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42-542: The London Gazette is one of the official journals of record or government gazettes of the Government of the United Kingdom , and the most important among such official journals in the United Kingdom, in which certain statutory notices are required to be published. The Gazette is not a conventional newspaper offering general news coverage. It does not have a large circulation. Other official newspapers of

84-584: A decline in their newspapers of record by reputation can represent a decline in levels of personal and political freedom (e.g. Zimbabwe, Venezuela, and Cambodia). Examples include: Mentioned in despatches In some countries, a service member's name must be mentioned in dispatches as a condition for receiving certain decorations. Servicemen and women of the United Kingdom or the Commonwealth who are mentioned in despatches are not awarded

126-647: A formal gallantry award. In 1920 the Minister of Defence of the Union of South Africa was empowered to award a multiple-leaved bronze oak leaf emblem to all servicemen and servicewomen mentioned in dispatches during the First World War for valuable services in action. The emblem, which was regarded as a decoration, was worn on the ribbon of the Victory Medal (Union of South Africa) . Only one emblem

168-418: A government that directs their entire editorial content. Such newspapers, while pejoratively termed " state mouthpieces ", can also be called "official newspapers of record", independently of whether they publish legal notices - distinguishing them from a gazette whose primary role is to publish notices, as their entire content represents the official view and doctrine of the state. This kind of official newspaper

210-401: A medal for their actions, but receive a certificate and wear an oak leaf device on the ribbon of the appropriate campaign medal. A smaller version of the oak leaf device is attached to the ribbon when worn alone. Prior to 2014, only one device could be worn on a ribbon, irrespective of the number of times the recipient was mentioned in despatches. Where no campaign medal is awarded, the oak leaf

252-616: A mention in a dispatch is entitled to wear an emblem, in the form of a lotus leaf on the ribbon of the relevant campaign medal. They are also issued with an official certificate from the Ministry of Defence . Under the current Pakistani military honours system, the Imtiazi Sanad is conferred upon any member of the Pakistan Armed Forces who is mentioned in dispatches for an act of gallantry that does not qualify for

294-419: A newspaper of record in the original, literal sense. Over time, historians relied on The New York Times and similar titles as a reliable archival and historical record of significant past events, and a gauge of societal opinions at the time of printing. The term "newspaper of record" evolved from its original literal sense to that newer meaning. The derived term "financial (or business) newspaper of record"

336-488: A publicly available newspaper that is authorized by a government to publish public or legal notices. It is often established by statute or official action and publication of notices within it, whether by the government or a private party, is considered sufficient to comply with legal requirements for public notice . Such gazettes may have minimal or no editorial content (opinion articles), and are focused on public notification of state services and state decisions; an example

378-765: A similar tone, coverage, style, and traditions; many are over a century old and some over two centuries old (e.g., Neue Zürcher Zeitung , The Times , The Guardian , Le Figaro , and The Sydney Morning Herald ). Newspapers of record by reputation can be respected for the accuracy and quality of their reporting and still be either ideologically conservative (e.g., The Wall Street Journal and The Telegraph ) or ideologically liberal (e.g., The Washington Post and The Guardian ). Although many countries are proud of their newspapers of record by reputation, in some countries they face an openly hostile state or political system that tries to suppress their press freedoms. Examples are Turkey's Cumhuriyet , where many of

420-587: A sufficiently high order to warrant the grant of gallantry awards. Eligible personnel include all Army , Navy and Air Force personnel including personnel of the Reserve Forces , Territorial Army , Militia and other lawfully constituted armed forces , members of the Nursing Service and civilians working under or with the armed forces. Personnel can be mentioned in dispatches posthumously and multiple awards are also possible. A recipient of

462-626: Is Latvia 's Latvijas Vēstnesis . In some jurisdictions, privately owned newspapers may register with the government to publish public and legal notices, or be otherwise eligible to publish such notices (terms used may include "newspaper of general circulation" among others). Likewise, a private newspaper may be designated by the courts for publication of legal notices, such as notices of fictitious business names , if judicial and statutory standards are met. These are sometimes called "legally adjudicated newspapers". The term "newspapers of public record" can also denote those owned and operated by

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504-649: Is attributed to The Wall Street Journal , the Financial Times , and to the Nihon Keizai Shimbun (Nikkei) . While newspapers of record by reputation are typically major widely-read national (and international) publications, subject-specific newspapers of record also exist (see examples of subject-specific newspapers of record ). Over time, some established newspapers of record by reputation have lost their status due to financial collapse, take-over or merger by another entity that did not have

546-525: Is available in a number of machine-readable formats, including XML (delivery by email/ FTP ) and XML/ RDFa via Atom feed . The London Gazette was first published as The Oxford Gazette on 7 November 1665. Charles II and the Royal Court had moved to Oxford to escape the Great Plague of London , and courtiers were unwilling to touch London newspapers for fear of contagion. The Gazette

588-510: Is distinct from newspapers of record by reputation, and is liable to fail the reputation criterion due to its governmental control. The word "official" can be used to distinguish them from "newspapers of record by reputation". Examples include Russia's Rossiyskaya Gazeta , North Korea's Rodong Sinmun , and China's People's Daily . The second type of "newspaper of record" (also "journal of record", or in French presse de référence )

630-577: Is not defined by formal criteria, and its characteristics vary. The category comprises newspapers that are considered to meet high standards of journalism , including editorial independence (particularly from the government and from its owners), accountability (mistakes are acknowledged), attention to detail and accuracy, and comprehensiveness and balance of coverage; they are regarded internationally (as well as in their own country/region) by major global outlets. Despite changes in society, newspapers of record by reputation have historically tended to maintain

672-607: Is related to the state of press freedom and political freedom in a country. It may also be a newspaper authorized to publish public or legal notices , thus serving as a newspaper of public record . A newspaper whose editorial content is directed by the state can be referred to as an official newspaper of record , but the lack of editorial independence means that it is not a "newspaper of record by reputation". Newspapers of record by reputation that focus on business can also be called newspapers of financial record . A "newspaper of public record", or government gazette , refers to

714-540: Is worn directly on the coat after any medal ribbons. In the British Armed Forces , the despatch is published in the London Gazette . Prior to 1914, no decoration existed to signify a mention in despatches, although sometimes a medal for gallantry could be awarded in its place. For 1914–1918 and up to 10 August 1920, the device consisted of a spray of oak leaves in bronze worn on the ribbon of

756-767: The Africa Service Medal , for valuable services in connection with the Second World War . It could be awarded posthumously and was the equivalent of a mention in dispatches for services rendered away from the battlefield. The MiD and the King's Commendation (SA) were the only decorations that could be approved by the South African Minister of Defence without reference to the King. Since the French Revolution, France has had

798-516: The Julian calendar with the start of year as 25 March. (Modern secondary sources may adjust the start of the calendar year during this period to 1 January, while retaining the original day and month. Using this adjustment, an issue with a printed date of 24 March 1723   ( O.S. ) will be reported as being published in 1724 – the same solar year as an issue published two days later, on 26 March 1724.) In time of war, dispatches from

840-786: The Victory Medal . Those who did not receive the Victory Medal wore the device on the British War Medal . Established in 1919, it was retrospective to August 1914. It was not a common honour with, for example, only twenty-five (out of 1,000) members of the Royal Newfoundland Regiment in the First World War mentioned in despatches. In all, 141,082 mentions were recorded in the London Gazette between 1914 and 1920. From 1920 to 1993,

882-557: The Commendation for Gallantry and the Commendation for Distinguished Service. Similarly, the equivalents of the MiD for acts of bravery by civilians and by soldiers not engaged with the enemy have also been reformed. The reformed and comprehensive system is now as follows: A mention in dispatches – in French, Citation à l'ordre du jour – gives recognition from a senior commander for acts of brave or meritorious service, normally in

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924-663: The French military or its allies and are, depending on the degree, roughly the equivalent of the US Bronze Star Medal or Silver Star and the UK Mention in Dispatches or Military Cross and, formerly, the Military Medal . Mentions made during the two World Wars or colonial conflicts were accompanied with awards of a Croix de Guerre or a Croix de la Valeur Militaire , with attachments on

966-536: The Mentioned in Despatches device can be worn on United Nations , NATO and EU medals. In a change introduced in 2014, up to three devices may be worn on a single campaign medal and ribbon bar for those with multiple mentions, backdated to 1962. Prior to this change, even if the serviceman was mentioned in despatches more than once, only a single such device was worn. Prior to 1979, a mention in despatches

1008-969: The UK government are The Edinburgh Gazette and The Belfast Gazette , which, apart from reproducing certain materials of nationwide interest published in The London Gazette , also contain publications specific to Scotland and Northern Ireland , respectively. In turn, The London Gazette carries not only notices of UK-wide interest, but also those relating specifically to entities or people in England and Wales. However, certain notices that are only of specific interest to Scotland or Northern Ireland are also required to be published in The London Gazette . The London , Edinburgh and Belfast Gazettes are published by TSO (The Stationery Office) on behalf of His Majesty's Stationery Office . They are subject to Crown copyright . The London Gazette claims to be

1050-465: The custom of declaring deserving citizens or groups to have bien mérité de la Patrie ("well deserved the recognition of the Country"). This sentiment is continued to this day in the formulation of the citations that accompany medals. In the French military, mentions in dispatches – or more accurately, mention in orders ( citation dans les ordres ) – are made by senior commanders, from

1092-712: The device consisted of a single bronze oak leaf, worn on the ribbon of the appropriate campaign medal, including the War Medal for a mention during the Second World War. The Canadian Armed Forces still use the bronze oak leaf device. Since 1993 changes have been made in respect of United Kingdom armed forces: For awards made from September 1993, the oak leaf has been in silver. The criteria were also made more specific, it now being defined as an operational gallantry award for acts of bravery during active operations. From 2003, in addition to British campaign medals,

1134-583: The enemy. The mention in dispatches (MiD) was one of only four awards which could be made posthumously. The others were the Victoria Cross , the George Cross , and the King's Commendation (South Africa). The oak leaf emblem was worn on the ribbon of the War Medal 1939–1945 . The King's Commendation (South Africa) (1939–45) was denoted by a bronze King Protea flower emblem worn on the ribbon of

1176-835: The field. The Mention in dispatches is among the list of awards presented by the governor general of Canada . Recipients receive a bronze oak leaf insignia, worn on the ribbon of the relevant mission medal. Historically, MID was awarded during both World Wars and the Korean War , later reintroduced in 1990. To date, 283 MIDs have been awarded, each accompanied by a citation certificate. Master Corporal Graham Ragsdale 's performance During Operation Anaconda in Southeast Afghanistan, earned him Mention in Dispatches. Mention in dispatches has been used since 1947, in order to recognize distinguished and meritorious service in operational areas and acts of gallantry which are not of

1218-534: The first U.S. newspaper in 1913 to publish an index of the subjects it covered. In recognition of that usage, The New York Times held an essay contest in 1927 in which entrants had to demonstrate "The Value of The New York Times Index and Files as a Newspaper of Record". The New York Times , and other newspapers of its type sought to chronicle events, acting as a record of the day's announcements, schedules, directories, proceedings, transcripts, and appointments. By 2004, The New York Times no longer considered itself

1260-466: The general public. His Majesty's Stationery Office took over the publication of the Gazette in 1889. Publication of the Gazette was transferred to the private sector in 2006, under government supervision, when HMSO was sold and renamed The Stationery Office . Until Calendar (New Style) Act 1750 came into effect on 1 January 1752   ( N.S. ) , the Gazette was published with a date based on

1302-473: The level of a Regimental commanding officer to the Commander-in-Chief, in the orders they give to their unit, recognizing the gallantry of an action performed some time before. There are two kinds of mentions: mentions with cross, for bravery in presence of the enemy, and mentions without cross, for bravery not in presence of the enemy. The citations are given for acts of gallantry by any member of

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1344-676: The oldest surviving English newspaper and the oldest continuously published newspaper in the UK, having been first published on 7 November 1665 as The Oxford Gazette . The claim to being oldest is also made by the Stamford Mercury (1712) and Berrow's Worcester Journal (1690). The London Gazette is published each weekday, except for bank holidays . Notices for the following, among others, are published: His Majesty's Stationery Office has digitised all issues of The Gazette, and these are available online. The official Gazettes are published by The Stationery Office . The content

1386-416: The present day. Newspaper of record A newspaper of record is a major national newspaper with large circulation whose editorial and news-gathering functions are considered authoritative and independent; they are thus "newspapers of record by reputation" and include some of the oldest and most widely respected newspapers in the world. The number and trend of "newspapers of record by reputation"

1428-416: The ribbon depending on the mention's degree : the lowest degree is represented by a bronze star while the highest degree is represented by a bronze palm. A unit can also be mentioned in dispatches. The unit standard is then decorated with the corresponding Croix. After two mentions, the men of the unit are entitled to wear a fourragère . Since 2004, mentions for bravery not involving actual combat with

1470-433: The same standards or allowed increased government control and suppression of the paper's editorial independence. The existence of newspapers of record by reputation is an aspect of the level of press freedom and political freedom in a country, with major first-world democracies having several such newspapers (e.g. United States, United Kingdom, Germany, France, Canada, Italy and Japan); in contrast, countries that have seen

1512-414: The staff have been imprisoned; Panama's La Prensa , where staff have been shot and the owners forced into exile; and Venezuela's El Nacional , which was forced out of print when the state seized its assets (see examples of fallen newspapers of record ). The term is believed to have originated among librarians who began referring to The New York Times as the "newspaper of record" when it became

1554-589: The stolid tenant farmer of 1722 to the lavishly spending faux-genteel farmers of 1822: Man to the plough / Wife to the cow Girl to the yarn / Boy to the barn And your rent will be netted. Man tally-ho / Miss piano Wife silk and satin / Boy Greek and Latin And you'll all be Gazetted . Notices of engagement and marriage were also formerly published in the Gazette . Gazettes, modelled on The London Gazette , were issued for most British colonial possessions. Many of these continued after independence, and to

1596-474: The various conflicts are published in The London Gazette . Soldiers who are mentioned in despatches will also be named in the Gazette. When members of the armed forces are promoted, and these promotions are published here, the person is said to have been "gazetted". Being "gazetted" (or "in the gazette") also meant having official notice of one's bankruptcy published, as in the classic ten-line poem comparing

1638-415: Was "Published by Authority" by Henry Muddiman , and its first publication is noted by Samuel Pepys in his diary . The King returned to London as the plague dissipated, and the Gazette moved too, with the first issue of The London Gazette (labelled No. 24) being published on 5 February 1666. The Gazette was not a newspaper in the modern sense: it was sent by post to subscribers, not printed for sale to

1680-562: Was mentioned in despatches a total of eight times during the First World War, as was Field Marshal Sir John Dill . Below are illustrations of thedevice being worn on a variety of campaign medal ribbons: Australian service personnel are no longer eligible to be mentioned in dispatches. Since 15 January 1991, when the Australian Honours System was established, the MiD has been replaced by the Australian decorations:

1722-528: Was one of three awards that could be made posthumously , the others being the Victoria Cross and George Cross . The 1979 reform allowed all gallantry decorations to be awarded posthumously. Soldiers can be mentioned multiple times. The British First World War Victoria Cross recipient John Vereker , later Field Marshal Viscount Gort, was mentioned in despatches nine times, as was the Canadian general Sir Arthur Currie . The Australian general Gordon Bennett

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1764-658: Was worn, irrespective of the number of times a recipient had been mentioned. The Afrikaans rendition of mentioned in dispatches is Eervolle Vermelding in Berigte . In 1943, the Union Defence Force confirmed the availability of the British award, the bronze oak leaf, for acts of bravery, in contact with the enemy, which fell just short of the standard required for the granting of a decoration, or for valuable services not necessarily in immediate contact with

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