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106-464: [REDACTED] Look up later in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Later may refer to: Future , the time after the present Television [ edit ] Later (talk show) , a 1988–2001 American talk show Later... with Jools Holland , a British music programme since 1992 The Life and Times of Eddie Roberts , or L.A.T.E.R. ,

212-528: A social elite , though other forms of art may have been. Reproductive methods such as moulds made mass-production easier, and were used to bring high-quality Ancient Roman pottery and Greek Tanagra figurines to a very wide market. Cylinder seals were both artistic and practical, and very widely used by what can be loosely called the middle class in the Ancient Near East . Once coins were widely used, these also became an art form that reached

318-406: A "literature of ideas". Some science fiction authors construct a postulated history of the future called a " future history " that provides a common background for their fiction. Sometimes authors publish a timeline of events in their history, while other times the reader can reconstruct the order of the stories from information in the books. Some published works constitute "future history" in

424-662: A 1980 American sitcom "Later" ( BoJack Horseman ) , an episode Other uses [ edit ] Later (magazine) , a 1999–2001 British men's magazine Later (novel) , a 2021 novel by Stephen King "Later" (song) , a 2016 song by Example Later: My Life at the Edge of the World , a book by Paul Lisicky See also [ edit ] All pages with titles containing Later L8R (disambiguation) Late (disambiguation) See You Later (disambiguation) Sooner or Later (disambiguation) Topics referred to by

530-607: A South African cave. Containers that may have been used to hold paints have been found dating as far back as 100,000 years. The oldest piece of art found in Europe is the Riesenhirschknochen der Einhornhöhle , dating back 51,000 years and made by Neanderthals. Sculptures, cave paintings , rock paintings and petroglyphs from the Upper Paleolithic dating to roughly 40,000 years ago have been found, but

636-529: A concept determined by words. They furnish an aesthetic idea, which serves the above rational idea as a substitute for logical presentation, but with the proper function, however, of animating the mind by opening out for it a prospect into a field of kindred representations stretching beyond its ken. – Immanuel Kant Most scholars who deal with rock paintings or objects recovered from prehistoric contexts that cannot be explained in utilitarian terms and are thus categorized as decorative, ritual or symbolic, are aware of

742-473: A conclusion reached through a deliberate thought pattern that leads to a positive personal attitudes and by extension is linked to more philanthropic behaviours. Pessimism as stated before is the opposite of optimism. It is the tendency to see, anticipate, or emphasize only bad or undesirable outcomes, results, or problems. The word originates in Latin from Pessimus meaning worst and Malus meaning bad and has

848-503: A critical eye. More generally, one can regard science fiction as a broad genre of fiction that often involves speculations based on current or future science or technology . Science fiction is found in books, art, television, films, games, theater, and other media. Science fiction differs from fantasy in that, within the context of the story, its imaginary elements are largely possible within scientifically established or scientifically postulated laws of nature (though some elements in

954-461: A decisive role in the meaning of a work of art, conveying the content or essential main idea, while all other interpretations can be discarded. It defines the subject as the persons or idea represented, and the content as the artist's experience of that subject. For example, the composition of Napoleon I on his Imperial Throne is partly borrowed from the Statue of Zeus at Olympia . As evidenced by

1060-454: A distinctive thrust towards rationalism and modernism through the use of advanced building materials. The ideals of futurism remain as significant components of modern Western culture ; the emphasis on youth, speed, power and technology finding expression in much of modern commercial cinema and commercial culture. Futurism has produced several reactions, including the 1980s-era literary genre of cyberpunk —which often treated technology with

1166-582: A holistic or systemic view based on insights from a range of different disciplines. Third, futures studies challenges and unpacks the assumptions behind dominant and contending views of the future. The future thus is not empty but fraught with hidden assumptions. Futures studies do not generally include the work of economists who forecast movements of interest rates over the next business cycle, or of managers or investors with short-term time horizons. Most strategic planning, which develops operational plans for preferred futures with time horizons of one to three years,

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1272-406: A life after death. Members of some generally non-theistic religions such as Buddhism , tend to believe in an afterlife like reincarnation but without reference to God . Agnostics generally hold the position that like the existence of God, the existence of supernatural phenomena, such as souls or life after death, is unverifiable and therefore unknowable. Many religions, whether they believe in

1378-443: A link to misanthropic belief systems. Religions consider the future when they address issues such as karma , life after death , and eschatologies which consider what the end of time and the end of the world will be like. In religion, major prophets are said to have the power to change the future. Common religious figures have claimed to see into the future, such as minor prophets and diviners . The term "afterlife" refers to

1484-470: A medium for self-expression and interpretation. George Dickie has offered an institutional theory of art that defines a work of art as any artifact upon which a qualified person or persons acting on behalf of the social institution commonly referred to as "the art world " has conferred "the status of candidate for appreciation". Larry Shiner has described fine art as "not an essence or a fate but something we have made. Art as we have generally understood it

1590-400: A more literal sense—i.e., stories or whole books written in the style of a history book but describing events in the future. Examples include H.G. Wells ' The Shape of Things to Come (1933)—written in the form of a history book published in the year 2106 and in the manner of a real history book with numerous footnotes and references to the works of (mostly fictitious) prominent historians of

1696-499: A person can move backward or forwards in the three spatial dimensions, many physicists argue you are only able to move forward in time. One of the outcomes of Special Relativity Theory is that a person can travel into the future (but never come back) by traveling at very high speeds. While this effect is negligible under ordinary conditions, space travel at very high speeds can change the flow of time considerably. As depicted in many science fiction stories and movies (e.g. Déjà Vu ),

1802-409: A person traveling for even a short time at near light speed will return to an Earth that is many years in the future. Some physicists claim that by using a wormhole to connect two regions of spacetime a person could theoretically travel in time. Physicist Michio Kaku points out that to power this hypothetical time machine and "punch a hole into the fabric of space-time" would require the energy of

1908-406: A process of using the creative skill, (iii) a product of the creative skill, or (iv) the audience's experience with the creative skill. The creative arts ( art as discipline) are a collection of disciplines which produce artworks ( art as objects) that are compelled by a personal drive (art as activity) and convey a message, mood, or symbolism for the perceiver to interpret (art as experience). Art

2014-402: A sense of trained ability or mastery of a medium . Art can also refer to the developed and efficient use of a language to convey meaning with immediacy or depth. Art can be defined as an act of expressing feelings, thoughts, and observations. There is an understanding that is reached with the material as a result of handling it, which facilitates one's thought processes. A common view is that

2120-475: A specific time in the future, and actions described by the future perfect continuous tense are expected to be continuing as of a specific time in the future. "The trouble with the future is that it's so much less knowable than the past."   John Lewis Gaddis , The Landscape of History . The linear view of time (common in Western thought ) draws a stronger distinction between past and future than does

2226-473: A star. Another theory is that a person could travel in time with cosmic strings . In the philosophy of time , presentism is the belief that only the present exists , and the future and past are unreal . Past and future "entities" are construed as logical constructions or fictions . The opposite of presentism is ' eternalism ', which is the belief that things in the past and things yet to come exist eternally . Another view (not held by many philosophers)

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2332-406: A story might still be pure imaginative speculation). Settings may include the future, or alternative time-lines, and stories may depict new or speculative scientific principles (such as time travel or psionics ), or new technology (such as nanotechnology , faster-than-light travel or robots ). Exploring the consequences of such differences is the traditional purpose of science fiction, making it

2438-526: A unique and characteristic style in its art. Because of the size and duration of these civilizations, more of their art works have survived and more of their influence has been transmitted to other cultures and later times. Some also have provided the first records of how artists worked. For example, this period of Greek art saw a veneration of the human physical form and the development of equivalent skills to show musculature, poise, beauty, and anatomically correct proportions. In Byzantine and Medieval art of

2544-427: A wide spectrum of emotion due to beauty . Some art is meant to be practical, with its analysis studious, meant to stimulate discourse. Since ancient times, much of the finest art has represented a deliberate display of wealth or power, often achieved by using massive scale and expensive materials. Much art has been commissioned by political rulers or religious establishments, with more modest versions only available to

2650-757: Is a European invention barely two hundred years old." Art may be characterized in terms of mimesis (its representation of reality), narrative (storytelling), expression, communication of emotion, or other qualities. During the Romantic period , art came to be seen as "a special faculty of the human mind to be classified with religion and science". A shell engraved by Homo erectus was determined to be between 430,000 and 540,000 years old. A set of eight 130,000 years old white-tailed eagle talons bear cut marks and abrasion that indicate manipulation by neanderthals, possibly for using it as jewelry. A series of tiny, drilled snail shells about 75,000 years old—were discovered in

2756-411: Is a dramatic imitation of men worse than average; whereas tragedy imitates men slightly better than average. Lastly, the forms differ in their manner of imitation—through narrative or character, through change or no change, and through drama or no drama. Aristotle believed that imitation is natural to mankind and constitutes one of mankind's advantages over animals. The more recent and specific sense of

2862-527: Is a matter of assembly of found objects. However, there are many modernist and contemporary artists who continue to excel in the skills of drawing and painting and in creating hands-on works of art. Art has had a great number of different functions throughout its history, making its purpose difficult to abstract or quantify to any single concept. This does not imply that the purpose of art is "vague", but that it has had many unique, different reasons for being created. Some of these functions of art are provided in

2968-583: Is a part of theology and philosophy concerned with the final events in the Human history , or the ultimate destiny of humanity , commonly referred to as the end of the world. While in mysticism the phrase refers metaphorically to the end of ordinary reality and reunion with the Divine, in many traditional religions it is taught as an actual future event prophesied in sacred texts or folklore . More broadly, eschatology may encompass related concepts such as

3074-496: Is a set of] artefacts or images with symbolic meanings as a means of communication. – Steve Mithen By contrast, the realistic attitude, inspired by positivism, from Saint Thomas Aquinas to Anatole France, clearly seems to me to be hostile to any intellectual or moral advancement. I loathe it, for it is made up of mediocrity, hate, and dull conceit. It is this attitude which today gives birth to these ridiculous books, these insulting plays. It constantly feeds on and derives strength from

3180-427: Is also not considered futures. But plans and strategies with longer time horizons that specifically attempt to anticipate and be robust to possible future events, are part of a major subdiscipline of futures studies called strategic foresight. The futures field also excludes those who make future predictions through professed supernatural means. At the same time, it does seek to understand the model's such groups use and

3286-474: Is an essential step of the art process. According to education journals, the reflection of art is considered an essential part of the experience. However an important aspect of art is that others may view and appreciate it as well. While many focus on whether those viewing/listening/etc. believe the art to be good/successful or not, art has profound value beyond its commercial success as a provider of information and health in society. Art enjoyment can bring about

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3392-441: Is an interdisciplinary field, studying yesterday's and today's changes, and aggregating and analyzing both lay and professional strategies, and opinions with respect to tomorrow. It includes analyzing the sources, patterns, and causes of change and stability in the attempt to develop foresight and to map possible futures. Modern practitioners stress the importance of alternative and plural futures, rather than one monolithic future, and

3498-404: Is completed as of a specific time in the future. Finally, verbs in the future perfect continuous tense combine the features of the perfect and continuous tenses, describing the future status of actions that have been happening continually from now or the past through to a particular time in the future. In the sentence, "She will have been walking home," the verb phrase "will have been walking" is in

3604-556: Is considered one of the most important and influential texts in 20th-century musical aesthetics. Other examples of futurist music include Arthur Honegger 's " Pacific 231 " (1923), which imitates the sound of a steam locomotive, Prokofiev 's " The Steel Step " (1926), Alexander Mosolov 's " Iron Foundry " (1927), and the experiments of Edgard Varèse . Literary futurism made its debut with F.T. Marinetti 's Manifesto of Futurism (1909). Futurist poetry used unexpected combinations of images and hyper-conciseness (not to be confused with

3710-407: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Future In the philosophy of time , presentism is the belief that only the present exists and the future and the past are unreal . Religions consider the future when they address issues such as karma , life after death , and eschatologies that study what the end of time and the end of

3816-450: Is in the future continuous tense because the action described is not happening now, but will happen sometime afterwards and is expected to continue happening for some time. Verbs in the future perfect tense indicate actions that will be completed at a particular point in the future. For example, the verb phrase , "will have walked," in the sentence, "She will have walked home," is in the future perfect tense because it refers to an action that

3922-538: Is known to encompass anticipation of the future. Anticipatory behavior can be the result of a psychological outlook toward the future, for examples optimism , pessimism , and hope . Optimism is an outlook on life such that one maintains a view of the world as a positive place. People would say that optimism is seeing the glass "half full" of water as opposed to half empty . It is the philosophical opposite of pessimism. Optimists generally believe that people and events are inherently good, so that most situations work out in

4028-609: Is now more appropriate to think in terms of a global culture, rather than of regional ones. In The Origin of the Work of Art , Martin Heidegger, a German philosopher and seminal thinker, describes the essence of art in terms of the concepts of being and truth. He argues that art is not only a way of expressing the element of truth in a culture, but the means of creating it and providing a springboard from which "that which is" can be revealed. Works of art are not merely representations of

4134-562: Is one of the most vivid examples of this interaction. The meeting of different cultures and worldviews also influenced artistic creation. An example of this is the multicultural port metropolis of Trieste at the beginning of the 20th century, where James Joyce met writers from Central Europe and the artistic development of New York City as a cultural melting pot. The creative arts are often divided into more specific categories, typically along perceptually distinguishable categories such as media , genre, styles , and form. Art form refers to

4240-559: Is similar to forecasting but is used more generally, for instance, to also include baseless claims on the future. Organized efforts to predict the future began with practices like astrology , haruspicy , and augury . These are all considered to be pseudoscience today, evolving from the human desire to know the future in advance. Modern efforts such as futures studies attempt to predict technological and societal trends, while more ancient practices, such as weather forecasting, have benefited from scientific and causal modelling . Despite

4346-437: Is something that stimulates an individual's thoughts, emotions, beliefs, or ideas through the senses. Works of art can be explicitly made for this purpose or interpreted on the basis of images or objects. For some scholars, such as Kant, the sciences and the arts could be distinguished by taking science as representing the domain of knowledge and the arts as representing the domain of the freedom of artistic expression. Often, if

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4452-432: Is sometimes called the ' growing block ' theory of time—which postulates that the past and present exist, but the future does not. Presentism is compatible with Galilean relativity , in which time is independent of space, but is probably incompatible with Lorentzian / Albert Einsteinian relativity in conjunction with certain other philosophical theses that many find uncontroversial. Saint Augustine proposed that

4558-468: Is the belief that the past, present, and future have been already decided . The concept of the future has been explored extensively in cultural production, including art movements and genres devoted entirely to its elucidation, such as the 20th-century movement futurism . In physics, time is the fourth dimension. Physicists argue that spacetime can be understood as a sort of stretchy fabric that bends due to forces such as gravity. In classical physics

4664-463: Is the source of all true art and science. – Albert Einstein Jupiter's eagle [as an example of art] is not, like logical (aesthetic) attributes of an object, the concept of the sublimity and majesty of creation, but rather something else—something that gives the imagination an incentive to spread its flight over a whole host of kindred representations that provoke more thought than admits of expression in

4770-536: Is the view that all aesthetic properties of art are formal (that is, part of the art form). Philosophers almost universally reject this view and hold that the properties and aesthetics of art extend beyond materials, techniques, and form. Unfortunately, there is little consensus on terminology for these informal properties. Some authors refer to subject matter and content—i.e., denotations and connotations —while others prefer terms like meaning and significance. Extreme Intentionalism holds that authorial intent plays

4876-407: Is therefore beyond utility. Imitation, then, is one instinct of our nature. Next, there is the instinct for 'harmony' and rhythm, meters being manifestly sections of rhythm. Persons, therefore, starting with this natural gift developed by degrees their special aptitudes, till their rude improvisations gave birth to Poetry. – Aristotle The most beautiful thing we can experience is the mysterious. It

4982-706: The Phaedrus (265a–c), and yet in the Republic wants to outlaw Homer 's great poetic art, and laughter as well. In Ion , Socrates gives no hint of the disapproval of Homer that he expresses in the Republic . The dialogue Ion suggests that Homer's Iliad functioned in the ancient Greek world as the Bible does today in the modern Christian world: as divinely inspired literary art that can provide moral guidance, if only it can be properly interpreted. With regards to

5088-464: The Buddhists (in the tradition of Indian Buddhism ). A leading scholar from the modern era on Buddhist philosophy is Stcherbatsky , who has written extensively on Buddhist presentism: Everything past is unreal, everything future is unreal, everything imagined, absent, mental... is unreal... Ultimately real is only the present moment of physical efficiency [i.e., causation ]. Human behavior

5194-594: The Messiah or Messianic Age , the end time , and the end of days . In grammar , actions are classified according to one of the following twelve verb tenses: past ( past , past continuous , past perfect , or past perfect continuous ), present ( present , present continuous , present perfect , or present perfect continuous ), or future (future, future continuous , future perfect , or future perfect continuous ). The future tense refers to actions that have not yet happened, but which are due, expected, or may occur in

5300-618: The elements of art that are independent of its interpretation or significance. It covers the methods adopted by the artist and the physical composition of the artwork, primarily non-semantic aspects of the work (i.e., figurae ), such as color , contour , dimension , medium , melody , space , texture , and value . Form may also include Design principles , such as arrangement, balance , contrast , emphasis , harmony , proportion , proximity , and rhythm. In general there are three schools of philosophy regarding art, focusing respectively on form, content, and context. Extreme Formalism

5406-431: The epithet art , particular in its elevated sense, requires a certain level of creative expertise by the artist, whether this be a demonstration of technical ability, an originality in stylistic approach, or a combination of these two. Traditionally skill of execution was viewed as a quality inseparable from art and thus necessary for its success; for Leonardo da Vinci , art, neither more nor less than his other endeavors,

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5512-661: The history of art . In the perspective of the history of art, artistic works have existed for almost as long as humankind: from early prehistoric art to contemporary art ; however, some theorists think that the typical concept of "artistic works" does not fit well outside modern Western societies. One early sense of the definition of art is closely related to the older Latin meaning, which roughly translates to "skill" or "craft", as associated with words such as "artisan". English words derived from this meaning include artifact , artificial , artifice , medical arts , and military arts . However, there are many other colloquial uses of

5618-408: The idealist view that art expresses emotions, and that the work of art therefore essentially exists in the mind of the creator. The theory of art as form has its roots in the philosophy of Kant, and was developed in the early 20th century by Roger Fry and Clive Bell . More recently, thinkers influenced by Martin Heidegger have interpreted art as the means by which a community develops for itself

5724-542: The soul to transfer to another body ( reincarnation ). The major views on the afterlife derive from religion , esotericism and metaphysics . There are those who are skeptical of the existence of the afterlife, or believe that it is absolutely impossible, such as the materialist -reductionists, who believe that the topic is supernatural , therefore does not really exist or is unknowable. In metaphysical models, theists generally, believe some sort of afterlife awaits people when they die. Atheists generally do not believe in

5830-423: The 17th century, where aesthetic considerations are paramount, the fine arts are separated and distinguished from acquired skills in general, such as the decorative or applied arts . The nature of art and related concepts, such as creativity and interpretation , are explored in a branch of philosophy known as aesthetics . The resulting artworks are studied in the professional fields of art criticism and

5936-537: The 19th and 20th centuries the West has had huge impacts on Eastern art with originally western ideas like Communism and Post-Modernism exerting a powerful influence. Modernism , the idealistic search for truth, gave way in the latter half of the 20th century to a realization of its unattainability. Theodor W. Adorno said in 1970, "It is now taken for granted that nothing which concerns art can be taken for granted any more: neither art itself, nor art in relationship to

6042-488: The 20th and 21st centuries. Art Art is a diverse range of cultural activity centered around works by creative or imaginative talents, which are expected to induce a worthwhile experience, generally through the expression of emotional power, conceptual ideas , beauty , and/or technical proficiency. There is no generally agreed definition of what constitutes art , and its interpretation has varied greatly throughout history and across cultures. In

6148-502: The Mind of Someone Living follow this example. Emin slept (and engaged in other activities) in her bed before placing the result in a gallery as work of art. Hirst came up with the conceptual design for the artwork but has left most of the eventual creation of many works to employed artisans. Hirst's celebrity is founded entirely on his ability to produce shocking concepts. The actual production in many conceptual and contemporary works of art

6254-510: The Western Middle Ages, much art focused on the expression of subjects about biblical and religious culture, and used styles that showed the higher glory of a heavenly world, such as the use of gold in the background of paintings, or glass in mosaics or windows, which also presented figures in idealized, patterned (flat) forms. Nevertheless, a classical realist tradition persisted in small Byzantine works, and realism steadily grew in

6360-504: The Western tradition, the three classical branches of visual art are painting , sculpture , and architecture . Theatre , dance , and other performing arts , as well as literature , music , film and other media such as interactive media , are included in a broader definition of " the arts ". Until the 17th century, art referred to any skill or mastery and was not differentiated from crafts or sciences . In modern usage after

6466-632: The actual length of the poem). Futurist theater works have scenes a few sentences long, use nonsensical humor, and try to discredit the deep-rooted dramatic traditions with parody. Longer literature forms, such as novels, had no place in the Futurist aesthetic, which had an obsession with speed and compression. Futurism expanded to encompass other artistic domains and ultimately included painting, sculpture, ceramics, graphic design , industrial design, interior design, theatre design, textiles, drama, literature, music and architecture. In architecture, it featured

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6572-742: The art of Catholic Europe . Renaissance art had a greatly increased emphasis on the realistic depiction of the material world, and the place of humans in it, reflected in the corporeality of the human body, and development of a systematic method of graphical perspective to depict recession in a three-dimensional picture space. In the east, Islamic art 's rejection of iconography led to emphasis on geometric patterns , calligraphy , and architecture . Further east, religion dominated artistic styles and forms too. India and Tibet saw emphasis on painted sculptures and dance, while religious painting borrowed many conventions from sculpture and tended to bright contrasting colors with emphasis on outlines. China saw

6678-523: The art than any clear definitional difference. However, even fine art often has goals beyond pure creativity and self-expression. The purpose of works of art may be to communicate ideas, such as in politically, spiritually, or philosophically motivated art; to create a sense of beauty (see aesthetics ); to explore the nature of perception; for pleasure; or to generate strong emotions . The purpose may also be seemingly nonexistent. The nature of art has been described by philosopher Richard Wollheim as "one of

6784-481: The assumption that it is possible to identify the underlying factors that might influence the variable that is being forecast. If the causes are understood, projections of the influencing variables can be made and used in the forecast. Judgmental forecasting methods incorporate intuitive judgments, opinions, and probability estimates, as in the case of the Delphi method , scenario building , and simulations . Prediction

6890-550: The city of Basel , in Switzerland , opened the first public museum of art in the world, the Kunstmuseum Basel . Today, its collection is distinguished by an impressively wide historic span, from the early 15th century up to the immediate present. Its various areas of emphasis give it international standing as one of the most significant museums of its kind. These encompass: paintings and drawings by artists active in

6996-403: The continuation of existence of the soul , spirit or mind of a human (or animal) after physical death , typically in a spiritual or ghostlike afterworld. Deceased persons are usually believed to go to a specific region or plane of existence in this afterworld, often depending on the rightness of their actions during life. Some believe the afterlife includes some form of preparation for

7102-482: The creative process into broad three steps, but there is no consensus on an exact number. In the first step, the artist envisions the art in their mind. By imagining what their art would look like, the artist begins the process of bringing the art into existence. Preparation of art may involve approaching and researching the subject matter. Artistic inspiration is one of the main drivers of art, and may be considered to stem from instinct, impressions, and feelings. In

7208-704: The destructive gesture of freedom-bringers, beautiful ideas worth dying for, and scorn for woman." Though it owed much of its character and some of its ideas to radical political movements , it had little involvement in politics until the autumn of 1913. Futurism in Classical Music arose during this same time period. Closely identified with the central Italian Futurist movement were brother composers Luigi Russolo (1885–1947) and Antonio Russolo (1877–1942), who used instruments known as intonarumori —essentially sound boxes used to create music out of noise. Luigi Russolo's futurist manifesto, " The Art of Noises ",

7314-598: The developing theory of post-structuralism studies art's significance in a cultural context, such as the ideas, emotions, and reactions prompted by a work. The cultural context often reduces to the artist's techniques and intentions, in which case analysis proceeds along lines similar to formalism and intentionalism. However, in other cases historical and material conditions may predominate, such as religious and philosophical convictions, sociopolitical and economic structures, or even climate and geography. Art criticism continues to grow and develop alongside art. Art can connote

7420-784: The development of cognitive instruments for the comprehension of future, the stochastic and chaotic nature of many natural and social processes has made precise forecasting of the future elusive. Futurism as an art movement originated in Italy at the beginning of the 20th century. It developed largely in Italy and in Russia , although it also had adherents in other countries—in England and Portugal for example. The Futurists explored every medium of art, including painting , sculpture , poetry , theatre , music , architecture , and even gastronomy . Futurists had passionate loathing of ideas from

7526-429: The discipline thus seeks a systematic and pattern-based understanding of past and present, and to determine the likelihood of future events and trends. A key part of this process is understanding the potential future impact of decisions made by individuals, organizations, and governments. Leaders use the results of such work to assist in decision-making. Take hold of the future or the future will take hold of you. Futures

7632-534: The emotional side and individuality of humans, exemplified in the novels of Goethe . The late 19th century then saw a host of artistic movements , such as academic art , Symbolism , impressionism and fauvism among others. The history of 20th-century art is a narrative of endless possibilities and the search for new standards, each being torn down in succession by the next. Thus the parameters of Impressionism , Expressionism , Fauvism , Cubism , Dadaism , Surrealism , etc. cannot be maintained very much beyond

7738-438: The end for the best. Hope is a belief in a positive outcome related to events and circumstances in one's life. Hope implies a certain amount of despair, wanting, wishing, suffering or perseverance—i.e., believing that a better or positive outcome is possible even when there is some evidence to the contrary. "Hopefulness" is somewhat different from optimism in that hope is an emotional state, whereas some theories point to optimism as

7844-601: The flourishing of many art forms: jade carving, bronzework, pottery (including the stunning Terracotta Army of Emperor Qin ), poetry, calligraphy, music, painting, drama, fiction, etc. Chinese styles vary greatly from era to era and each one is traditionally named after the ruling dynasty. So, for example, Tang dynasty paintings are monochromatic and sparse, emphasizing idealized landscapes, but Ming dynasty paintings are busy and colorful, and focus on telling stories via setting and composition. Japan names its styles after imperial dynasties too, and also saw much interplay between

7950-442: The following outline. The different purposes of art may be grouped according to those that are non-motivated, and those that are motivated ( Lévi-Strauss ). The non-motivated purposes of art are those that are integral to being human, transcend the individual, or do not fulfill a specific external purpose. In this sense, Art, as creativity, is something humans must do by their very nature (i.e., no other species creates art), and

8056-420: The future is just a half of the timeline, which is the same for all observers. In special relativity the flow of time is relative to the observer's frame of reference . The faster an observer is traveling away from a reference object, the slower that object seems to move through time. Hence, the future is not an objective notion anymore. A more modern notion is absolute future , or the future light cone . While

8162-432: The future perfect continuous tense because it refers to an action that the speaker anticipates will be finished in the future. Another way to think of the various future tenses is that actions described by the future tense will be completed at an unspecified time in the future, actions described by the future continuous tense will keep happening in the future, actions described by the future perfect tense will be completed at

8268-425: The future. For example, in the sentence, "She will walk home," the verb "will walk" is in the future tense because it refers to an action that is going to, or may, happen at a point in time beyond the present. Verbs in the future continuous tense indicate actions that will happen beyond the present and will continue for a period of time. In the sentence, "She will be walking home," the verb phrase "will be walking"

8374-503: The interpretations they give to these models. Forecasting is the process of estimating outcomes in uncontrolled situations. Forecasting is applied in many areas, such as weather forecasting , earthquake prediction , transport planning , and labour market planning. Due to the element of the unknown, risk and uncertainty are central to forecasting. Statistically based forecasting employs time series with cross-sectional or longitudinal data. Econometric forecasting methods use

8480-424: The limitations of prediction and probability, versus the creation of possible and preferable futures. Three factors usually distinguish futures studies from the research conducted by other disciplines (although all disciplines overlap, to differing degrees). First, futures studies often examines not only possible but also probable, preferable, and "wild card" futures. Second, futures studies typically attempts to gain

8586-422: The literary art and the musical arts, Aristotle considered epic poetry , tragedy, comedy, Dithyrambic poetry and music to be mimetic or imitative art, each varying in imitation by medium, object, and manner. For example, music imitates with the media of rhythm and harmony, whereas dance imitates with rhythm alone, and poetry with language. The forms also differ in their object of imitation. Comedy, for instance,

8692-400: The more common cyclic time of cultures such as India, where past and future can coalesce much more readily. Futures studies or futurology is the science, art, and practice of postulating possible, probable, and preferable futures and the worldviews and myths that underlie them. Futures studies seek to understand what is likely to continue, what is likely to change, and what is novel. Part of

8798-486: The most elusive of the traditional problems of human culture". Art has been defined as a vehicle for the expression or communication of emotions and ideas, a means for exploring and appreciating formal elements for their own sake, and as mimesis or representation . Art as mimesis has deep roots in the philosophy of Aristotle. Leo Tolstoy identified art as a use of indirect means to communicate from one person to another. Benedetto Croce and R. G. Collingwood advanced

8904-513: The most wealthy in society. Nevertheless, there have been many periods where art of very high quality was available, in terms of ownership, across large parts of society, above all in cheap media such as pottery, which persists in the ground, and perishable media such as textiles and wood. In many different cultures, the ceramics of indigenous peoples of the Americas are found in such a wide range of graves that they were clearly not restricted to

9010-478: The newspapers and stultifies both science and art by assiduously flattering the lowest of tastes; clarity bordering on stupidity, a dog's life. – André Breton (Surrealism) The functions of art described above are not mutually exclusive, as many of them may overlap. For example, art for the purpose of entertainment may also seek to sell a product, i.e. the movie or video game. Art can be divided into any number of steps one can make an argument for. This section divides

9116-423: The oldest musical instruments unearthed so far, with the artifacts dating between 43,000 and 35,000 BC, so being the first centre of human art. Many great traditions in art have a foundation in the art of one of the great ancient civilizations: Ancient Egypt , Mesopotamia , Persia , India, China, Ancient Greece, Rome, as well as Inca , Maya , and Olmec . Each of these centers of early civilization developed

9222-503: The past, especially political and artistic traditions. They also espoused a love of speed , technology , and violence . Futurists dubbed the love of the past passéisme . The car, the plane, and the industrial town were all legendary for the Futurists because they represented the technological triumph of people over nature . The Futurist Manifesto of 1909 declared: "We will glorify war—the world's only hygiene—militarism, patriotism,

9328-662: The precise meaning of such art is often disputed because so little is known about the cultures that produced them. The first undisputed sculptures and similar art pieces, like the Venus of Hohle Fels , are the numerous objects found at the Caves and Ice Age Art in the Swabian Jura UNESCO World Heritage Site , where the oldest non-stationary works of human art yet discovered were found, in the form of carved animal and humanoid figurines, in addition to

9434-485: The present is a knife edge between the past and the future and could not contain any extended period of time. Contrary to Saint Augustine, some philosophers propose that conscious experience is extended in time. For instance, William James said that time is "...the short duration of which we are immediately and incessantly sensible." Augustine proposed that God is outside of time and present for all times, in eternity . Other early philosophers who were presentists include

9540-407: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Later . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Later&oldid=1220112966 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

9646-404: The second step, the artist executes the creation of their work. The creation of a piece can be affected by factors such as the artist's mood , surroundings , and mental state . For example, The Black Paintings by Francisco de Goya , created in the elder years of his life, are thought to be so bleak because he was in isolation and because of his experience with war. He painted them directly on

9752-440: The skill is being used in a common or practical way, people will consider it a craft instead of art. Likewise, if the skill is being used in a commercial or industrial way, it may be considered commercial art instead of fine art. On the other hand, crafts and design are sometimes considered applied art . Some art followers have argued that the difference between fine art and applied art has more to do with value judgments made about

9858-444: The soul's existence in another world like Christianity, Islam and many pagan belief systems, or in reincarnation like many forms of Hinduism and Buddhism, believe that one's status in the afterlife is a reward or punishment for their conduct during life, with the exception of Calvinistic variants of Protestant Christianity, which believe one's status in the afterlife is a gift from God and cannot be earned during life. Eschatology

9964-549: The styles of calligraphy and painting. Woodblock printing became important in Japan after the 17th century. The western Age of Enlightenment in the 18th century saw artistic depictions of physical and rational certainties of the clockwork universe , as well as politically revolutionary visions of a post-monarchist world, such as Blake 's portrayal of Newton as a divine geometer, or David 's propagandistic paintings. This led to Romantic rejections of this in favor of pictures of

10070-406: The time of their invention. Increasing global interaction during this time saw an equivalent influence of other cultures into Western art. Thus, Japanese woodblock prints (themselves influenced by Western Renaissance draftsmanship) had an immense influence on impressionism and subsequent development. Later, African sculptures were taken up by Picasso and to some extent by Matisse . Similarly, in

10176-446: The title, the subject is Napoleon , and the content is Ingres 's representation of Napoleon as "Emperor-God beyond time and space". Similarly to extreme formalism, philosophers typically reject extreme intentionalism, because art may have multiple ambiguous meanings and authorial intent may be unknowable and thus irrelevant. Its restrictive interpretation is "socially unhealthy, philosophically unreal, and politically unwise". Finally,

10282-431: The trap posed by the term 'art'. – Silva Tomaskova Motivated purposes of art refer to intentional, conscious actions on the part of the artists or creator. These may be to bring about political change, to comment on an aspect of society, to convey a specific emotion or mood, to address personal psychology, to illustrate another discipline, to (with commercial arts) sell a product, or used as a form of communication. [Art

10388-483: The walls of his apartment in Spain, and most likely never discussed them with anyone. The Beatles stated drugs such as LSD and cannabis influenced some of their greatest hits, such as Revolver . Trial and error are considered an integral part of the creation process. The last step is art appreciation , which has the sub-topic of critique. In one study, over half of visual arts students agreed that reflection

10494-455: The way things are, but actually produce a community's shared understanding. Each time a new artwork is added to any culture, the meaning of what it is to exist is inherently changed. Historically, art and artistic skills and ideas have often been spread through trade. An example of this is the Silk Road , where Hellenistic, Iranian, Indian and Chinese influences could mix. Greco Buddhist art

10600-400: The whole, nor even the right of art to exist." Relativism was accepted as an unavoidable truth, which led to the period of contemporary art and postmodern criticism , where cultures of the world and of history are seen as changing forms, which can be appreciated and drawn from only with skepticism and irony. Furthermore, the separation of cultures is increasingly blurred and some argue it

10706-553: The widest range of society. Another important innovation came in the 15th century in Europe, when printmaking began with small woodcuts , mostly religious, that were often very small and hand-colored, and affordable even by peasants who glued them to the walls of their homes. Printed books were initially very expensive, but fell steadily in price until by the 19th century even the poorest could afford some with printed illustrations. Popular prints of many different sorts have decorated homes and other places for centuries. In 1661,

10812-420: The word art as an abbreviation for creative art or fine art emerged in the early 17th century. Fine art refers to a skill used to express the artist's creativity, or to engage the audience's aesthetic sensibilities, or to draw the audience towards consideration of more refined or finer works of art. Within this latter sense, the word art may refer to several things: (i) a study of a creative skill, (ii)

10918-477: The word, all with some relation to its etymology . Over time, philosophers like Plato , Aristotle , Socrates and Immanuel Kant , among others, questioned the meaning of art. Several dialogues in Plato tackle questions about art, while Socrates says that poetry is inspired by the muses and is not rational. He speaks approvingly of this, and other forms of divine madness (drunkenness, eroticism, and dreaming) in

11024-445: The world will be. Religious figures such as prophets and diviners have claimed to see into the future. Future studies, or futurology , is the science, art, and practice of postulating possible futures. Modern practitioners stress the importance of alternative and plural futures, rather than one monolithic future, and the limitations of prediction and probability , versus the creation of possible and preferable futures. Predeterminism

11130-437: Was a manifestation of skill. Rembrandt 's work, now praised for its ephemeral virtues, was most admired by his contemporaries for its virtuosity. At the turn of the 20th century, the adroit performances of John Singer Sargent were alternately admired and viewed with skepticism for their manual fluency, yet at nearly the same time the artist who would become the era's most recognized and peripatetic iconoclast, Pablo Picasso ,

11236-542: Was completing a traditional academic training at which he excelled. A common contemporary criticism of some modern art occurs along the lines of objecting to the apparent lack of skill or ability required in the production of the artistic object. In conceptual art, Marcel Duchamp 's Fountain is among the first examples of pieces wherein the artist used found objects ("ready-made") and exercised no traditionally recognised set of skills. Tracey Emin 's My Bed , or Damien Hirst 's The Physical Impossibility of Death in

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