The Laks (self-designation: Лак, [Lək] ) are a Northeast Caucasian ethnic group native to an inland region known as Lakia within Dagestan in the North Caucasus . They speak the Lak language . Laks historically live in the Lakskiy and Kulinskiy districts of Dagestan. This ethnocultural area is known as Lakia . There are about 200,000 ethnic Laks in the world.
64-457: Lak may refer to: People [ edit ] Laks (Caucasus) , an ethnic group of Dagestan, North Caucasus, Russia Lak (tribe) , a Kurdish tribe in Iran and Turkey. Hamed Lak (born 1990), Iranian football goalkeeper Peter Lak (born 1973), American retired soccer defender Places [ edit ] Lak, Dak Lak , Vietnam L'ak ,
128-407: A Firman that proclaimed Surkhay-khan I the ruler of Shirvan. According to Butkov, Surkhay-khan I was not subordinate to Turkish authority "as he understood his strength". Surkhay-khan I receiving the title of khan of Shirvan and Gazi-Kumukh, made Shemakha his residence, built schools, fortresses and roads. Historian Gusaynov wrote that "as early as July 1730 shah of Persia offered Surkhay-khan I
192-1031: A commune in Cambodia Lak, Hungary , a village Lak, Iran (disambiguation) , various places Lək (disambiguation) , places in Azerbaijan Languages [ edit ] Lak language ISO 639-3 code for the Laka language (Nigeria) Sports [ edit ] Los Angeles Kings , an ice hockey team based in Los Angeles, California LAK [ edit ] Lao kip , ISO 4217 currency code Lymphokine-activated killer cell Aklavik/Freddie Carmichael Airport , Northwest Territories, Canada, IATA code Lakeland (Amtrak station) , Florida, US, station code Lakenheath railway station , Suffolk, England, station code Lai King station , New Territories, Hong Kong, MTR station code Liste der archaischen Keilschriftzeichen (1922),
256-569: A dictionary of cuneiform signs Lietuviškos Aviacinės Konstrukcijos , Lithuanian/Soviet gliders, LAK-2, etc. Lycée Abdel Kader , a French international school in Beirut See also [ edit ] Lakh , a unit in the Indian numbering system Lak Mueang , a Thai city pillar Lac (disambiguation) Lack (disambiguation) Laak (disambiguation) Lak Lak (disambiguation) Laks (disambiguation) Topics referred to by
320-415: A dispute with Muhammad-khan fled to Fatali-khan. Muhammad-khan rendered his preference of the future ruler to Surkhay-bek, born from the daughter of Abdal Gani-khan. In subsequent years Fatali-khan was in conflict with utsmi of Kaitag, nutsal of Avaria and the khan of Gazi-Kumukh. A coalition was formed which included many rulers of Dagestan who undertook an invasion of Quba Khanate . A battle took place in
384-572: A position of Persian viceroy in Shemakha but Surkhay-khan I refused". In 1733 Nader , a commander-in-chief of the Persian army, defeated the Turkish army near Baghdad . Accordingly, Turkey was transferring to Persia several provinces including Shirvan. General Nader sent his messenger to Surkhay-khan I of Shirvan and demanded him to leave. Surkhay-khan I wrote to Nader a letter saying that "Shirvan
448-610: A ruler. Surkhay-khan I established a Lak state with a strong central power. Public dissatisfaction in Shirvan with the Persians led to a revolt. In 1707, the population of Djaria and Tsakhur led by their elders attacked Shamakha, the residence of the ruler of Shirvan. In 1708, Iranian troops under the command of Imam Kuli-khan advanced from Kakheti and crushed the uprising. In 1709 in Azerbaijan, Haji-Dawood also rebelled against
512-500: A system of free societies, which were composed of the more democratic tukhums. These free societies were military and economic arrangements that were fluid in structure and worked on a democratic and voluntary basis. The laws governing the relations of groups within these free societies were codified in adat. The native language of all Laks is the Lak language . Lak is a member of the highly diverse Northeast Caucasian language family . Within
576-636: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Language and nationality disambiguation pages Laks (Caucasus) The word "Lak" is the self-designation of the Lak people as in Lak expressions: "zhu Lak buru" — we are Lak; "zhu Lakral khalq buru" — we are Lak people; "Laktal" — Laks; "Lakssa" — Lakian, Laks, Lak man; "Lakkuchu" — Lakian man; "Lakku maz" — Lakian language; "Lakkuy" — Lakia; "Lakral kanu" — Lak place; "Lakral kanu" — Lak district; "Lakku bilayat" — Lak country; "Lakral pachchahlug" — Lak state. Laks use
640-437: Is today being eroded by modernization and continuing emigration. Marriages were traditionally arranged by the families of the couple, with the oldest women taking the most prominent role in the decision making. The bride and groom were most likely to be from the same clan. The custom of paying kalïm (bride-price) persists to a limited degree, but the transaction is more symbolic than financial. The Laks are reported to have been
704-491: The 20 thousand shooters of Khorasan and Turkestan left this world". Nevertheless, Persians overcame the defences of highlanders. By August 1741 Surkhay-khan I retreated to his fortress in Gazi-Kumukh but surrendered in a week. Muhammad-bek and Murtazali-bek with five thousand army retreated to Andalal. Ahmed-khan retreated to Andalal as well where highlanders began to gather. Murtazali-bek, the son of Surkhay-khan I, became
SECTION 10
#1732772081715768-594: The 8th century. In the 13th century the shamkhals of Kumukh accepted Islam and Lakia became an Islamic state. In the 15th century Kumukh became the main Islamic and political center of Dagestan. The third part is the era of the khans of Kumukh who opposed the colonial policy of Persia, Russia and Turkey. Most Laks believe in Sunni Islam ( Shafi'i school ). Sunni Islam encourages group solidarity; their members help each other find work and housing, arrange marriages, pay
832-577: The Gevdusha valley where Fatali-khan suffered a defeat and retreated to Salyan. Russia after receiving the appeal of Fatali-khan began combat actions in the Caucasus. In 1775 March 4, general Frederick Medem crossed over Terek river and invaded Derbent, Kura and Quba. Utsmi Amir-Hamza retreated from Derbent to Kaitag and Muhammad-khan from Quba to Gazi-Kumukh. In 1776 Russian army was recalled from Dagestan as "Fatali-khan reconciled his disputes with
896-640: The Laks in the lands of the Kumyks. This is why most Lak males were multilingual. Many villages specialized in artisanry and crafts. Kumukh was famed for its jewelers and coppersmiths; Kaya was known for its merchants and markets; Unchukatl for saddle and harness makers; Ubra for masons and tinsmiths; Kuma for candy makers; Shovkra for shoe- and bootmakers; Tsovkra for acrobats; and Balkar for ceramics and jug makers. Lak women also engaged in cottage industries such as rug weaving, spinning, textile making, and ceramics, whereas
960-405: The Laks was Kumuk . Soviet and Russian onomatologist (onomast), philologist and toponymist R. A. Ageeva writes: "The use of the term 'varnish' as a self-designation of the Laks is a secondary phenomenon ... In a number of surrounding languages, the more ancient self-name of the Laks has been preserved - gumuk, gumek, kumuk, etc. " Kumukh historically was a fortress-city where the residence of
1024-422: The Persian throne. Turkish minister promised to support saying: "When the mentioned prince will be firmly established on the stolen throne of his ancestors, then he will give back previously under our rule states of Shirvan, Ganja, Tiflis and Yerevan". At the end of 1743 Muhammad-khan invaded Kura, Derbent and Shabran that were under Persian rule. Abdal Gani-khan Afghani, Nader-shah's general who defended Shabran,
1088-570: The Persians. Utsmy Ahmed-khan called on the people to fight the Persian shias. In 1710 an agreement was signed between Gazikumukh Khanate and Avar Khanate that proclaimed a political-military alliance. Surkhay-khan I forming the Gazikumukh army and like the shamkhal of Tarki became an ally of the Shah of Persia. In 1720 the Shah of Persia, Sultan Husayn , called his allies to assist and suppress
1152-636: The Safavid Iranian city of Shemakha , the major trading center of Shirvan , and captured it. English writer Jonas Hanway wrote that "the city was ransacked". Utsmy Ahmed-khan could take part in this campaign due to a threat from shamkhal of Tarki. In 1722 a 110 thousand army of Peter I of Russia came to Dagestan as he invaded the Iranian domains in the region during the Russo-Persian War (1722-1723) . Surkhay-khan I spoke out against
1216-598: The Turchidag plateau. In Aymaki gorge Persian army was attacked and defeated too. French diplomat in St. Petersburg Marquis de La Chétardie wrote: "The defeat was all the more significant that Nader Shah lured himself into a trap and got into the canyon where hidden forces on both sides have made a terrible massacre of most of his army". By night of September 28 Nader-shah hastily retreated from Andalal losing 40 thousand of his army, according to I. Kalushkin. Murtazali-khan pursued
1280-527: The Turks were defeated by a strong enemy artillery. Advancing further on Nader's artillery stormed the positions of Surkhay-khan I at Koysu river for three days and arrived in Gazi-Kumukh . General-in-chief V. Y. Levashov wrote: "Surkhay was not able to resist the great gun-fire". Surkhay-khan I retreated to Andalal, according to the "Chronicle of wars of Djaria". Nader then marched against Abdullah-pasha, who
1344-516: The area of Caucasionic race (Northcaucasian race) in Dagestan. In this paper the groups that belong to Caucasionic race are those of western variant. These are the Ando-Tsunti people and the bulk of Avars, Laks, Dargin. According to the specifics of pigmentation, but not the size of the face, Rutuls are close to them". Because the traditional Lak lands are mountainous and very dry, agriculture
SECTION 20
#17327720817151408-410: The attacks of Surkhay-khan II. In 1820 general Aleksey Ermolov decided to capture Gazi-Kumukh, the stronghold of anti-colonial struggle of highlanders, by a direct attack. A decisive battle took place on June 12 near Khosrekh village. General Madatov with army divisions from Shirvan, Shaki, Quba and Karabakh moved to Khosrekh. By artillery fire Russians overcame the defences of highlanders. Khosrekh
1472-616: The capture of the Gazi-Kumukh Khanate, Sufism as the teachings of Qizilbashes, had spread in Dagestan, that had been prevented by the war of Surkhay-khan II. In 1820 Aslan-bek was elected the ruler of Gazi-Kumukh Khanate who also inherited the Kura Khanate which was restored by Russians into an independent Khanate in gratitude to Aslan-bek for his services. Aslan-khan was elevated to the rank of Major-General. In 1826 Surkhay-khan II returned from Persia and in 1827 died in
1536-416: The cities) and to other surrounding areas to find employment. Whereas in the traditional pattern of transhumant animal husbandry, Lak males and their animals walked over the treacherous mountain passes and forded rivers, the herds are now taken by truck to their winter pastures in the lowlands and similarly brought back in the spring. Traditionally, extended families held the limited amount of agricultural land,
1600-672: The colonial policy of Russia, but avoided an armed clash with Peter. Colonel Alexander Komarov wrote that "In 1723 September 12, shah Tahmasp had ceded to Russia the whole Caspian region from Astrabad to Sulak, however Gazi-Kumukh was not included there. The merit of Gazi-Kumukh reached a high point in Dagestan". In 1724 Surkhay-khan I refused to acknowledge the extension of Ferhat-pasha treaty that passed Shirvan from Persia to Turkey . Surkhay-khan I demanded from Turkey to hand Shirvan over to his rule. Turkey refused. Surkhay-khan I, Ahmed-khan and Nutsal of Avaria ransacked Shirvan for one whole year. In 1725 (in another version in 1728) Turkey issued
1664-602: The death of Catherine II, Russian troops pulled out of southern Dagestan. Ali Kayaev wrote that in 1797 Surkhay-khan II gave decisive battles in Karachay–Cherkessia . In 1803 Octobers 22, Surkhay-khan II crossed Alazani and attacked the Kabardin battalion of Tiflis regiment, under the command of Major-General Gulyakov. Gordin Y. A. wrote that "Surkhay-khan II is one of the strongest Lezgin rulers in Dagestan". In 1811 December 15, generals Guryev and Khatuntsev besieged
1728-543: The end of 18th century Caucasian conflict erupted once again with participation of Iran, Turkey and Russia. Turkish emissaries visited the khans of Lakia and Avaria with large sums of money asking for alliance against Russia. Surkhay-khan II becomes an ally of Turkey. In 1796 Catherine II of Russia sent general Valerian Zubov for further conquest of southern Dagestan during the Persian Expedition of 1796 . General Zubov invaded Quba Khanate and Derbent. After
1792-444: The family, its position is highly debated, but it is generally thought to be an isolate, which either developed separately from an early point or, alternatively, a language of whose close relatives all have gone extinct. Initially, Lak by lexicon was found to be close to Dargin and the two were often combined in one Lak–Dargin subgroup of Dagestani languages. However, further research has led linguists to conclude that this association
1856-414: The first Dagestani people to establish a feudal system. Their feudal society consisted of the khans; the bagtal (beks), who were the khan's family and the nobility; the chankri (children of marriages between beks and women of lower social orders); the uzdental (uzden), who were free peasants (numerically the largest of all classes); the rayat (serfs); and the laghart (slaves). This feudal system coexisted with
1920-510: The fortress of Kurakh where Surkhay-khan II resided. After the battle Surkhay-khan II retreated to Gazi-Kumukh. General Khatuntsev passed the management of Kurakh, the capital of Kura region , to Aslan-bek son of Shahmardan-bek. In May 1813 Surkhay-khan II attacked the Kurakh garrison, but was repelled by Aslan-bek. Surkhay-khan II passed the management of khanate to his son Murtazali-bek and left for Tabriz to shah Abbas-Mirza. Surkhay-khan II
1984-555: The fortress of utsmi who was forced to surrender. Nader then headed for Gazi-Kumukh. Surkhay-khan I stood not far from Gazi-Kumukh where 30 thousand army of Nader clashed with a 10 thousand army of Surkhay-khan I. "Land was red with blood as Jaihun" wrote Iranian historian Muhammed Gazim. Surkhay-khan I retreated to Andalal again. Historian Jones wrote that "the fierce sea of the conqueror’s army turned its waves on habitats and fields of Kumukh, and possessions of all people of this place were destroyed". Russian military administration in
Lak - Misplaced Pages Continue
2048-611: The head of 100 thousand army. Before the invasion Nader-shah declared that "I took under my power Hindustan, the lands of Turan and Iran. Now, I intend with enormous and countless army to conquer the kingdom of Kumukh ". Shah's historiographer Mirza-Mehdi Astarabadi wrote: "The banners that conquered the world are leaving Iran and heading to Dagestan". Persians faced battles in Bashli, Dubek, Tabasaran, Kaitag and Djengutai. Muhammed Gazim, historian of Nader-shah, wrote that "the troops of Surkhay kept on firing from guns for two hours and all
2112-452: The kalim, maintain burial societies, resolve disputes, and so forth. The first mosque of the Lak people was built in 777-778 in Kumukh . Historian A. V. Komarov (1869) wrote: "Laki and in particular the residents of their main village of Gumuk were among the first Dagestani tribes who accepted Islam ... Abu Muselim himself went to Gumuk and built there a mosque in 777 AD as the inscription on
2176-597: The khan of Kaitag, khan of Gazi-Kumukh and the ruler of Tabasaran". In 1789 after the death of Muhammad-khan, his son Surkhay-bek was elected the ruler of Gazikumukh Khanate. Ali Kayaev, a scholar from Kumukh wrote that "Surkhay-khan II was a religious scholar, who knew Qur'an by heart. He restored three mosques in Kumukh: Burhay mosque, Qadi mosque and Friday mosque". Mosque in Tpik was also reconstructed by Surkhay-khan II. Van Galen, officer and an eyewitness wrote: "This
2240-514: The khan of Laks. Murtazali-khan was married to the daughter of Muhammad-qadi of Sogratl. In 1741 at the end of August, Nader-shah approached the territory of Andalal. Sogratl became the military centre of Dagestanis. Murtazali-khan at the head of Dagestani army stood in Andalal. Four days and four nights passed in heavy battles. Persians were routed under Sogratl, Megeb, Chokh and Oboch. A decisive historical battle began on September 12 of 1741 on
2304-532: The men engaged in leather working and tool making. Many of these traditions survived during the Soviet period because it was difficult to develop the Lak territories, which are isolated and have few resources. Textiles and clothing, leather working and shoe making, and the production of meat, cheese, and butter are still the dominant industries in this region. Many Laks continue to migrate (both permanently and seasonally) to other areas of Daghestan (and in particular to
2368-586: The mosque reads". According to Al-Masudi, the residents of Kumukh in the 8th century were Christians. Shamkhals of Kumukh embraced Islam at the end of the 13th century. In the 14th century, Kumukh became the gazi-center and was named Gazi-Kumukh. In the 15th century, shamkhals played a role in spreading Islam in Dagestan . According to prof. Gadjiyev A.G., Lak people belong to the Northcaucasian race : "Our research in 1961 has led to some clarification of
2432-532: The name "Lak" as their ethnonym and placename. P. K. Uslar (1864) reported on the use of self-designation "Lak" by residents of Gazi-Kumukh : "Lakkuchu, Lakkuchunal, nominative plural Lak, genitive Lakral — Kazikumukh man; Lak — the name of the whole country; ta uri Lakkuy — he lives in Kazikumukh; ta nai uri Lakkuya — he comes from Kazikumukh; ta Lakku mazray galga ti uri — he speaks in Laks language; Lakku adat — Kazikumukh custom; Lakral kanu — Kazikumukh, lit.
2496-547: The north Caucasus reported that utsmi Ahmed-khan with Surkhay-khan I built ten fortifications equipped with guns. Russian officer Kalushkin at the Persian court informed the Senate in Moscow that "Surkhay-khan ransacked Derbent fortress, defeated the army of Mehdi-khan". In 1738 Ibrahim-khan marched against Dagestanis who dealt a crushing defeat to the shah's army of Ibrahim-khan. In 1741 on July 2, Nader-shah invaded Dagestan at
2560-418: The pastures, and the herds in common and did not have a strong sense of individual ownership. The Laks nevertheless resisted Soviet collectivization policies. Traditionally Laks, like most Daghestani highlanders, lived in patriarchal clan units ( tukhums ) consisting of a large extended family having a common ancestor, either recently deceased or still living. All members had the same patronymic and all property
2624-425: The place of Lak people". Russian army generals and historians A. V. Komarov (1869) and N. F. Dubrovin (1871) in their distinct writings on the history and ethnography of Caucasus mentioned that the self-designation of the residents of Gazi-Kumukh was "Lak" whom they named "Laki" (Laks). In the population census of Dagestan Oblast of 1886 the residents of Kazikumukh Okrug were named "Laki" (Russian "Лаки"). On
Lak - Misplaced Pages Continue
2688-581: The retreating Persians up to Derbent. Kalushkin reported that "shah was so cruelly beaten that he was forced to turn back three times to defend himself". As it was written: "Salutes were given In Istanbul. In Petersburg people could not conceal their joy". In 1743 Muhammad-bek, son of Surkhay-khan I, took over the throne of Gazikumukh Khanate. Sefi-Mirza II known as Sam-Mirza a "miraculously saved Sefevid prince" arrived from Turkey to Muhammad-khan. Some Persian nobles swore allegiance to Sam-Mirza. Muhammad-khan decided to take over Shirvan and help Sam-Mirza reach
2752-407: The ruler participated in the meetings. Local governments consisted of jama'at, council of chiefs, judge and executor. Police functions were performed by the khan's noukers. The state of Laks consisted of one Lakia that was divided into such territories as "Kullal", "Uri-Mukarki", "Machaymi", "Vitskhi", "Gumuchi" and "Bartki". After the transfer of the capital of shamkhalate to Tarki, in Gazi-Kumukh
2816-406: The rulers of Lak people was. Kumukh is the ancient capital of Lakia . The history of the Laks can be divided into several parts. The first part is the era of Anushirwan, who appointed a ruler called Kumukh. In the 6th century Kumukh was one of the political centers in the highlands of Dagestan. The second part is the era of the shamkhals of Kumukh, who were first mentioned as the rulers of the Laks in
2880-494: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Lak . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lak&oldid=1210185533 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Place name disambiguation pages Disambiguation pages with surname-holder lists Hidden categories: Short description
2944-525: The schematic map of the Dagestan Oblast of 1895, compiled by historian and ethnographer E. I. Kozubskiy, the residents of Kazikumukh Okrug are called "Laki". According to the Soviet and Russian scientist-philologist, linguist-Iranian scholar and etymologist V. I. Abaev, the self-name "lak" is in connection with the term "lag", as the Caucasian peoples called the "serf". The former self-name of
3008-527: The spring of 1747 Muhammad-khan with allies invaded Kura, Derbent and Quba. Gadjiev V. writes that in 1747 "shah decided to punish Muhammad-khan by all means. However, Nader-shah was killed in a coup at the palace". As the Georgian historian Vakhushti had written: "Nader-shah was not able to defeat the Lezgins (Dagestanis) as he wished". In 1748 Surkhay-khan I died in Gazi-Kumukh. The mother of Surkhay-khan I
3072-680: The uprising in Shirvan. Surkhay-khan I gathered the Gazi-Kumukh army and advanced to Shirvan, to help the shah. Not far from Kabala, Surkhay-khan I was stopped by the Sunni delegation of Shirvan led by Haji-Dawood who urged Surkhay-khan I to support the Sunnis than the Shias. Utsmy Ahmed-khan was in alliance with Haji-Dawood against the "rafidas". Surkhay-khan I decided to support the sunnis of Shirvan. In 1721 on July 21, Surkhay-khan I and Haji-Dawood invaded
3136-487: The village of Sogratl in Andalal at the age of 83. His son Nukh-bek migrated to Turkey where he died in 1828. Being part of Russia highlanders ran into state organised serfdom . Russian management toughened exploitation of peasants. This situation led to a powerful social unrest and revolt. Laks were such political figures of Caucasian war as Haji Yahya-bek, Muhammad-Efendi Guyminski, Buk-Muhammad and Bashir-bek (naibs of Imam Shamil). Direct descendant of khans of Gazi-Kumukh
3200-424: Was Avar, sister of Umma-khan of Avaria. "Daughter of Surkhay-khan II, Gulandash-khanum, was married to Mustafa-khan of Shirvan, a relative of Surkhay-khan II". Ahmed-khan Sultan of Tsakhur, son of Alkhaz-bek, was married to the daughter of Surkhay-khan II. Sultan of Elisu Daniyal-bek was grandson of Surkhay-khan II. During 1796 Surkhay-khan II was an influential ruler in Dagestan having an army of 25 thousand men. At
3264-421: Was Muhammad-Amin (Imam of Abkhazia and Cherkessia 1848-1859). In 1832 Russian administration appointed Aslan-khan a temporary ruler of Avaria. Mother of Aslan-khan, Aymesey, was sister of Umma-khan of Avaria. In 1836 Nutsal Aga-bek, the eldest son of Aslan-khan, was appointed the ruler of Gazi-Kumukh. Nutsal Aga-khan arrived at the funeral of his father as a legitimate khan, appointed by Russian Tsar. Kura Khanate
SECTION 50
#17327720817153328-446: Was a chronic shortage of wood for building and fuel. Wheat and fruits and vegetables were grown in the lower areas, especially in the new Lak areas in northern Daghestan. The practice of transhumant sheepherding required that for several months each year, males moved to the lowlands to pasture their animals. Here they came into contact with different Daghestani peoples. Other Daghestani mountaineers grazed their sheep along with those of
3392-460: Was a remarkable man. He was tall and had a formidable appearance especially in an old age. In the mountains he was famous for extensive teachings in the Muslim spirit, and due to his ancient family had great connections throughout Dagestan and was respected by all the neighboring people". Surkhay-khan II had two wives: the first was Lak and from her there were four sons and a daughter, the second wife
3456-539: Was called Umamat, she was a sister Omar-khan of Avaria. Daughter of Surkhay-khan I was married to a son of Avar khan. Muhammad-khan had three wives. The first wife was the daughter of Khasbulat-shamkhal of Tarki, from her he had four sons. Second wife was the daughter of Tishsiz-Bammat of Kazanish, the khan of Mekhtula Khanate, and had one son from her. Third wife was Istadjalu, the daughter of Abdal Gani-khan Afghani. Soon Fatali-khan captured Kura, Derbent, Quba and Shemakha. Eldar-bek and Shahmardan-bek of Gazi-Kumukh following
3520-722: Was captured and further Gazi-Kumukh. In 1820 after 25 years of war of Surkhay-khan II, the Gazikumukh Khanate was conquered by Russian empire. Ermolov wrote after capturing Gazi-Kumukh: "Russian army appeared in this place for the first time". In August 1820 Surkhay-khan II left for Persia to Fat′h Ali-shah. Surkhay-khan II gave many battles of which the largest were at Tiflis, Derbent, Khosrekh, Chirakh, Kurakh, Kartukh, Alazani , Quba , Akhaltsikhe , Akhalkalaki , Kartli , Kakheti , fortress Surkhayli in Cherkessia, Ganja , Yerevan , Kars , Ardagan and Erzurum . After
3584-670: Was conquered by the Lezgins (Dagestani) swords and not given to him by Turkey as a gift, and that neither Sultan of Turkey nor Ahmed of Baghdad have the right to request him to hand over this territory". Surkhay-khan I reflected the will of Dagestanis and Shirvanis who were categorically against the Persian takeover of Shirvan. In 1734 on August 17 general Nader moving in different directions captured Shemakha, Qabala , Khachmaz , Derbent and Kura. Surkhay-khan I clashed with Nader in Deve-Batan, not far from Qabala, where highlanders and
3648-478: Was insufficient. According to genetic studies in 2023, the following haplogroups are found to predominate among Laks : Gazikumukh Khanate Gazikumukh Khanate was a Lak state that was established in present-day Dagestan after the disintegration of Gazikumukh Shamkhalate in 1642. Its peoples included various Lezgin tribes and Avars. Khanate was ruled by the supreme council known as "Kat" in Lak or " Divan " where viziers, main qadis, warlords and
3712-483: Was killed. Muhammad-khan moved further and captured Agsu , the new capital of Shirvan. During 1743-1745 Muhammad-khan resided in Shirvan. In 1745 Nasrulla-Mirza, son of Nader-shah, led the shah's army on Muhammad-khan at Agsu. Nader-shah sent Ashur-khan Afshar, Karim-khan, Fatali-khan Afshar and prince Nasrullah-Mirza to fight with Muhammad-khan and his supporters. After the battle Muhammad-khan retreated to Gazi-Kumukh. Shah's army once again occupied Derbent and Kura. In
3776-532: Was not able to win over the shah. In 1816 Ermolov was appointed Commander-in-Chief of the Caucasus region. In 1818 rulers of Gazikumukh, Avaria, Mekhtula, Tabasaran and Kaitag, unite against general Ermolov. In 1819 October 19 Surkhay-khan II with a 3 thousand army attacked the Chirakh garrison but didn't succeed and ordered to retreat. Major General Vrede fortified tsar's troops in Beduk, Richa and Chirag, against
3840-455: Was of secondary importance in the traditional economy. In the mountainous regions, the economy was dominated by the raising of sheep and goats, and also some horses, cattle, and mules. Meat and milk products were major components of the Lak diet, although they also grew barley, peas, wheat and some potatoes. Most animal husbandry was the responsibility of males, whereas agriculture was mostly that of women. The Lak territory had no forests, and there
3904-422: Was owned mutually by the clan; decision making was the responsibility of either the elder patriarch or the elder males. Clan members were expected to provide mutual assistance in work and in family affairs, and to assume collective responsibility in vendettas, as prescribed by adat. The term for close family members within the tukhum is kk'ul, and they refer to each other as usursu (sibling). The importance of tukhums
SECTION 60
#17327720817153968-523: Was ruled by Garun-bek, son of Tagir-bek, brother of Aslan-khan. In 1836 Muhammad Mirza-khan was appointed the khan of Gazi-Kumukh. Muhammad Mirza-khan was promoted to the rank of colonel and got a letter of investiture from the Russian Tsar. In 1838 the ruler of the Gazi-kumukh became Ummu Kulsum-beke, the wife of Aslan-khan. Representatives of Gazi-Kumukh clergy came to Ummu Kulsum-beke with
4032-421: Was ruled by the supreme council. In 1642 Alibek II, son of Tuchilav, son of Alibek I, son of Chopan-shamkhal, son of Budai-shamkhal, was elected the ruler of Gazi-Kumukh, with the title "khalklavchi". In 1700, the Laks gave their ruler a popular title – khan . The council of chiefs elected Surkhay-bek (1680–1748), son of Garey-bek, son of khalklavchi Alibek II from a shamkhal family that remained in Gazi-Kumukh,
4096-547: Was standing with Turkish forces near Erevan. Crimean Kaplan Girey-khan, by the order of Turkish sultan, removed Khazbulat-shamkhal and appointed Eldar-bek of Kazanish, an ally of Surkhay-khan I, as new shamkhal. These events triggered the second Persian invasion of Dagestan. In November 1735 Nader overcoming the resistance captured Ganja, Djaria, Sheki, Shirvan, Shemakha, and Derbent. In December Nader advanced to Madjalis where "people of Akusha stubbornly defended themselves but were defeated", noted Bakikhanov. Persians besieged
#714285