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61-522: It was established in 1822 as Law Journal . It was amalgamated with Law Times to become New Law Journal in 1965. From 1947 to 1965 Butterworths published two weekly journals – the Law Journal and the Law Times . These were different in style and readership, but there was a strong case for rationalisation. Largely at the urging of Richard Millett when he was chairman, the two were amalgamated at

122-545: A service bureau for nonlegal applications until 1980. Rubin then hired a new team to build an entirely new information service dedicated exclusively to legal research . He coined a new name, LEXIS, from "lex", the Latin word for law, and "IS" for "information service". After several iterations, the original functional and performance specifications were finalized by Rubin and executive vice president Bob Bennett in late summer 1972. System designer Edward Gottsman supervised

183-608: A European-centric company initially, rebuilding and strengthening its core practices in oil and gas, telecommunications, automotive, manufacturing, and chemicals. It did however maintain offices in Boston and Houston in the USA. Later ADL grew and expanded throughout Europe, the Middle East, and Asia and continued to be recognized for its expertise in areas combining aspects of technology, innovation, and strategy. A group of partners led

244-694: A computer database to help him keep track of it all. In 1965, Horty's work inspired the Ohio State Bar Association (OSBA) to independently develop its own CALR system, Ohio Bar Automated Research (OBAR). In 1967, the OSBA signed a contract with Data Corporation, a local defense contractor, to build OBAR based on the OSBA's written specifications. Data proceeded to implement OBAR on Data Central, an interactive full-text search system originally developed in 1964 as Recon Central to help U.S. Air Force intelligence analysts search text summaries of

305-435: A future in which large populations of end users would directly interact with computer databases, rather than going through professional intermediaries like librarians. The developers of several other early information services in the 1970s harbored similar ambitions (e.g., OCLC 's WorldCat ), but met with financial, structural, and technological constraints and were forced to retreat to the professional intermediary model until

366-479: A leader in contract data analytics. In February 2020, LexisNexis transitioned its database services to the Amazon Web Services cloud architecture, and shut down its legacy mainframes and servers. In 2020, Estates Gazette and the remaining business of Reed Business Information became part of LexisNexis. In 2000, LexisNexis purchased RiskWise, a St. Cloud, Minnesota company. Also in 2000,

427-586: A library of briefs and motions. In addition to this, Lexis also has libraries of statutes, case judgments and opinions for jurisdictions such as France , Australia , Canada, Hong Kong , South Africa and the United Kingdom as well as databases of law review and legal journal articles for countries for which materials are available. Previously, LexisNexis had a stripped-down free version (known as LexisOne) but this has been discontinued and replaced by Lexis Communities, which provides news and blogs across

488-693: A management buyout from the Altran group in 2011. The MBO was completed on 30 December 2011 with the vast majority of ADL directors becoming partners and shareholders. A small number of senior principals, as well as the CFO and COO, also became shareholders. The firm is led by the elected Global CEO, Ignacio Garcia-Alves, who was also the leader of the MBO team. Currently the firm operates with an elected board of directors and several elected committees - Compensation Committee, Partnership Committee, and an Audit Committee. In

549-634: A manuscript for The Chemistry of Paper-making which was for many years an authoritative text in the area. The book had not been entirely finished when Griffin was killed in a laboratory accident in 1893. Little, who had studied Chemistry at MIT, collaborated with MIT and William Hultz Walker of the MIT Chemistry department, forming a partnership, Little & Walker, which lasted from 1900 to 1905, while both MIT and Little's company were still located in Boston. The partnership dissolved in 1905 when Walker dedicated all of his time to being in charge of

610-517: A partnership. The roots of the company were started in 1886 by Arthur Dehon Little , an MIT chemist, and co-worker Roger B. Griffin (Russell B. Griffin), another chemist and a graduate of the University of Vermont who had met when they both worked for Richmond Paper Company . Their new company, Little & Griffin, was located in Boston where MIT was then located. Griffin and Little prepared

671-416: A profit for the first time in 1977. In 1980, LEXIS completed its hand-keyed electronic database of all extant U.S. federal and state cases. The NEXIS service, added that same year, provided journalists with a searchable database of news articles. In September 1981, Rubin and several of his allies (including Bennett and Gottsman) left Mead Data Central to pursue other opportunities. When Toyota launched

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732-555: A structural reorganization of Arthur D. Little Inc. In 1987, ADL claimed that sabotage was likely the cause of the Bhopal disaster , which resulted in the death of thousands. ADL's investigation was funded by Union Carbide , the company that owned the chemical plant responsible for the chemical disaster. Analysis by Arthur D. Little argues that the Negligence argument was impossible for several tangible reasons. In 2001, ADL wrote

793-691: A variety of legal areas. Time Matters is a LexisNexis-branded software offering. Lexis for Microsoft Office is a LexisNexis-branded software offering. In France, the UK and Australia, LexisNexis publishes books, magazines and journals, both in hard copy and online. Titles include Taxation Magazine , Lawyers Weekly and La Semaine Juridique . Lastly, LexisNexis focused on generative AI tool for attorneys called LexisNexis Precision that can produce memos defining key legal concepts, identify and summarize new case developments, and generate common legal documents. The organization that eventually became LexisNexis UK

854-441: Is a global provider of news and business information and market intelligence tools for professionals in risk management, corporate, political, media, and academic markets. In 2022, LexisNexis Risk Solutions was sued by immigration advocates for allegedly violating Illinois law by collecting and combining extensive personal information and selling it to third parties, including federal immigration authorities. The lawsuit claimed that

915-411: Is a print and electronic publishing company that provides information to financial and legal professionals in the banking industry, as well as online training and tools for financial institutions. SIS was founded in 1971 by Alex and Gabrielle Sheshunoff. The company became recognized for providing guidance and analysis to the banking industry. In 1988 Thompson Media, a division of Thomson Reuters, acquired

976-460: Is a violation of the GDPR, which requires companies to obtain consent from individuals before collecting and storing their personal data. Arthur D. Little Arthur D. Little is an international management consulting firm originally headquartered in Boston , Massachusetts, United States, founded in 1886 and formally incorporated in 1909 by Arthur Dehon Little , an MIT chemist who extended

1037-459: Is an American data analytics company headquartered in New York, New York . Its products are various databases that are accessed through online portals, including portals for computer-assisted legal research (CALR), newspaper search, and consumer information. During the 1970s, LexisNexis began to make legal and journalistic documents more accessible electronically. As of 2006, the company had

1098-516: The Arthur D. Little consulting firm to study the business possibilities for the Data Central technology. Arthur D. Little dispatched a team of consultants from New York to Ohio led by H. Donald Wilson . After Mead asked for a practicing lawyer on the team, Jerome Rubin, a Harvard -trained attorney with 20 years of experience was included. The resulting study concluded that the nonlegal market

1159-553: The Arthur D. Little Inc., Building , at 30 Memorial Drive on the Charles River next to the new campus of MIT, which had also relocated from Boston to Cambridge. The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1976. In November 1953, ADL opened a 40-acre site for its Acorn Park labs in west Cambridge, Massachusetts , about 6 miles (10 km) from MIT. The new site took its name from

1220-530: The Lexus line of luxury vehicles in 1989, Mead Data Central sued for trademark infringement on the grounds that consumers of upscale products (like lawyers) might confuse "Lexus" with "Lexis". A market research survey asked consumers to identify the spoken word "Lexis". Survey results showed that a nominal number of people thought of the computerized legal search system; a similarly small number thought of Toyota's luxury car division. A judge ruled against Toyota, and

1281-651: The Multistate Anti-Terrorism Information Exchange (MATRIX). In February 2008, Reed Elsevier purchased data aggregator ChoicePoint (previous NYSE ticker symbol CPS) in a cash deal for US$ 3.6 billion. The company was rebranded as LexisNexis Risk Solutions . In 2013, LexisNexis, together with Reed Elsevier Properties SA, acquired publishing brands and businesses of Sheshunoff and A.S. Pratt from Thompson Media Group . Sheshunoff Information Services , A.S. Pratt, & Alex Information (collectively, SIS), founded in 1972,

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1342-600: The New Law Journal . Tom Harper, till the then the editors of the Law Society Gazette , agreed to become the first editor of the new journal. Jan Miller became editor of the journal at the end of 2007. Each issue of NLJ normally contains about 25 pages of editorial , as well as advertising and regular directories of legal service providers. Contributors and key legal figures provide expert commentary and opinion in comment, speakers' corner and law in

1403-601: The deportation of undocumented migrants . LexisNexis has been accused of violating the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) by collecting and storing personal data of European citizens without their explicit consent. The accusation was made by NOYB , a European privacy advocacy group, which filed a complaint with the Irish Data Protection Commission (DPC), the lead supervisory authority for LexisNexis in

1464-474: The "LexisNexis", "Butterworths" and " Tolley " trade marks. Such publications include Halsbury's Laws of England and the All England Law Reports , amongst others. The Butterworths name is also used to publish works in many countries such as Canada, South Africa, Australia and New Zealand. LexisNexis also produces a range of software, services and products which are designed to support

1525-585: The Court's precedents on whether Illinois could constitutionally apply its income tax to Mead, an out-of-state, Ohio-based corporation. The Court reversed and remanded so the lower courts could apply the correct test and determine whether Mead and Lexis were a "unitary" business. In 1997, LexisNexis acquired 52 legal titles (including the Lawyers' Edition ) owned by the Thomson Corporation . Thomson

1586-489: The European Union. NOYB alleges that LexisNexis collects personal data of European citizens through its legal research products and services, including Lexis Advance and LexisNexis® Academic. This data includes names, addresses, email addresses, and IP addresses. NOYB also alleges that LexisNexis does not provide European citizens with an opportunity to opt out of the collection and storage of their personal data. This

1647-541: The LexisNexis system to Reed Elsevier for $ 1.5 billion. The U.S. state of Illinois subsequently audited Mead's income tax returns and charged Mead an additional $ 4 million in income tax and penalties for the sale of LexisNexis; Mead paid the tax under protest, then sued for a refund in an Illinois state court. On April 15, 2008, the U.S. Supreme Court agreed with Mead that the Illinois courts had incorrectly applied

1708-868: The NASDAQ stock exchange systems for London and Tokyo. In 1969 ADL developed the Apollo 11 Laser Ranging Retro-Reflector experiment which were installed on the Moon as part of the Apollo 11 mission and which remains active and functioning to this day. In 1980, ADL produced the European Commission 's first white paper on telecommunications deregulation , having completed the first worldwide telecommunications database on phones installed, markets, technical trends, services and regulatory information. It also helped privatize British Rail , generally regarded as one of

1769-418: The applications of cellulose acetate , especially its use as artificial silk. Arthur D. Little pioneered the concept of contracted professional services. The company played key roles in the development of business strategy, operations research , the word processor , the first synthetic penicillin , LexisNexis , SABRE , and NASDAQ . Today the company is a multinational management consulting firm operating as

1830-509: The company acquired the American legal publisher Matthew Bender from Times Mirror . In 2002, it acquired a Canadian research database company, Quicklaw . In 2002, LexisNexis acquired the Ohio legal publisher Anderson Publishing. In 2004, Reed Elsevier Group, parent company of LexisNexis, purchased Seisint, Inc, from founder Michael Brauser of Boca Raton, Florida . Seisint housed and operated

1891-536: The company appealed the decision. Mead lost on appeal in 1989 when the Court of Appeals for the 2nd Circuit held that there was little chance of consumer confusion. Today, the two companies have an amicable business relationship, and in 2002 implemented a joint promotion called "Win a Lexus on Lexis!" In 1988, Mead acquired the Michie Company, a legal publisher, from Macmillan . In December 1994, Mead sold

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1952-417: The company motto - "Glandes Sparge Ut Quercus Crescant," translated as "Scatter Acorns That Oaks May Grow." The Memorial Drive Trust, a tax-exempt retirement trust for the benefit of its employees, was set up. As the pioneer firm in professional services, Arthur D. Little played a key role in numerous 20th-century business initiatives: In 1911 ADL organized General Motors ' first R&D lab, leading to

2013-928: The company reaching 150 partners roughly two years later. In March 2022 Arthur D. Little terminated its operations in Russia and closed its Moscow office. Arthur D. Little is organized across a number of industry specialty groups including Aerospace & Defense, Automotive, Chemicals, Consumer Goods & Retail, Energy & Utilities, Financial Services, Healthcare & Life Sciences, Industrial Goods & Services, Oil & Gas, Private Equity, Public Services, Telecommunications, Information Technology, Media & Electronics (TIME), Travel & Transportation. Major service lines are in Corporate Finance, Digital Transformation, Digital Problem Solving, Operations and Risk Management, Strategy and Organisation, Sustainability, Innovation Management. In 2023, ADL Europe

2074-476: The company's practices posed "a grave threat to civil liberties." Critics accused LexisNexis of violating individuals' privacy rights by providing addresses, phone numbers, relatives' names, and more through the data being sold to Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE). In November 2019, several legal scholars and human rights activists called on LexisNexis to cease work with U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement because their work directly contributes to

2135-460: The company. Separately, the Sheshunoffs began publishing Alex Information products. In 1995, SIS acquired A.S. Pratt & Sons. Established in 1933, Pratt's Letter is believed to be the second oldest continuously published newsletter in the country behind Kiplinger's Washington Letter , which began publication in 1923. A.S. Pratt is a provider of regulatory law and compliance work tools for

2196-485: The contents of aerial and satellite reconnaissance photographs. (Before computer vision was invented, text summaries were manually prepared by enlisted personnel called "photo interpreters"; analysts then used those summaries as a catalog to retrieve photographs from which they could draw inferences about enemy strategy. ) In 1968, paper manufacturer Mead Corporation purchased Data Corporation for $ 6 million to gain control of its inkjet printing technology. Mead hired

2257-490: The early 1990s. The LexisNexis story begins in western Pennsylvania in 1956, when attorney John Horty began to explore the use of CALR technology in support of his work on comparative hospital law at the University of Pittsburgh Health Law Center . Horty was surprised to discover the extent to which the laws governing hospital administration varied from one state to another across the United States and began building

2318-644: The end of that year, the LEXIS database had reached two billion characters in size and added the entire United States Code , as well as the United States Reports from 1938 through 1973. By 1974, LEXIS was running on an IBM 370/155 computer in Ohio supported by a set of IBM 3330 disk storage units which could store up to about 4 billion characters. Its communications processor could handle 62 terminals simultaneously with transmission speed at 120 characters per second per user. On this platform, LEXIS

2379-534: The financial services industry. Gabrielle Sheshunoff returned in 2004 to unite the AlexInformation, Sheshunoff, and A.S. Pratt brands before it was sold to Thompson in 2008. In November 2014, LexisNexis Risk Solutions bought Health Market Science (HMS), a supplier of data about US healthcare professionals. In May 2022, LexisNexis acquired the behavioral biometrics technology provider, BehavioSec for an undisclosed sum. On March 9, 2005, LexisNexis made

2440-615: The first management education program to focus exclusively on training general managers from developing countries. Originally known as the Arthur D. Little Management Education Institute, this was a fully accredited academic institution with master's degree granting status. In 1996, the Arthur D. Little School of Management formed a partnership with Boston College 's Carroll School of Management in order to gain access to faculty and facilities. The Arthur D. Little School of Management became Hult International Business School in 2002, following

2501-507: The first time in over a decade. In 2024, ADL North America was ranked #28 overall. ADL was also recognized for International Opportunities (#2), Internal Mobility (#6), Management Consulting (#14), Environmental Sustainability (#19), Formal Training (#25), and Prestige (#45). Arthur D. Little publishes a number of regular global studies including: In addition, Arthur D. Little frequently publishes topical or industry-centric reports. Recent examples include: In 1961, Arthur D. Little launched

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2562-534: The five years following the 2011 MBO, ADL opened new offices in Turkey, Oslo, Buenos Aires, Mexico City, Singapore, Hong Kong, Beirut, Riyadh, Prague and Bahrain. In addition, ADL recently re-established itself in the US market and has opened offices in Boston, New York, and San Francisco. In March 2021 Arthur D. Little announced it had reached a milestone of over 100 partners. Growth accelerated after this milestone, with

2623-585: The formation of the firm's dedicated management consulting division, and the birth of the management consulting industry. In 1916 ADL was commissioned by the Canadian Pacific Railway to do a survey of Canada's natural resources. In 1921 the firm succeeded in using a bucket of sows' ears to make a silk purse. This revolutionary achievement later became part of the Smithsonian Institute's collection. In 1968 ADL designed

2684-414: The headlines sections. Published weekly (48 issues per year), there are also additional bound-in directories and supplements over the year. NLJ also offers lawyers a way to earn their continuing professional development points. Although it is a commercial magazine written primarily for practicing lawyers, New Law Journal is also read extensively by academics. Butterworths LexisNexis

2745-476: The impact of the dot.com bubble on technology sector activity this led Arthur D. Little to file Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection in 2002. At an auction in 2002, TIAX LLC , formed by Kenan Sahin , acquired the assets, contracts, and staff of Arthur D. Little's U.S. Technology & Innovation business. Paris -based Altran Technologies bought the non-U.S. assets and brand name of Arthur D. Little. Under Altran's ownership, Arthur D. Little operated primarily as

2806-556: The implementation of the specifications as working computer code . At the same time, Rubin and Bennett orchestrated the necessary keyboarding of the legal materials to be provided through LEXIS, and designed a business plan, marketing strategy, and training program. MDC's corporate headquarters were moved to New York City, while the data center stayed in Dayton, Ohio . Lexis was the first information service to directly serve end users. Rubin later explained that they were trying "to crack

2867-495: The librarian barrier. Our goal was to get a LEXIS terminal on every lawyer's desk." To persuade American lawyers to use LEXIS (at a time when computer literacy was rare), MDC used aggressive marketing, sales, and training campaigns. On April 2, 1973, MDC publicly launched LEXIS at a press conference in New York City, with libraries of New York and Ohio case law as well as a separate library of federal tax materials. By

2928-488: The most complex privatization exercises in the world. By 2001, Arthur D. Little reached its peak as a global consulting firm with very significant growth in the technology sector. However, a new management team mismanaged the company's core business and engaged in manipulation of the Memorial Drive Trust. The ADL Board of Trustees replaced this management team. But the damage had been done, and combined with

2989-422: The new Research Laboratory of Applied Chemistry at MIT. Little continued on his own and incorporated the company, Arthur D. Little (ADL), in 1909. He conducted analytical studies, the precursor of the consulting studies for which the firm would later become famous. He also taught papermaking at MIT from 1893 to 1916. In 1917, the company, originally based at 103 Milk Street in Boston, moved to its own building,

3050-426: The practice of the legal profession. For example, case management systems, customer relationship management systems ("CRMs") and proofreading tools for Microsoft Office. InterAction is a customer relationship management system designed specifically for professional services firms such as accountancy and legal firms. Business Insight Solutions offers news and business content and market intelligence tools. It

3111-802: The theft of personal information of Seisint users public. It was originally estimated that 32,000 users were affected, but that number greatly increased to over 310,000. Affected persons were provided with free fraud insurance and credit bureau reports for a year. However, no reports of identity theft or fraud were discovered to have stemmed from the security breach. The hackers stole passwords, names, addresses, and Social Security and driver's license numbers of customers of LexisNexis's Seisint division. Seisint collects data on individuals that's used by law enforcement agencies and private companies for debt recovery, fraud detection and other services. LexisNexis services are delivered via two websites that require separate paid subscriptions . In 2000, Lexis began building

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3172-609: The well-known Queen's Law Bookseller. Butterworths was acquired by International Publishing Corporation in 1965; IPC was acquired by the Reed Group in 1970. Heinemann Professional Publishing was merged with Butterworths Scientific in 1990 to form Butterworth-Heinemann . The Butterworths publishing business is now owned and operated in the UK by Reed Elsevier (UK) Ltd, a company in the Reed Elsevier Group. Publications continue to be produced by RELX (UK) Ltd using

3233-425: The world's largest electronic database for legal and public-records–related information. The company is a subsidiary of RELX . LexisNexis is owned by RELX (formerly known as Reed Elsevier). According to Trudi Bellardo Hahn and Charles P. Bourne, LexisNexis (originally founded as LEXIS) is historically significant because it was the first of the early information services to both envision and actually bring about

3294-457: Was "unacceptably dirty." In February 1970, Mead reorganized Data Corporation's Information Systems Division into a new Mead subsidiary called Mead Data Central (MDC). Wilson and Rubin, respectively, were installed as president and vice president. A year later, Mead bought out the OSBA's interests in the OBAR project, and OBAR disappears from the historical record after that point. After Wilson

3355-448: Was able to execute over 90% of searches within fewer than five seconds. Over 100 text terminals had been deployed to various legal offices (i.e., law firms and government agencies) and over 4,000 users had been trained. By 1975, the LEXIS database had grown to 5 billion characters and could handle up to 200 terminals simultaneously. By 1976, the LEXIS database included case law from six states, plus various federal materials. MDC turned

3416-444: Was founded in 1818 by Henry Butterworth (1786–1860). He was a pupil at King Henry VIII School , Coventry . After leaving Coventry he was apprenticed to and, for some time, worked for his uncle Joseph Butterworth , the great law bookseller of Fleet Street . In 1818, however, disagreement between them as to the terms of partnership made Henry set up on his own account at the corner of Middle Temple Gate (7 Fleet Street), where he became

3477-488: Was nonexistent, the legal market had potential, and OBAR needed to be rebuilt to profitably exploit that market. At the time, OBAR searches often took up to five hours to complete if more than one user was online, and its original terminals were noisy Teletypes with slow transmission rates of 10 characters per second. The original OBAR terminals were belatedly replaced with CRT text terminals in 1970. OBAR also had quality control issues; Rubin later recalled that its data

3538-545: Was put in charge, he became reluctant to implement his own study's recommendation to abandon the OBAR/Data Central work to date and start over. In September 1971, Mead's management relegated Wilson to vice chairman of the board (i.e., a nonoperational role) and elevated Rubin to president of MDC. Rubin pushed the legacy Data Central technology back to Mead Corporation. Under a newly organized division, Mead Technical Laboratories, Data Central continued to operate as

3599-474: Was ranked #2 for Level of Challenge, #11 for Internal Mobility, #12 for Innovation, #13 for Compensation, #14 for International Opportunities, and #19 for Prestige. ADL re-established itself in the US market in 2016 and has since been recognized by Forbes every year since then as one of "America's Best Management Consulting Firms". In 2022, ADL North America re-emerged in Vault's North America rankings at #19 for

3660-506: Was rated #11 in Vault's 2023 Consulting rankings for Europe with recognition for Innovation (#9), Level of challenge (#9), Technology, Media & Telecommunications Consulting (#10), Interaction with Clients (#13), Informal Training (#14), International Opportunities (#14), Firm Culture (#15), Prestige (#15), Promotion Policies (#15), Strategy consulting (#15) In 2023, ADL Asia was rated #11 in Vault's 2023 Consulting rankings Asia. On Vault's global rankings of key employment factors, ADL Asia

3721-416: Was required to sell the titles as a condition of acquiring competing publisher West . In 1998, Reed Elsevier acquired Shepard's Citations and made it part of LexisNexis. Before electronic citators like Westlaw's KeyCite appeared, Shepard's was the only legal citation service which attempted to provide comprehensive coverage of American law . In 2019, LexisNexis announced a joint venture with Knowable,

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