fertile, and supports dairying and sheep rearing. In
512-979: The Scottish Bus Group were experiencing engineering problems with their new VRTs, the NBC decided they would exchange Lodekka FLFs to the SBG, receiving a similar number of VRTs in return. In the exchange, which took place at the Carlisle depot of Ribble Motor Services , 43 FLF Lodekkas were acquired by SBG companies from Eastern Counties, 12 were acquired from Thames Valley, eleven from Northern General, nine from United, seven from Brighton & Hove, four from United Counties, three from Southern Vectis and two from Bristol Omnibus. Surrey-based Top Deck Travel converted approximately 100 Bristol Lodekkas to 'deckerhome' campervans between 1973 and 1997 for use on cross-continent overland tours of Europe, Asia and North America, with
544-731: The United Kingdom as their standard double-decker bus between 1953 and 1968, with the largest Lodekka operator being Crosville Motor Services of North Wales; after the opening of a new bridge over the River Conwy to replace the weight-restricted Conwy Suspension Bridge , the operator purchased a total of 593 Lodekkas across nearly all chassis types, some of which were built as convertible open-top buses . Crosville also purchased eight LD6B coaches in 1954 for summer services linking North Wales seaside resorts with Merseyside , equipped with extended rear platforms, an offside emergency door,
576-414: The United Kingdom for further passenger-carrying service during the 1980s, with Fok Lei Autocarro S.A of Macau taking delivery of three and Citybus of Hong Kong operating a single Lodekka in its fleet. [REDACTED] Media related to Bristol Lodekka at Wikimedia Commons Front-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout A front-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout (FR) , also called Systeme Panhard
608-677: The United States include a dress store in Portland , Oregon named 'Lodekka', making use of a Lodekka that was originally being converted into a living space in the nearby city of Springfield , as well as a party bus charter company 'Double Decker PDX' also operating in Portland, a cupcake bakery in Saratoga Springs , New York named Bettie's Cakes, and various other restaurants and catering services. A handful of overseas bus operators also exported second-hand Bristol Lodekkas from
640-400: The chassis frame, integrating it with a 58-seat Eastern Coach Works body and fitting a drop-centre rear axle that meant there were no steps from the rear entrance platform to the front of the lower-deck gangway. On the early LDX, LD and first five LDL models, positioning of longitudinal chassis members allowed the gangway itself to be lowered about 10 centimetres (3.9 in) into a well below
672-579: The company opearting a peak fleet of over 60 across multiple continents during the 1980s. These Lodekkas were typically equipped with a kitchen area, a water tank, sound systems, bunk beds and convertible seating/storage areas, with the North American Lodekkas, making use of campsite power outlets, additionally equipped with a television, a microwave, and a toaster. Top Deck Travel's Lodekka tours of North America ceased operations in 1986 due to increasing insurance and regulatory pressures, with
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#1732787757710704-578: The earliest suspension bridges by Thomas Telford now carries a footpath whilst Robert Stephenson 's tubular iron bridge still carries the main Holyhead to London railway line . A third bridge now takes road traffic, and more recently still the A55 now runs in a tunnel under the estuary . Neither the River Conwy or its tributaries are monitored for quality by Natural Resources Wales . The river
736-415: The engine in the front half of the vehicle but behind the front axle, which likewise drives the rear wheels via a driveshaft. Shifting the engine's center of mass rearward aids in front/rear weight distribution and reduces the moment of inertia , both of which improve a vehicle's handling . While the mechanical layout of an FMR is substantially the same as an FR car, the classification of some models of
768-547: The later FSF and FLF, equipped with rear air suspension , had a stepless forward entrance located behind the front axle and driver's cab, achieved via the reduction of the nearside chassis frame's height; early models had one-piece sliding doors, which were later replaced with faster four-leaf folding doors. Most Lodekkas were powered by five- or six-cylinder Gardner engines, with small number optioned with Bristol AVW or Leyland O.600 or O.680 engines. In accordance with Bristol Commercial Vehicles practice, chassis were designated by
800-545: The same vehicle may vary as either FR or FMR depending on the length of the engine (e.g. 4-cylinder vs. 6-cylinder) and its center of mass in relation to the front axle. FMR cars are often characterized by a long hood and front wheels that are pushed forward to the corners of the vehicle, close to the front bumper. 2+2 -style grand tourers often have FMR layouts, as a rear engine does not leave much space for rear seats. River Conwy The River Conwy ( Welsh pronunciation: [ˈkɔnʊɨ] ; Welsh : Afon Conwy )
832-406: The seating platforms, and a full flat floor was later developed for the last LDL type, which was built into all LDS and the F series Lodekkas that followed. All Lodekkas were built to a traditional half-cab design by Eastern Coach Works of Lowestoft , with the lower floor level allowing for a low overall body height. The earlier LD-series and the later FL and FS had a rear entrance platform, however
864-746: The split Alexander companies, were both folded into the Scottish Bus Group (SBG), who continued ordering Lodekkas until 1967. The formation of the National Bus Company (NBC) from the combined THC and British Electric Traction fleets in 1969 led to the arrival of more one-person operated and rear-engined buses, such as the Leyland Atlantean and the Lodekka's successor, the Bristol VRT . When its sister company
896-420: The winter, these pastures are used to nurture the sheep brought down from the mountains to avoid the worst of the winter weather. Aber Afon Conwy is a site of special interest. It has acquired such a status due to its marine and terrestrial biology. The tidal reach of the site is around 16 km (9.9 mi). Its upstream boundary is south of Tal y Cafn, and the whole site encompasses Conwy Bay. The shoreline
928-593: Was attractive to privately-owned operators, leading to Bristol licensing the Lodekka design to Dennis Brothers Limited , who sold their variation of the design as the Dennis Loline . Equipped with a Gardner 6LW engine and a five-speed version of the reverse-drive gearbox used in the Dennis Hefty commercial chassis, this arrangement allowed for these operators to purchase buses built to a low-floor design. The first prototype Bristol Lodekka (chassis no. LDX001)
960-648: Was built under the estuary during the late 1980s and early 1990s. It was opened by the Queen in October 1991. This resulted in the loss of some saltmarsh but also led to the creation of Conwy RSPB Reserve . Since 2002 the valley has been overlooked by the turbines of the Moel Maelogan wind farm . The panorama shows the mouth of the Conwy Estuary from Deganwy Castle , the original defensive position of
992-459: Was delivered to Bristol Tramways & Carriage Company Ltd in 1949, then an integral part of Bristol Commercial Vehicles. It was allocated fleet no. LC5000 and registered LHY 949, operating primarily on Bristol 's 36 service between Old Market and Knowle but also toured around numerous British Transport Commission bus subsidiaries. West Yorkshire Road Car Company took delivery of the second prototype Lodekka (chassis no. LDX002) in 1950. This
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1024-614: Was originally allocated fleet number 822, later renumbered DX1 under West Yorkshire's April 1954 renumbering scheme, and was registered JWT 712. This bus mainly operated on Harrogate bus route 36 between Harrogate and Leeds , though it was also toured around British Transport Commission subsidiaries and was displayed at the Festival of Britain 's South Bank Exhibition in 1951. Despite the sales restrictions imposed on both Bristol Commercial Vehicles and ECW, over 5,000 production Lodekkas were built for use by nationalised bus companies across
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