Misplaced Pages

#802197

84-676: Labour Youths ( Maltese : Żgħażagħ Laburisti , ŻL ), formerly known as the Labour Youth Forum ( Maltese : Forum Żgħażagħ Laburisti , FŻL ) until 2021, the Young Socialist League ( Maltese : Għaqda Żgħażagħ Socjalisti , GħŻS ) until 1992 and the Labour League of Youth ( Maltese : Għaqda Żgħażagħ Laburisti , GħŻL ) until 1974, is the youth organisation of the Labour Party of Malta . ŻL

168-686: A February 1960 pastoral letter by Archbishop Mikiel Gonzi , Sant was interdicted by the Catholic Church on 9 April 1960. The Struggle was discontinued after nine issues, and Sant continued to contribute in The Knight , which was a publication by the MLP. Sant was also active in the General Workers' Union , and in May 1961 he became the secretary of the union's Metal Workers' Section. He

252-416: A large number of borrowings from Romance sources ( Sicilian , Italian , and French ) and, more recently, Germanic ones (from English ). The historical source of modern Maltese vocabulary is 52% Italian/Sicilian, 32% Arabic/Siculo-Arabic, and 6% English, with some of the remainder being French. Today, most function words are Arabic, so despite only making up about a third of the vocabulary, they are

336-751: A major event for Malta and the Labour Party occurred. The General Workers Union declared that day to be a general strike day or day of mourning. From early in the morning the strike was seen as a success, but two factors led to the escalation of the events. The first factor was that the British Government in Malta prohibited the officials of the General Workers Union from using the ‘Rediffusion’ (radio station) to inform their members who should or should not go to work. The second factor

420-406: A new Labour Youth Forum Executive board was elected. The year 2008 was also the year when Joseph Muscat became the new leader of the Labour Party at the age of 34, himself being a young man (he was also a former FZL member). From his very first day Dr Joseph Muscat was ready to put youths in the centre of his plan for the Labour Party. On 21 January 2012, Dr Joseph Muscat carried out his discourse at

504-475: A private member's bill before Parliament for its introduction. After the success of the divorce campaign the Labour Youth Forum embarked on another campaign; ‘Re-Discover, Re-Think, Re-Act’. The aim was to discuss gender equalities and to steer awareness through talks and discussions that all of us have the same potentials. Discussing issues does not mean that one is in favour or against but that one

588-495: A rival of the MFA. Roads built during Sant's tenure as works minister were generally of inferior quality than roads which had been built earlier. Lorry Sant had ambitions to succeed Dom Mintoff as leader of the Labour Party, but the two had a falling out and when Mintoff resigned as Labour leader and Prime Minister in 1984 he was succeeded by Karmenu Mifsud Bonnici . According to his wife Carmen, Lorry Sant "still loved Mintoff and he

672-969: A sample of 1,821 Quranic Arabic roots were found in Maltese, considerably lower than that found in Moroccan (58%) and Lebanese (72%) varieties of Arabic. An analysis of the etymology of the 41,000 words in Aquilina's Maltese–English Dictionary shows that 32% of the Maltese vocabulary is of Arabic origin, although another source claims 40%. Usually, words expressing basic concepts and ideas, such as raġel (man), mara (woman), tifel (boy), dar (house), xemx (sun), sajf (summer), are of Arabic origin. Moreover, belles-lettres in Maltese aim to maximise their use of vocabulary belonging to this group. Notes: * from Arabic استقصى ( istaqṣā ) "to investigate", ** from Arabic اشتاق ( ištāqa ) "to yearn for ". Lorry Sant Sant

756-432: A speech which condemned the murder of Raymond Caruana and the police's subsequent frameup of Peter Paul Busuttil . In 1989, Lorry Sant was charged with corruption in court, but the case was abandoned after magistrate Carol Peralta ruled that although there was enough evidence to issue a bill of indictment , the crimes were time-barred . After Labour whip Wenzu Mintoff (Dom Mintoff's nephew) wanted to expel him from

840-488: A well. Forensics tests later concluded that Cauchi was killed after receiving two blows to the sides of his head when still alive. The blows by a mallet that was also found in the well, fractured Cauchi's skull. A court testimony later established that Cauchi attended at least two stormy meetings before the December election in 1981 where corrupt land deals were being discussed. When Cauchi disappeared two months later, he

924-637: A year later the Interdict was extended to the Labour Party Executive. Following the Interdict, The Labour League of Youth stated that it would remain loyal to its leader and the National Executive of the Labour Party. The conflict between the two entities made some progress when on 21 September 1964; Malta was celebrating Independence from Imperialist rule of Great Britain and the Labour Party's Executive and Lorry Sant (since he

SECTION 10

#1732797555803

1008-469: A ḡ fir lanā ḏ unūbanā , kamā na ḡ firu na ḥ nu ʔ ay ḍ an lil-muḏnibīn ʔ ilaynā. wa lā tud ḵ ilna fī tajāriba , lākin najjinā min a š-š irrīr. ʔā mīn hab lan lahmo d-sunqonan yowmono washbuq lan hawbayn wahtohayn aykano doph hnan shbaqan l-hayobayn lo ta`lan l-nesyuno elo paso lan men bisho Amin Although the original vocabulary of Maltese was Siculo-Arabic , it has incorporated

1092-626: Is also active internationally and is an active member within the International Union of Socialist Youth and the Young European Socialists . The aim of the Labour Youths is to promote Democratic Socialist values and progressive ideas amongst the youths in Malta and Gozo. At the same time the Labour Youths works towards promoting confidence in the abilities of youths. In order for these aims to be reached,

1176-587: Is descended from Siculo-Arabic, a Semitic language within the Afroasiatic family . In the course of its history , Maltese has been influenced by Sicilian, Italian, to a lesser extent by French , and more recently by English. Today, the core vocabulary (including both the most commonly used vocabulary and function words ) is Semitic, with a large number of loanwords . Due to the Sicilian influence on Siculo-Arabic, Maltese has many language contact features and

1260-849: Is distinctive word-medially and word-finally in Maltese. The distinction is most rigid intervocalically after a stressed vowel. Stressed, word-final closed syllables with short vowels end in a long consonant, and those with a long vowel in a single consonant; the only exception is where historic *ʕ and *ɣ meant the compensatory lengthening of the succeeding vowel. Some speakers have lost length distinction in clusters. The two nasals /m/ and /n/ assimilate for place of articulation in clusters. /t/ and /d/ are usually dental , whereas /t͡s d͡z s z n r l/ are all alveolar. /t͡s d͡z/ are found mostly in words of Italian origin, retaining length (if not word-initial). /d͡z/ and /ʒ/ are only found in loanwords, e.g. /ɡad͡zd͡zɛtta/ "newspaper" and /tɛlɛˈviʒin/ "television". The pharyngeal fricative /ħ/

1344-516: Is good to understand that the Labour Party and the General Workers Union were at that time working together for the benefit of the workers. One of the founders of the Labour League of Youth, the first secretary general, Gerry Żammit, was at that time serving as the secretary responsible for the civil workers of the General Workers Union. He was arrested and imprisoned for 36 days. Cutajar (2011) lists 99 names of those that were arrested during

1428-654: Is less distant from its Siculo-Arabic ancestor than is Standard Maltese. Voiceless stops are only lightly aspirated and voiced stops are fully voiced. Voicing is carried over from the last segment in obstruent clusters ; thus, two- and three-obstruent clusters are either voiceless or voiced throughout, e.g. /niktbu/ is realised [ˈniɡdbu] "we write" (similar assimilation phenomena occur in languages like French or Czech). Maltese has final-obstruent devoicing of voiced obstruents and word-final voiceless stops have no audible release , making voiceless–voiced pairs phonetically indistinguishable in word-final position. Gemination

1512-747: Is most commonly described as a language with a large number of loanwords. Maltese has historically been classified in various ways, with some claiming that it was derived from ancient Punic (another Semitic language) instead of Siculo-Arabic, and others claiming it is one of the Berber languages (another language family within Afroasiatic). Less plausibly, Fascist Italy classified it as regional Italian . Urban varieties of Maltese are closer to Standard Maltese than rural varieties, which have some characteristics that distinguish them from Standard Maltese. They tend to show some archaic features such as

1596-404: Is part of the supercontinent of Eurasia'), while not understanding a single word of a basic sentence such as Ir-raġel qiegħed fid-dar ('The man is in the house'), which would be easily understood by any Arabic speaker. At that time Malta was thoroughly Arabized. The conquerors brought to the island the vulgar (colloquial) variation of Arabic, not the classical one (Classical Arabic), Therefore

1680-475: Is ready to listen, to learn and to understand other people's issues. The year 2012 was a difficult year for the Nationalist Party in government. The one seat majority obtained in 2008 was hard to be kept and it was a time of uncertainty for the government. The general election could have come as early as January 2012 when Franco Debono, a Nationalist member of parliament was threatening not to support

1764-510: Is said to them in Maltese. This reported level of asymmetric intelligibility is considerably lower than the mutual intelligibility found between other varieties of Arabic. Maltese has always been written in the Latin script , the earliest surviving example dating from the late Middle Ages . It is the only standardised Semitic language written exclusively in the Latin script. The origins of

SECTION 20

#1732797555803

1848-860: Is the Lord's Prayer in Maltese compared to other Semitic languages ( Arabic and Syriac ) with cognates highlighted: Our Father, who art in heaven, hallowed be thy name. Thy kingdom come, thy will be done, on earth, as it is in heaven. Give us this day our daily bread and forgive us our trespasses as we forgive those who trespass against us; and lead us not into temptation, but deliver us from evil. Amen Ħobżna ta' kuljum agħtina llum . Aħfrilna dnubietna , bħal ma naħfru lil min hu ħati għalina . U la ddaħħalniex fit-tiġrib , iżda eħlisna mid-deni. Ammen ʔabāna , alla ḏ i fī as-samāwāt , li- yataqaddas ismuka , li- yaʔti malakūtuka, li-takun ma šī ʔatuka, kamā fī as-samāʔi ka ḏ ālika ʕa lā al-ar ḍ . ḵ ubzana kafāfanā ʔaʕṭi nā alyawm , wa

1932-425: Is velar ( [ x ] ), uvular ( [ χ ] ), or glottal ( [ h ] ) for some speakers. Maltese has five short vowels, /ɐ ɛ ɪ ɔ ʊ/ , written a e i o u; six long vowels, /ɐː ɛː ɪː iː ɔː ʊː/ , written a, e, ie, i, o, u, all of which (with the exception of ie /ɪː/ ) can be known to represent long vowels in writing only if they are followed by an orthographic għ or h (otherwise, one needs to know

2016-510: Is very unusual to see a movement of people coming from different political ideologies and joined together in campaigning for an issue. This campaign saw the Labour Youth Forum gaining importance since it was working with people who sympathised with the Nationalist party but who were in favour of the introduction of divorce in Malta. This campaign was ironic for the Nationalist party, since it was one of its Members of Parliament that presented

2100-536: The Emirate of Sicily between 831 and 1091. As a result of the Norman invasion of Malta and the subsequent re-Christianization of the islands , Maltese evolved independently of Classical Arabic in a gradual process of latinisation. It is therefore exceptional as a variety of historical Arabic that has no diglossic relationship with Classical or Modern Standard Arabic . Maltese is thus classified separately from

2184-666: The Italo-Normans ended Arab rule of the islands, a written form of the language was not developed for a long time after the Arabs' expulsion in the middle of the thirteenth century. Under the rule of the Knights Hospitaller , both French and Italian were used for official documents and correspondence. During the British colonial period , the use of English was encouraged through education, with Italian being regarded as

2268-527: The diaspora . Most speakers also use English. The largest diaspora community of Maltese speakers is in Australia , with 36,000 speakers reported in 2006 (down from 45,000 in 1996, and expected to decline further). The Maltese linguistic community in Tunisia originated in the 18th century. Numbering several thousand in the 19th century, it was reported to be only 100 to 200 people as of 2017. Maltese

2352-450: The 1980s, together with a grammar, the Regole per la Lingua Maltese , attributed to a French knight named Thezan. The first systematic lexicon is that of Giovanni Pietro Francesco Agius de Soldanis , who also wrote the first systematic grammar of the language and proposed a standard orthography . Ethnologue reports a total of 530,000 Maltese speakers: 450,000 in Malta and 79,000 in

2436-409: The 30 varieties constituting the modern Arabic macrolanguage . Maltese is also distinguished from Arabic and other Semitic languages since its morphology has been deeply influenced by Romance languages , namely Italian and Sicilian . The original Arabic base comprises around one-third of the Maltese vocabulary, especially words that denote basic ideas and the function words , but about half of

2520-531: The Bishop of Gozo Gużeppi Pace, wrote a Pastoral Letter to be read in all churches of both dioceses to prepare the believers for the coming Lent . This Pastoral Letter was an attack on the Labour Party at its youths. Following the Pastoral Letter, the next edition of ‘The Struggle’ was a response by the columnists of the Labour League of Youth. The Pastoral Letter was criticised of having nothing to do with

2604-523: The Communist ideas amongst its members. The Labour League of Youth published their first edition of its newspaper ‘The Struggle’ on 6 August 1959. ‘The Struggle’ became popular and had a vast audience. Some youth columnists’ names are quite popular since they went on to be the leaders of the Labour Party such as Lino Spiteri, Lorry Sant , Joe Micallef Stafrace, Danny Cremona and Pawlu Xeureb. On 21 February 1960, Archbishop of Malta: Sir Michael Gonzi and

Labour Youths - Misplaced Pages Continue

2688-440: The Labour Party (Malta) was founded. The name of this branch of the Labour Party was originally known as ‘Labour League of Youth’. According to the Labour Youths statute, the executive is the highest body. The executive is elected during the general meeting every two years. The general meeting is held annually. The executive is made up of the administration, which includes the president, vice president, secretary, vice secretary and

2772-406: The Labour Party and have their say about issues concerning our country. This campaign brought in the localities a new image for the Labour Party, an image that was a juvenile one, an image that youths were not only used in partisan politics to decorate the stages during meetings but it created a network of active new labour politicians around the islands. Enthusiastic with the success obtained during

2856-550: The Labour Youths has to build upon the values of social justice: equal distribution of the common good produced by the nation and the European Union, equal opportunity for everyone to enjoy the environment, quality educational opportunities for all and the guarantee of high quality healthcare. So that each and every one can benefit from all the above, the Labour Youths has to strive against all kind of social, economic and political discrimination. The Labour Youths has to be on

2940-903: The Legislative Assembly. Preceding this event was a powerful speech by Prime Minister Mintoff that reached its peak with the final two paragraphs: ‘Is-Siegħa tal-Prova waslet. Il-poplu Malti li tant iġġieled fl-imgħoddi battalji ta’ ħaddieħor issa wasal biex juri lid-dinja jekk veru kibirx u sar nazzjon. Biex ikun irrispetat minn popli oħra irid juri li hu lest biex il-battalja għad-drittijiet tiegħu jiġġelidha b’aktar qilla, b’sagrifiċċju akbar u b’rieda aktar soda milli fl-imgħoddi kien jiġġieled il-gwerer ta’ ħaddieħor Quddiem Alla għandna raġun. Issa sta għalina li dan ir-raġun neħduh ukoll mingħand in-nies ta’ din id-dinja. Jekk inkunu ġwejjef aħna, jisħtuna uliedna u wlied uliedna. Illum waslet is-siegħa meta kull Malti jrid juri bil-fatti li Malta għalina tiġi l-ewwel u qabel kollox.’ On 28 April 1958,

3024-526: The Lent, and instead it was an attack on the Labour Party and Socialism. The Roman Catholic Church in Malta answered with condemning the article from ‘The Struggle’ with Interdict if the columnist will not publish an apology which would have to be satisfactory for the Bishops, in the next edition of ‘The Struggle’. Meetings were set up and apologies were written but were not satisfying the Bishops. ‘The Struggle’

3108-604: The Levant. The Norman conquest in 1091 , followed by the expulsion of the Muslims , complete by 1249, permanently isolated the vernacular from its Arabic source, creating the conditions for its evolution into a distinct language. In contrast to Sicily, where Siculo-Arabic became extinct and was replaced by Sicilian , the vernacular in Malta continued to develop alongside Italian, eventually replacing it as official language in 1934, alongside English. The first written reference to

3192-508: The Maltese language are attributed to the arrival, early in the 11th century, of settlers from neighbouring Sicily, where Siculo-Arabic was spoken, reversing the Fatimid Caliphate 's conquest of the island at the end of the 9th century. This claim has been corroborated by genetic studies, which show that contemporary Maltese people share common ancestry with Sicilians and Calabrians , with little genetic input from North Africa and

3276-508: The Maltese language differs from Classical Arabic in the same way as the Arabic dialects differ from Classical Arabic. the Maltese language also comprises a considerable number of Maghrebi features, in other ways it can be closer to other Arabic dialects, or closer to Classical Arabic than to the other dialects as in the word ra ('to see'). Arabic supplies between 32% and 40% of the language's vocabulary. Żammit (2000) found that 40% of

3360-485: The Maltese language is in a will of 1436, where it is called lingua maltensi . The oldest known document in Maltese, Il-Kantilena ( Xidew il-Qada ) by Pietru Caxaro , dates from the 15th century. The earliest known Maltese dictionary was a 16th-century manuscript entitled "Maltese-Italiano"; it was included in the Biblioteca Maltese of Mifsud in 1764, but is now lost. A list of Maltese words

3444-660: The Member States in a society in which pluralism, non-discrimination, tolerance, justice, solidarity and equality between women and men prevail. L-Unjoni hija bbażata fuq il-valuri tar-rispett għad-dinjità tal-bniedem, il-libertà, id-demokrazija, l-ugwaljanza, l-istat tad-dritt u r-rispett għad-drittijiet tal-bniedem, inklużi d-drittijiet ta' persuni li jagħmlu parti minn minoranzi. Dawn il-valuri huma komuni għall-Istati Membri f'soċjetà fejn jipprevalu l-pluraliżmu, in-non-diskriminazzjoni, it-tolleranza, il-ġustizzja, is-solidarjetà u l-ugwaljanza bejn in-nisa u l-irġiel. Below

Labour Youths - Misplaced Pages Continue

3528-555: The Police, which were helped by the British commandos occurred in Raħal Ġdid and Marsa with the worst episode happening at ‘It-Telgħa ta’ Kordin’. Other smaller accidents were reported. The day after, the British Government embarked on a mission to arrest the protesters. The protesters were mainly General Workers Union officials and supporters of the Labour Party, amongst them even ministers. It

3612-465: The Socialist Youth’ (ECOSY – now YES: ‘Young European Socialists’) which is a branch of the ‘Party of European Socialists’ (PES). This membership and similar alliances with other European countries were beneficial for the maturity and experience of the Labour Youths who were attending seminars and training while exposing their abilities in front of other European politicians. This modernisation

3696-624: The Western allies and those that were allied with the Soviet Union and her satellites supporting Communism. In the Communist Manifesto of Karl Marx, he wrote that ‘Religion is the opium of the people’. Some Communist countries became atheists and the churches were banned from practising their faith. In the 1950s the Labour League of Youth used to organise Socialists Summer Camps and was being criticised by adversaries as spreading

3780-456: The ability of the youths especially in cultivating them as the present and the future political leaders of our nation. Historically Labour Youths was a force that brought change in the history of Malta in the last sixty years. The associated youths were not only witnessing change in Malta, but were themselves active and protagonists of re-writing the history of our nation. The Labour Youths was established on 14 January 1951, thirty years after that

3864-444: The campaign ‘I’m In’ was launched. ‘I’m In’ was a very personal campaign, making youth feeling really part of what was happening. It was a campaign for the youths within the Labour Party's general election's campaign. Although both campaigns were to be organised together in order to create one whole image, still the ‘I’m in’ campaign was an independent one led by the Labour Youth Forum. During the electoral campaign Thursdays were normally

3948-628: The courts found that he had breached the human rights of Renè Buttigieg who had worked as a government architect when Sant was works minister. After the government took over the Marsa Sports Complex in 1971, Sant clashed with Hilary Tagliaferro , a Catholic priest who had established a youth sports centre within the complex. A dispute arose over the selection of football coaches, culminating in Tagliaferro being arrested for unauthorised possession of government stationery, although he

4032-455: The days dedicated for the youths. The Labour Party's leader met youths and he was present in all the formal and informal activities of the campaign. Maltese language Maltese (Maltese: Malti , also L-Ilsien Malti or Lingwa Maltija ) is a Semitic language derived from late medieval Sicilian Arabic with Romance superstrata . It is spoken by the Maltese people and is

4116-473: The editor of ‘The Struggle’: Lorry Sant was handed a personal condemnation of Interdict by the Bishops for insulting the authority of the Bishops. ‘The Struggle’ was also condemned by condemning those that write in it or read it as they will be doing a mortal sin. The name of the newspaper was ideal since a struggle started between the Labour Party and the Roman Catholic Church in Malta. Almost

4200-478: The electorate. In those days it was the majority of seats that counted and not the majority of the electorate so the Government was a legitimate one. In 1992 the Labour Youth Forum became a full member of the ‘Kunsill Nazzjonali taż-Żgħażagħ’. The Labour Youth Forum had new challenges in adapting to the new world of technology, but the organisation understood that to keep in touch with the youths, it had to speak

4284-493: The end of the General Conference of the Labour Party with a speech that was to be the base of his vision for Malta. He mentioned youths and showed how much he believed in the young generations. ‘Qalbi kienet qed tgħidli li kelli ċ-ċans li nuri lill-pajjiż li aħna ż-żgħażagħ lest għar-responsabbilta’ u l-isfidi tal-ġejjieni ma jaqtgħulniex qalbna iżda jimlewna b’enerġija. (Engerer, 2013) In our political history it

SECTION 50

#1732797555803

4368-502: The financial officer. Other positions in the executive are the political co-ordinator, the information officer, an officer responsible for the branches, an officer responsible for organising events and five official members. In reality all these members meet together and today there is no difference between the administration and the other executive officers. On 21 April 1958, the prime minister, Dom Mintoff , and his ministers met Governor Robert Laycock and handed in their resignation from

4452-401: The forefront to prevent anyone from being discriminated because of disability, race, sexual orientation, religion or political affiliation. The Labour Youths together with its European colleagues is duty bound to struggle in favour of a new social Europe which invest in people and strengthens solidarity. (Statute of the Labour Youth Forum, 2009 Chapter 2) The Labour Youths aims at increasing

4536-477: The general public prompted to participate in discussions with the aim to include the people's views in the electoral manifest. Subsequently, Labour Youth Forum launched a campaign which was carried out mainly on Facebook. This campaign was called: ‘It’s time’. Youths easily wrote what they think it should be inserted in the Labour Party's electoral manifest. Once the General Elections date was set, then

4620-494: The government. In 2012 the ‘START’ campaign was introduced with the aim of encouraging and giving all aid to young people who wanted to be involved in the local council elections. It was once again another successful campaign since a good number of youths were elected as mayors and councillors in their respective localities. As part of ‘START’, youths were invited to address the Annual General Conference of

4704-527: The increasing influence of Romance and English words. In 1992 the academy issued the Aġġornament tat-Tagħrif fuq il-Kitba Maltija , which updated the previous works. The National Council for the Maltese Language (KNM) is the main regulator of the Maltese language (see Maltese Language Act, below). However, the academy's orthography rules are still valid and official. Since Maltese evolved after

4788-418: The language of the youths and thus technology was becoming the way forward to keep contact with the electorate. In a globalised world no one can isolate himself and thus the Labour Youth Forum's intentions during the 1990s was to find other partners around Europe to work with them and even to get an international recognition. In fact the Labour Youth Forum became member of the ‘European Community Organisation of

4872-553: The mentioned revolts. Out of 99 people that were arrested, 78 were aged between 16 and 35 years. Following the Referendum for Integration with Great Britain in 1956 and the general strike of 1958, the Roman Catholic Church in Malta was becoming more suspicious of the Labour Party. After World War II humanity witnessed the world being divided between those countries supporting Capitalism of the United States of America and

4956-466: The most used when speaking the language. In this way, Maltese is similar to English , a Germanic language that has been strongly influenced by Norman French and Latin (58% of English vocabulary). As a result of this, Romance language-speakers (and to a lesser extent English speakers) can often easily understand more technical ideas expressed in Maltese, such as Ġeografikament, l-Ewropa hi parti tas-superkontinent ta' l-Ewrasja ('Geographically, Europe

5040-555: The national language of Malta , and the only official Semitic and Afroasiatic language of the European Union . Maltese is considered a North African dialect of Colloquial Arabic that was brought to Malta by Arab and Berber ( Aghlabids ), who in 869/870 CE seized control of the island from the Byzantine Empire. It is also said that it descents from Siculo-Arabic, which developed as a Maghrebi Arabic dialect in

5124-405: The next-most important language. In the late 18th century and throughout the 19th century, philologists and academics such as Mikiel Anton Vassalli made a concerted effort to standardise written Maltese. Many examples of written Maltese exist from before this period, always in the Latin alphabet, Il-Kantilena from the 15th century being the earliest example of written Maltese. In 1934, Maltese

SECTION 60

#1732797555803

5208-546: The other using Romance loanwords (from the Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe Archived 2015-12-29 at the Wayback Machine , see p. 17 Archived 2020-08-04 at the Wayback Machine ): The Union is founded on the values of respect for human dignity, freedom, democracy, equality, the rule of law and respect for human rights, including the rights of persons belonging to minorities. These values are common to

5292-488: The party, Lorry Sant produced an envelope containing a number of photos in parliament, apparently in an attempt to blackmail either Wenzu or Dom Mintoff. The photos were never revealed to the public. Due to friction within the MLP, the party administration suspended Sant from all party activities in 1990, and he therefore did not contest the general election of 1992 . The MLP leader Alfred Sant reversed this suspension on 24 April 1995 due to Lorry Sant's deteriorating health at

5376-522: The previous campaigns, the Labour Youth Forum launched the ‘Join Us’ campaign. The general election was coming close so it was important for the Labour to increase the number of youths that were ready to support and be active in it. In mid-2012 the Labour Party started its unofficial electoral campaign with gatherings every Sunday in squares where a tent was set up. At these meetings some issues were discussed with

5460-486: The pronunciation; e.g. nar (fire) is pronounced /nɐːr/ ); and seven diphthongs , /ɐɪ ɐʊ ɛɪ ɛʊ ɪʊ ɔɪ ɔʊ/ , written aj or għi, aw or għu, ej or għi, ew, iw, oj, and ow or għu. The original Arabic consonant system has undergone partial collapse under European influence, with many Classical Arabic consonants having undergone mergers and modifications in Maltese: The modern system of Maltese orthography

5544-570: The realisation of ⟨kh⟩ and ⟨gh⟩ and the imāla of Arabic ā into ē (or ī especially in Gozo), considered archaic because they are reminiscent of 15th-century transcriptions of this sound. Another archaic feature is the realisation of Standard Maltese ā as ō in rural dialects. There is also a tendency to diphthongise simple vowels, e.g., ū becomes eo or eu. Rural dialects also tend to employ more Semitic roots and broken plurals than Standard Maltese. In general, rural Maltese

5628-479: The structure of the Maltese language are recorded in the official guidebook Tagħrif fuq il-Kitba Maltija (English: Knowledge on Writing in Maltese ) issued by the Akkademja tal-Malti (Academy of the Maltese language). The first edition of this book was printed in 1924 by the Maltese government's printing press. The rules were further expanded in the 1984 book, iż-Żieda mat-Tagħrif , which focused mainly on

5712-461: The struggle for complete Independence. Malta became a Republic on 13 December 1974 and the struggle reached its peak when Malta held Freedom Day on 31 March 1979. The Labour Party won the General Elections of 1971, 1976 and that of 1981. The 1981 General Election was tainted with trouble since that the Labour Party won the majority of seats in the Parliament of Malta but did not win the majority of

5796-535: The vocabulary is derived from standard Italian and Sicilian; and English words make up between 6% and 20% of the vocabulary. A 2016 study shows that, in terms of basic everyday language, speakers of Maltese are able to understand around a third of what is said to them in Tunisian Arabic and Libyan Arabic , which are Maghrebi Arabic dialects related to Siculo-Arabic, whereas speakers of Tunisian Arabic and Libyan Arabic are able to understand about 40% of what

5880-519: Was appointed as Minister of Works in 1971. The following year, he accompanied Prime Minister Dom Mintoff on a diplomatic visit to China . In 1976, Sant was appointed Minister of Works and Sports, and he later became the Minister of the Interior in 1981, and Minister of Works, Sports and Housing in 1983. He remained in office until the MLP was defeated in the elections of 1987. Projects which Sant

5964-702: Was born in Paola on 26 December 1937. He studied at the Technical Institute and then worked at the Malta Drydocks . He joined the Labour League of Youths (LLY), which was the youth wing of the Malta Labour Party (MLP), and became its secretary general. In August 1959, he became the editor of the LLY's newspaper The Struggle . After he wrote an anti-clerical editorial which commented on

6048-468: Was hurt that [he] had turned against him." Lorry Sant and his canvassers were responsible for various forms of political violence in the 1980s. On one occasion he reportedly broke the glasses of then-Nationalist MP Josie Muscat in parliament and then beat him up and locked him in a bathroom. On 15 February 1982, Lino Cauchi who was the accountant of one of Sant's canvassers went missing. Three years later, on 15 November 1985, his remains were found in

6132-453: Was in possession of potentially incriminating documents that were never found. While the murder has never been solved, Lorry Sant's canvassers are strongly suspected of orchestrating the murder, or potentially carrying out the murder themselves. In 1986, Sant and Wistin Abela interrupted and almost assaulted Nationalist leader Eddie Fenech Adami in parliament while the latter was delivering

6216-606: Was included in both the Thesaurus Polyglottus (1603) and Propugnaculum Europae (1606) of Hieronymus Megiser , who had visited Malta in 1588–1589; Domenico Magri gave the etymologies of some Maltese words in his Hierolexicon, sive sacrum dictionarium (1677). An early manuscript dictionary, Dizionario Italiano e Maltese , was discovered in the Biblioteca Vallicelliana in Rome in

6300-404: Was introduced in 1924. Below is the Maltese alphabet, with IPA symbols and approximate English pronunciation: Final vowels with grave accents (à, è, ì, ò, ù) are also found in some Maltese words of Italian origin, such as libertà ' freedom ' , sigurtà (old Italian: sicurtà ' security ' ), or soċjetà (Italian: società ' society ' ). The official rules governing

6384-674: Was involved in include the conversion of the former Sacra Infermeria into the Mediterranean Conference Centre , the construction of the National Stadium, Ta' Qali and the National Sports Pavilion at Kordin. Lorry Sant had a very rough leadership approach which resulted in a number of controversies including human rights violations. During his tenure as minister, Sant was hostile and aggressive to some of his employees, and in 2010

6468-586: Was later released without any charges. Sant also instigated a dispute with the Malta Football Association (MFA) because the association's president was a supporter of the Nationalist Party . The MFA had been allowed to use the national stadium at Ta' Qali after its completion, but in the early 1980s Sant prevented them from using it until they paid an annual rent of Lm 10,000. Sant also created another Football Association as

6552-515: Was leaving the hall, the astronomer stated two words in Italian: ‘Eppur si mouve’ (Tibqa’ ddur – ‘But it moves’) meaning that it was useless to say that the world was not moving when in fact it was. Galilei was then imprisoned. Although the Roman Catholic Church tried to stop the progress, progress could not stop and later on even the Church accepted Galileo's theory. The 9 April 1960 was the day when

6636-417: Was married to Carmen Sant née Pace, who was also elected to parliament, as was his brother Salvu Sant. Lorry Sant was elected to Parliament for the first time in the general election of 1962 . He was subsequently reelected in the next five elections, in 1966 , 1971 , 1976 , 1981 and 1987 . When the MLP was Malta's governing party between 1971 and 1987, Sant held a number of ministerial roles. Sant

6720-526: Was personally condemned) condemnation was lifted by the Curia. It was only in 1969 when both parties reached an agreement that distinguished the role of the Church from that of the State. Every sanction that the Church had on the Labour Party was then removed. On the 12, 13 and 14 June 1971 the General Elections were won by the Labour Party. The 70's were golden years for the Labour Party especially as it continued

6804-594: Was published again in April 1960. On the front page a big heading title: ‘Tibqa’ ddur’, an article by John Rizzo who was in fact a ‘nom de plume’. The article mentions the story of the astronomer Galileo Galilei who had to sign a declaration in front of the Inquisition in Rome in 1633, that he was rejecting his theories that the world circulates around the sun. The story tells us that while the Inquisitor and his court

6888-500: Was recognised as an official language. Maltese has both Semitic vocabulary and words derived from Romance languages , primarily Italian . Words such as tweġiba (Arabic origin) and risposta (Italian origin) have the same meaning ('answer') but are both used in Maltese (rather like 'answer' and 'response' in English. Below are two versions of the same translations, one with vocabulary mostly derived from Semitic root words and

6972-405: Was taking place at a time when Malta was discussing its membership within the European Union. The 1990s and even in the dawn of the new millennium Maltese politics were highly concerned with issues related to the full membership in the European Union and Malta's partnership with the European Union. This issue came to an end when Malta became a full member of the European Union on 1 May 2004. In 2008

7056-413: Was that the drivers of the public transport were being intimidated and persuaded to work on the day of the strike or else they will lose the license to work. Some of the drivers feared that they would lose their jobs and thus they tried to work but they were becoming the target of the protesters who were blocking the roads with barricades and spreading oil on the streets. Fighting between the protesters and

#802197