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29-696: The LEAA was established by the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968 and was abolished in 1982. Its predecessor agency was the Office of Law Enforcement Assistance (1965–1968). Its successor agencies were the Office of Justice Assistance, Research, and Statistics (1982–1984) and the Office of Justice Programs . The LEAA included the National Institute of Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice , which had its functions absorbed by

58-506: A reasonable expectation of privacy ...At no time, however, were the Justice Department's standards and procedures ever applied to NSA's electronic monitoring system and its 'watch listing' of American citizens. From the early 1960s until 1973, NSA compiled a list of individuals and organizations, including 1200 American citizens and domestic groups, whose communications were segregated from the mass of communications intercepted by

87-530: A clear intent to reverse the effect of the court ruling, included a provision in the Crime Control Act directing federal trial judges to admit statements of criminal defendants if they were made voluntarily, without regard to whether he had received the Miranda warnings. The stated criteria for voluntary statements depended on such things as: It also provided that the "presence or absence of any of"

116-703: Is Jessica D. Aber , serving as prosecution for criminal cases brought by the federal government, and representing the United States in civil cases in the court. The U.S. Attorney's office also manages the Project Safe Neighborhoods program within the district to reduce gun violence , and is involved with federal initiatives on drug trafficking , terrorism , cybercrime , and the prevention of elder care abuse. As of August 18, 2023 : Chief judges have administrative responsibilities with respect to their district court. Unlike

145-694: Is now the entire state of Virginia. With the division of West Virginia from Virginia during the American Civil War , the Western District of Virginia became the District of West Virginia, and those parts of the Western District that were not part of West Virginia were combined with the Eastern District to again form a single District of Virginia on June 11, 1864, by 13  Stat.   124 . Congress again divided Virginia into

174-761: The Commonwealth of Virginia . It has jurisdiction over the Northern Virginia , Hampton Roads , and Richmond metro areas and surrounding locations with courthouses located in Alexandria , Norfolk , Richmond and Newport News (whose judges are shared with Norfolk). Appeals from the Eastern District of Virginia are taken to the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit , except for patent claims and claims against

203-622: The Eastern District of Virginia declared the minimum age for handgun purchases to be unconstitutional. On December 1, 2023, District Judge Thomas Kleeh of the Northern District of West Virginia also declared the minimum age requirement unconstitutional. The wiretapping section of the bill was passed in part as a response to the U.S. Supreme Court decisions Berger v. New York , 388 U.S. 41 (1967) and Katz v. United States , 389 U.S. 347 (1967), which both limited

232-885: The National Institute of Justice on December 27, 1979, with passage of the Justice System Improvement Act of 1979. The Act, which amended the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968, also led to creation of the Bureau of Justice Statistics . LEAA included the National Advisory Commission on Criminal Justice Standards and Goals . The LEAA was criticized for various reasons, including mismanagement of funds, concerns about exacerbating police militarization, and not effectively reducing crime. In response to these criticisms and changing political and fiscal priorities,

261-477: The Spottswood W. Robinson III and Robert R. Merhige Jr. Federal Courthouse, having previously been held in the historic Lewis F. Powell Jr. United States Courthouse . The Eastern District of Virginia court's jurisdiction covers slightly over six million people, comprising approximately 85% of the state's population. Its jurisdiction is grouped into four geographic divisions: The Alexandria Division covers

290-810: The counties of suburban Washington, D.C. : Arlington , Fairfax , Fauquier , Loudoun , Prince William , and Stafford , and includes the independent cities of Alexandria , Fairfax , Manassas , Manassas Park , and Falls Church . The Richmond Division comprises the counties of Amelia , Brunswick , Caroline , Charles City , Chesterfield , Dinwiddie , Essex , Goochland , Greensville , Hanover , Henrico , James City , King and Queen , King George , King William , Lancaster , Lunenburg , Mecklenburg , Middlesex , New Kent , Northumberland , Nottoway , Powhatan , Prince Edward , Prince George , Richmond , Spotsylvania , Surry , Sussex , and Westmoreland , as well as independent cities such as Colonial Heights and Fredericksburg . Norfolk Division includes

319-874: The "Church Committee") was established to investigate abuses by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), National Security Agency (NSA), Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), and the Internal Revenue Service (IRS). In 1975 and 1976, the Church Committee published 14 reports on various U.S. intelligence agencies' operations, and a report on the FBI's COINTELPRO program stated that "the Fourth Amendment did apply to searches and seizures of conversations and protected all conversations of an individual as to which he had

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348-552: The Agency, transcribed, and frequently disseminated to other agencies for intelligence purposes ". Academic Colin Agur argues that the act "disappoints" from the perspective of Brandeisian legal philosophy, in regards to individual privacy, because it assumes that law enforcement agencies have a right to electronic surveillance, instead of "giving unambiguous priority to individual privacy." The Act prohibits "employers from listening to

377-837: The District of Virginia, which included the counties west of the Tidewater and south of the Rappahannock River ; the District of Norfolk , which included the Tidewater counties south of the Rappahannock; and the District of Potomac , which included the counties north and east of the Rappahannock as well as Maryland counties along the Potomac . Just over a year later, on March 8, 1802, the Judiciary Act of 1801

406-624: The Eastern and Western Districts on February 3, 1871, by 16  Stat.   403 . During the 1960s, Judge Albert V. Bryan Jr. ran the Alexandria court, often ruled cases on the spot after motions were argued. The court earned the nickname of " rocket docket " for the speed and efficiency for which it processes its cases. Since 1997, the court has processed civil cases the fastest of the 94 federal districts, and eighth fastest in dealing with criminal cases . Courts at Richmond are located in

435-697: The FBI budget by 10% to fund police training at the FBI National Academy . Much of this training was for riot control , a popular political issue at the time. In 1966, the U.S. Supreme Court decision in Miranda v. Arizona (384 U.S. 436) created the requirement that a citizen must be informed of their legal rights upon their arrest and before they are interrogated, which came to be known as Miranda warnings . Responding to various complaints that such warnings allowed too many criminals go free, Congress, in provisions codified under 18 U.S.C. § 3501 with

464-480: The Fourth Circuit had reasoned that Miranda was not a constitutional requirement, that Congress could therefore overrule it by legislation, and that the provision in the Omnibus Crime Control Act had supplanted the requirement that police give Miranda warnings. The Supreme Court overturned the Fourth Circuit decision, reaffirming the ruling of Miranda v. Arizona (1966) as the primary guideline for

493-532: The LEAA was phased out and eventually abolished by the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act Amendments of 1981 . Its functions were absorbed by other parts of the Department of Justice. In March 1973, the LEAA ordered any police department receiving federal funding to end minimum height requirements, which most women could not meet. Throughout the 1970s and 1980s, the LEAA promoted policing initiatives such as

522-759: The STRESS ( Stop the Robberies, Enjoy Safe Streets ) in Detroit and CRASH ( Community Resources Against Street Hoodlums ) in Los Angeles. "LEAA/OJP retrospective" (PDF) . Office of Justice Programs, U.S. Dept. of Justice. 1996-07-11 . Retrieved 2013-03-15 . Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968 The Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968 ( Pub. L.   90–351 , 82  Stat.   197 , enacted June 19, 1968 , codified at 34 U.S.C.   § 10101 et seq. )

551-487: The Supreme Court, where one justice is specifically nominated to be chief, the office of chief judge rotates among the district court judges. To be chief, a judge must have been in active service on the court for at least one year, be under the age of 65, and have not previously served as chief judge. A vacancy is filled by the judge highest in seniority among the group of qualified judges. The chief judge serves for

580-594: The U.S. government under the Tucker Act , which are appealed to the Federal Circuit . The United States District Court for the District of Virginia was one of the original 13 courts established by the Judiciary Act of 1789 , 1  Stat.   73 , on September 24, 1789. On February 13, 1801, the Judiciary Act of 1801 , 2  Stat.   89 , divided Virginia into three judicial districts:

609-653: The act or the Federal Communications Act of 1934 shall limit the constitutional power of the President " to take such measures as he deems necessary ": The section also limits use in evidence only where the interception was reasonable and prohibits disclosure except for purpose. In 1975, the United States Senate Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities , (known as

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638-407: The admissibility of statements made during custodial interrogation, and stating that Congress does not have the legislative power to supersede Miranda v. Arizona. United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia The United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia (in case citations , E.D. Va. ) is one of two United States district courts serving

667-417: The counties of Accomack , Northampton , Isle of Wight , Southampton , and independent cities such as Chesapeake , Norfolk , Portsmouth , Suffolk , and Virginia Beach . The Newport News Division includes the counties of Gloucester , Mathews , York County , James City and cities such as Hampton , Newport News, Poquoson , and Williamsburg . The U.S. attorney for the Eastern District of Virginia

696-487: The factors "need not be conclusive on the issue of voluntariness of the confession." (As a federal statute, it applied only to criminal proceedings either under federal laws, or in the District of Columbia.) That provision was disallowed in 1968 by a federal appeals court decision that was not appealed, and it escaped Supreme Court review until 32 years after passage, in Dickerson v. United States (2000). A lower court of

725-654: The power of the government to obtain information from citizens without their consent, based on the protections under the Fourth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. In the Katz decision, the Court "extended the Fourth Amendment protection from unreasonable search and seizure to protect individuals with a 'reasonable expectation of privacy.'" Section 2511(3) of the Crime Control Bill specifies that nothing in

754-499: The private telephone conversations of employees or disclosing the contents of these conversations." Employers can ban personal phone calls and can monitor calls for compliance provided they stop listening as soon as a personal conversation begins. Violations carry fines up to $ 10,000. The Electronic Communications Privacy Act of 1986 expanded these protections to electronic and cell phone communication. See also Employee monitoring and Workplace privacy . The bill increased

783-596: The states, with $ 100 million in funding. Within that amount, $ 50 million was earmarked for assistance to local law enforcement agencies , which included funds to deal with riot control and organized crime . The Omnibus Crime Bill also prohibited interstate trade in handguns and increased the minimum age to 21 for buying handguns. This legislation was soon followed by the Gun Control Act of 1968 , which set forth additional gun control restrictions. On May 10, 2023, Senior District Judge Robert E. Payne of

812-876: Was legislation passed by the Congress of the United States and signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson that established the Law Enforcement Assistance Administration (LEAA). Title III of the Act set rules for obtaining wiretap orders in the United States. The act was a major accomplishment of Johnson's war on crime . The LEAA, which was superseded by the Office of Justice Programs , provided federal grant funding for criminology and criminal justice research, much of which focused on social aspects of crime. Research grants were also provided to develop alternative sanctions for punishment of young offenders. Block grants were provided to

841-459: Was repealed and Virginia became a single district again, 2  Stat.   132 , effective July 1, 1802. The District of Virginia was subdivided into Eastern and Western Districts on February 4, 1819, by 3  Stat.   478 . At that time, West Virginia was still part of Virginia, and was encompassed in Virginia's Western District, while the Eastern District essentially covered what

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