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24-593: Lolkisale is an administrative ward in the Monduli district of the Arusha Region of Tanzania . According to the 2002 census, the ward has a total population of 10,179. 3°46′S 36°25′E  /  3.767°S 36.417°E  / -3.767; 36.417 This Arusha Region location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Monduli The oldest site in Monduli district

48-601: A chilly climate at high elevations. Temperatures range from 20°C to 35°C, while rainfall ranges from less than 500mm in the lowlands to 900mm in the highlands. The district is divided into three climate zones: the Highlands, the Flat and Rolling Plains, and the Rift Valley. Because of the mountains, which absorb more rain at higher altitudes, the Monduli highlands zone has a mild and sub-humid climate. The average temperature

72-667: A population of 30,000, but this figure is now considered exaggerated. John Sutton of the British Institute in Eastern Africa later conducted excavations at Engaruka, and in 2002–2005 Ari Siiriainen led a research team from the Department of Archaeology at the University of Helsinki . In 2001–2004, studies were conducted by Daryl Stump of University College London as part of his PhD thesis work. In 2006,

96-407: A small basis, coffee and sunflowers are grown. The annual per capita income in the district was estimated to be TZS 199,630/=. (2002). The regional per capita income was predicted to be TZS. 350,952 per year (2004). The national per capita income in 2004 was predicted to be Tshs. 320,044 and TZS 399,594 in 2006. In 2008, the district per capita income was estimated to be TZS 500,010. Monduli

120-601: A stone-block canal channeling water from the Crater Highlands rift escarpment to stone-lined cultivation terraces. Measures were taken to prevent soil erosion and the fertility of the plots was increased by using the manure of stall fed cattle. For an unknown reason Engaruka was abandoned at latest in the mid-18th century. The site still poses many questions, including the identity of the founders, how they developed their farming system, and why they left. Construction of Engaruka has traditionally been credited to

144-440: A total area of 6,419 square kilometers, of which 6290.62 square kilometers are land and 128.38 square kilometers are water. Grazing land covers 3,983.855 square kilometers, arable land covers 1,055.475 square kilometers, and woodland covers 374.965 square kilometers. A number of isolated mountains (Monduli, Lepurko, Loosimingori, and Lengai) and broad rolling plains characterize the land landscape. The heights range from 600m in

168-531: Is 20 degrees Celsius, and the annual rainfall is 1000 millimeters. Temperatures in the semi-arid zone range from 20°C to 30°C, with annual rainfall ranging from 400mm to 600mm. The desert zone of the Monduli Rift Valley has a warm climate. Temperatures range from 23°C to 35°C, and annual rainfall is less than 500mm. Monduli District's main economic activities are livestock husbandry, agriculture production, and wildlife conservation. More than 90% of

192-714: Is an educational center for surrounding regions. Irkisongo, Moringe Sokoine, Engutoto and Orkeeswa. Secondary Schools are located there, as is the Monduli Teachers' College and the MaaSae Girls' Lutheran Secondary School . Land has been set aside for a proposed branch of the Lutheran founded Tumaini University at Makumira near Arusha . Also in the district is the Tanzania People's Defence Force Tanzania Military Academy .There are also primary schools in

216-472: Is around 35 kilometers from Monduli Town, while Kilimanjaro International Airport is about 90 kilometers away. Makuyuni Airstrip, located inside the District, permits light aircraft. The district is serviced by telephone lines and radio calls, and it has subpost offices and telephone offices at Monduli Headquarters, Mto wa Mbu, and Makuyuni. The district is also served by cellular phones that cover practically

240-596: Is considered one of the most important Iron Age archaeological sites in Tanzania. The site is located in the ward of Engaruka . The site is registered as one of the National Historic Sites of Tanzania . Sometime in the 15th century, an Iron Age farming community built a large continuous village area on the footslopes of the Rift Valley escarpment, housing several thousand people. They developed an intricate irrigation and cultivation system, involving

264-512: Is known to be home to the national historic site of Engaruka and also being the gateway to national parks like Tarangire and Serengeti . The district has a total road network of 617kms. Tarmac road been 8.1 km, 138 km gravel and 470.9 km is earth surfaced road. Trunk roads (96 km) and Regional roads (156 km). District roads, feeder roads and village access roads are mostly earth surfaced - they are passable with difficult during rainy seasons. Arusha Airport (Kisongo)

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288-538: Is the Engaruka historical site located in northwest of the district and was originally inhabited by the Iraqw peoples before they migrated south towards Karatu. The word Monduli was originated in the ward Monduli Juu . There was a wealthy Maasai ancestor with the name of Monduli, who lived in the area during the times of German colonization. The Germans colonized the area (later Tanganyika , Rwanda and Burundi ) in

312-791: The Barbaig sub-group of the Datoga , herders who are known to have occupied the Crater Highlands above Engaruka prior to the arrival of the Maasai . This population movement is reportedly consistent with the date of the Engaruka site's desertion, which is estimated at somewhere between 1700 and 1750. It also roughly coincides with the start of the diminishment of the Engaruka River's flow as well as those of other streams descending from

336-615: The Ngorongoro highlands ; water sources around which Engaruka's irrigation practices were centered. According to the Maasai, who are the present-day occupants of Engaruka, the Iraqw also already inhabited the site when their own ancestors first entered the region during the 18th century. Engaruka has also been linked to the Sonjo , a numerically small Bantu -speaking living some 60 miles to

360-410: The 1880s. They brought forced labour and land alienation but also Christianity and European education, teaching science, math, engineering, and even German. Tanganyika gained its independence on December 9, 1961, under the leadership of Prime Minister Julius Nyerere . In April 1964 Tanganyika and Zanzibar , a former British protectorate, united to form Tanzania under President Nyerere. The District has

384-570: The ancestors of the Iraqw , a Cushitic -speaking group of cultivators residing in the Mbulu Highlands of northern Tanzania. The modern Iraqw practice an intensive form of self-contained agriculture that bears a remarkable similarity to the ruins of stone-walled canals , dams and furrows that are found at Engaruka. Iraqw historical traditions likewise relate that their last significant migration to their present area of inhabitation occurred about two or three centuries ago after conflicts with

408-481: The district. The district's population was 158,929 in 2012 (males 75,615 and females 83,314), with an annual growth rate of 2.77. The population is predicted to be 177,346 in 2016. For parliamentary elections, Arusha Region is divided into constituencies. As of the 2010 elections Monduli District had one constituency, Monduli Constituency. As of 2012, Monduli District is administratively divided into 15 wards: Monduli town, located in Monduli district,

432-402: The entire area.Forest Reserves cover 23,022 of the district's 641,900 Hectares. The Wa maasai are the most populous ethnic group, accounting for over 40% of the total population. Their main source of income is livestock raising. The Waarusha are the second largest ethnic group, accounting for around 20% of the total population. Also the first communities were the Iraqw and Sonjo people in

456-583: The higher altitude of the area, mosquitoes are not as common. Monduli has one hospital, one health centre, and 22 dispensaries. Engaruka Engaruka is an abandoned system of ruins located in northwest Monduli District in central Arusha Region . The site is in geographical range of the Great Rift Valley of northern Tanzania . Situated in the Monduli District , it is famed for its irrigation and cultivation structures. It

480-403: The low elevations to 2900m in the high elevations. The District's vegetation includes a combination of forest, bushland , woodland grassland, and meadows. The District has both perennial and seasonal rivers. Simba, Kirurumo, Mto wa Mbu, Selela (Kabambe), and Engaruka are the primary perennial streams. Monduli is one of Tanzania's driest districts. It features a warm climate at low elevations and

504-488: The northwest. Like the Iraqw, they are known for their use of irrigation systems in agriculture. The Sonjo also maintain terraced village sites, albeit of considerably more rudimentary form than what is found at Engaruka. New studies have also revealed new information about the Middle Stone Age and Pastoral Neolithic occupational histories of the area. The first European to record the existence of these ruins

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528-433: The population works in livestock and agriculture. The District is expected to contain 105,547.5 hectares of potential arable land, but only 87,632.5 hectares, or 13.65%, are under cultivation. Although large-scale farming is performed in the District's southern region (Lolkisale), subsistence farming is the predominant mode of production. Maize , beans , and rice are major food and cash crops that are staple food crops. On

552-405: The town of Monduli such as Mazoezi, Mlimani, Sinoni and Ngarash primary schools. Nearly every village has a primary school and nearly each ward has a secondary school for ordinary level except for the newly established in 2015. Disease in this area is a problem. People suffer from various diseases, such as malaria . The majority of diseases are mosquito-borne and difficult to avoid. However, due to

576-432: Was Gustav Fischer , who passed them on 5 July 1883, and compared them to the tumbled-down walls of ancient castles. Scoeller and Kaiser mentioned the ruins of "Ngaruku" including great stone circles and dams in 1896–97. The first detailed and archaeological investigation was by Hans Reck , in 1913. Louis Leakey and Mary Leakey investigated the site in 1935, but were disappointed by the lack of burial sites. They estimated

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