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62-545: The lake was formerly named after Bishop James Hannington who visited in 1885. Lake Bogoria is located in Baringo County, about 120 km north of Nakuru city and 240 km north of Nairobi . It is in the Gregorian Rift Valley . It was once part of a larger freshwater lake, joined with the current Lake Baringo . As shown on the satellite picture at the top of this page, it is divided in three lobes:

124-608: A change in Hannington's life; he was awarded his BA , and on 1 March 1874 was made a deacon (by Frederick Temple , Bishop of Exeter , at Exeter Cathedral ), and took a curacy of Martinhoe with Trentishoe , Devon . Having been ordained priest, in 1875 James became curate-in-charge at St George's, Hurstpierpoint where he stayed until volunteering for missionary work in East Africa in 1882. He had by then been married for five years. Around 1882, Hannington heard of

186-449: A denser more saline bottom waters. The lake has not always been saline. Sediment cores from the lake floor have shown that freshwater conditions existed for several periods during the past 10,000 years. Of the ca. 60 hot springs that discharge on Loburu delta plain on the western margin of the lake, travertine appears at 20% of them. Carbonate is actively precipitating at several of these, as shown by calcite-encrusted artefacts. This

248-463: A drainage divide that separates lake Bogoria and lake Baringo. The faults control over 200 hot and cold springs and seeps, which bring a significant water input. Core analysis of the lake floor has revealed two types of sedimentation: a shallow fan–deltaic clastic zone; and a deeper zone where Organic matters alternate with evaporites . The organic muds were formed during periods of relatively high lake level and high microbial productivity; whereas

310-626: A higher nitrate content, and are slightly acidic. The resulting waters of the Loboi Swamp are also slightly alkaline, and generally reflect the mixing of fluvial, spring and groundwater inflows. Its areas of semi-permanent or seasonal standing water are dominated by Typha domingensis and also have some Leersia hexandra , Ipomoea aquatica , and other taxa . These areas surround a wetter area populated by near pure stands of Cyperus papyrus that are rooted or floating in water up to 1.5 m deep. Acacia scrub occurs on an adjacent horst block to

372-585: A landmark ruling, ordering the Kenyan government to restore the Endorois to their historic land, compensate them from losses and sharing with them the profits from the Lake Bogoria game reserve. But in 2022, Minority Rights Group reported that that decision had not yet been implemented and has many Endorois were still consigned to 'severe poverty, illiteracy, poor health and a life of destitution.' In 2024

434-415: A large center one and two smaller ones at the north and south extremities. The two narrower areas separating these lobes are shallow, tectonically controlled sills at Nyalibuch and Mwanassis. There are contradictions regarding its altitude. Unesco's Ramsar gives 963 m (3,159 ft). More precise — and more prudent —, Renaut & Owen 1991 give c. 990 m as of August 1977, but also indicate that

496-612: A large sheet of water N.E. of Victoria Nyanza. Joseph Thomson, in his journey through the Masai country in 1883, was the European to see the lake and to correct the exaggerated notions as to its size. Native tradition, however, asserts that the lake formerly covered a much larger area. The lake is part of the East African Rift system. The Tugen Hills , an uplifted fault block of volcanic and metamorphic rocks , lies west of

558-761: A low total alkalinity. The marshes are similar in their general water chemistry, but are slightly acidic and have a distinctly lower NO3 content. Short grasses are the dominant vegetation type and cattle graze the area. These lie near the Lake Bogoria National Reserve entrance, to the south of the Loboi swamp, and at the limit dividing faulted volcanic uplands and colluvial-alluvial sediments. They contain several types of habitats. Ashley et al. 2002 defined them as an 'Artesian Blister Wetland' (see Types of wetlands above), and that wetland also includes slightly acidic, nitrate enriched, warm springs. This

620-525: A major fault, with steep slopes that prevent wetland development (the Siracho Escarpment, to the east). To the west, trachy phonolites (uncommon extrusive igneous rock) are cut through by numerous gently sloping tilt-blocks; rivers oriented north-south feed delta lobes, where spring-fed wetlands have developed. The north opens on a basin with Quaternary silts , sands and gravels; there, the gently sloping Sandai and Loboi plains gradually rise to

682-474: A small permanent flow of the diverted Loboi river. These wetlands are fed by ephemeral or perennial streams, and by springs. In the south, two freshwater springs supply permanent streams. All three (the Wasenge river and the two streams) are used extrensively for drinking, as well as the water from some hot springs streams — some of these being substantially less salty than the lake water. Other streams, such as

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744-574: A surface area of 130 square kilometres (50 sq mi) and an elevation of 970 metres (3,180 ft). The lake is fed by several rivers: the Molo , Perkerra and Ol Arabel . It has no obvious outlet; the waters are assumed to seep through lake sediments into the faulted volcanic bedrock. It is one of the two freshwater lakes in the Rift Valley in Kenya, the other being Lake Naivasha . The lake

806-441: Is endemic to the lake. Lake fishing is important to local social and economic development. Additionally the area is a habitat for many species of animals including the hippopotamus ( Hippopotamus amphibius ), Nile crocodile ( Crocodylus niloticus ) and many other mammals, amphibians, reptiles and the invertebrate communities. While stocks of Nile tilapia in the lake are now low, the decline of this species has been mirrored by

868-689: Is honoured in the Church of England and in the Episcopal Church on 29 October . A dedication stone, erected in his memory along with the Bishop Hannington Memorial Church , West Blatchington , Hove , England in 1938, bears the inscription "Thou hast turned my heaviness into joy". Lake Baringo Lake Baringo is, after Lake Turkana , the most northern of the Kenyan Rift Valley lakes, with

930-647: Is in a remote hot and dusty area with over 470 species of birds, occasionally including migrating flamingos . A Goliath heronry is located on a rocky islet in the lake known as Gibraltar. The existence of Lake Baringo was first reported in Europe by Ludwig Krapf and J. Rebmann, German missionaries stationed at Mombasa, about 1850; in J. H. Speke’s map of the Nile sources (1863) Baringo is confused with Kavirondo Gulf of Victoria Nyanza; it figures in Sir H. M. Stanley’s map (1877) as

992-408: Is of Na-CO3-HCO3-Cl composition, with a pH range of 9.3–10.6. Some shallow marginal lagoons have salinities exceeding 100 g l−1. Temperature at the time of sampling ranged between 28 and 33 ◦C, but exceed 60 ◦C at sublacustrine hot spring vents. However, cyanobacteria — mainly Spirulina platensis — are abundant and support up to 2 million flamingoes. Lake Bogoria is in a geothermally active part of

1054-476: Is on the western shore of Lake Bogoria. It is composed of silts and gravels, and shows a variety of fluvial, deltaic, and beach settings. It has active hot springs that feed a series of marshes dominated by Cyperus laevigatus . The springs are alkaline, of the Na-HCO 3 type, contain a lot of silica and nitrate, and the temperature near the vents is extremely hot (more than 96◦C). The areas immediately adjacent to

1116-423: Is situated at the southern end of a region of Kenya inhabited largely by pastoralist ethnic groups including Il Chamus , Rendille , Turkana and Kalenjin . Accommodation, (hotels, self-catering cottages and camping sites) as well as boating services are available at and near Kampi-Ya-Samaki on the western shore, as well as on several of the islands in the lake. A Kenyan Government report in 2021 estimated that

1178-469: Is unusual, in that this precipitation most probably occurs at temperatures over 80 °C. The geysers are believed by some to have medicinal value. The terrestrial vegetation that immediately surrounds the lake is mainly a thorny bushland dominated by Acacia , Salvadora , Balanites and Commiphora species. There are also patches of riverine woodland with Ficus capensis , Acacia xanthophloea and Acacia tortilis . One species dominates

1240-648: The Annals and Magazine of Natural History . After arriving at Freretown, near Mombasa , in Kenya , Hannington determined to pioneer a shorter and healthier highland road to Buganda, using Christian porters and undercutting the Arab slave route to the south. He was oblivious to the political consequences of traversing Busoga , a strategically sensitive area for the Buganda state. The sudden intrusion of German imperialism at

1302-467: The Brachionus plicatilis cryptic species complex) is found in high densities. A new alkaliphilic purple nonsulfur bacterium was discovered in lake Bogoria; it has been named Rhodobaca bogoriensis . The lake supports more than 300 waterbird species. It is an important stopover site for a population of up to 1.5 million migratory birds, notably for the lesser flamingo ( Phoeniconaias minor ). In

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1364-515: The Church of England in 1867. In that year the chapel which Hannington's father had built in the grounds of his property in 1852 was licensed for Anglican services. At twenty-one, Hannington decided to pursue a clerical career, and entered university at St Mary Hall, Oxford ; he was President of the Red Club and captain of the St ;Mary Hall Boat. In 1872, the death of his mother spurred

1426-564: The Sandai and Emsos rivers, and from about 200 alkaline hot springs that are present at three onshore sites: Loburu, Chemurkeu, and a southern group (Ng'wasis, Koibobei, Losaramat). Other springs discharge directly from the lake floor. Lake Bogoria also contains the highest concentration of true geysers in Africa (at least 18 have been active in the 35 years before 2008). The lake is meromictic (stratified) with less dense surface waters lying on

1488-964: The phytoplankton : Arthrospira fusiformis , a cyanobacterium spirulina . But all these wetlands see the occurrence of diatoms in at least parts of them; these diatoms vary in diversity, abundance and species composition. The main factors directing these variables are pH, temperature, and specific conductivity; secondary factors are Si and nitrate . Hot springs generally have a low diversity of diatoms, with variable abundance; they commonly include Anomoeoneis sphaerophora var. guntheri , Navicula tenella , Navicula cuspidata , and Nitzschia invisitata . In other wetland types, distinctive diatom floras variously include Fragilaria brevistriata , Gomphonema parvulum , Navicula tenelloides , Nitzschia communis , N. latens , N. sigma , Rhopalodia gibberula , and Stauroneis anceps . The flamingoes feed on Arthrospira fusiformis . The monogonont rotifer species Brachionus sp. Austria (belonging to

1550-547: The 1990s, two episodes of mass deaths occurred among flamingos, all starting from Lake Bogoria. The first episode, in 1993-1995, saw about 35,000 flamingos dying between August and November 1993 and about 15,000 dying in August 1995. The second episode occurred in 1999-2000; the number of deaths for 2000 was estimated at around 100,000. In both cases, flamingos were the only water bird species falling victim to this unknown phenomenon. The studies on these events were not conclusive as to

1612-623: The Buganda side, in letters dated 2 May 1886, wrote: "Had the matter of the Busoga route been the real point at issue, the king needed only to adopt our advice at the time, and request the Bishop to return to the neighbourhood of Kwa Sundu in Kavirondo, whither the boat had gone for him. But he was determined on shedding the blood of one whom he believed was a European of higher standing than merely an ordinary missionary or traveler, as 'a challenge to

1674-557: The Emsos to the south and the Parkirichai to the west, are ephemeral: they flow only after heavy rains. This swamp is to the north of the lake. It hugs the base of a horst block (raised fault block bounded by normal faults) oriented north-south. According to radiocarbon datation, it was created only 700 years ago in a former floodplain environment — possibly as a consequence of faulting. In 1969, it spread over 6 km in length; but water

1736-703: The Endorois allied with the Ogiek people — who have themselves been initially evicted in 1920 from their ancestral grounds in the Mau Forest (south-west Kenya) by the British colonial government. In 2017 the Ogiek also won a court case against the Kenian government, whereby the latter was supposed to restitute the Ogiek ancestral land and pay a compensation of 157,000 Kenyan shillings ($ 1,026) per person. As of 2024, not only

1798-558: The Germans" Widespread persecution of Christians followed, many being killed or sold to Arab slavers. Joseph Mukasa Balikuddembe , a Roman Catholic and an official at Mwanga's court, rebuked the king for the deed, and was beheaded for it. Hannington and his companions were among the first Martyrs of Uganda . The location of Hannington's remains was divulged to Bishop Alfred Tucker in 1892 and on 31 December 1892, his remains were reburied at Namirembe . His tombstone His tombstone bear

1860-625: The Kenya Rift Valley, and is famous for geysers and hot springs along the bank of the lake and in the lake. There are about 200 hot springs, most of which are distributed along the shoreline. In four locations around the lake can be observed at least 10 geysers, which erupt up to 5 m high. Geyser activity is affected by the fluctuations of lake level, which may inundate or expose some geysers. Lake Bogoria occupies an asymmetric basin approximately 20 km long and 10 km wide, bordered by faults . The east and south borders are marked by

1922-414: The amount of rainfall. Most of the rain falls between April and November, and precipitation ranges average about 700 mm on the Loboi plain and 1200 mm on the adjacent highlands. But El Nino years bring increased rainfall and flooding of the lake shores. For example, in 2020 its area increased to about 4,690 ha (11,600 acres): 2020 was one of the hottest years on record, but despite depressed rainfall in

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1984-467: The blister mounds, and other seeps and springs, support wet meadows and Typha swamps. The blister mounds and Typha swamps have a more or less neutral pH, low conductivities and total alkalinity. The marshes to the north of the lake do not feed any river outlet. They are linked to both Lake Bogoria and adjacent Lake Baringo ; both lakes are fed by the Waseges river (or Sandai river), the latter bringing

2046-455: The coast made the Kabaka of Buganda Mwanga II , even more suspicious of Hannington's motives. An oracle ( emmandwa ) had said that Buganda's conqueror would come from the east. Mwanga forbade Hannington from continuing through Busoga and sent boats to take him to Sukumaland , but Hannington refused. Together with his team, he safely reached a spot near Lake Victoria on 21 October, but, under

2108-466: The common hippopotamus ( Hippopotamus amphibius ) and African lion ( Panthera leo ); another important species is the greater kudu ( Tragelaphus strepsiceros ). The lake's stable water level makes it doubly important during periods of drought, when water levels in other East African lakes drop. The Site is a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 2011 and an Important Bird and Biodiversity Area (IBA). The Ramsar site, designated on August 27, 2001, covers

2170-590: The country in the neighbourhood of the lake are the “hills” of the termites (white ants). They are hollow columns 10 to 12 ft. high and from 1 ft. to 18 in. broad. The greater kudu , almost unknown elsewhere in East Africa, inhabits the flanks of the Laikipia escarpment to the east of the lake and comes to the foot-hills around Baringo to feed. A recent study showed that there were both positive and negative relationships between some water quality parameters and

2232-567: The entire National Reserve, with an area of 10,700 ha (26,000 acres), shared between the 3,300 ha lake and 7,400 ha of riparian and terrestrial habitats. The lake area was the traditional home of the Endorois people , who were forced to leave the area in the 1970s and are now challenging their removal at the African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights . In 2009 the African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights (ACHPR) made

2294-698: The evaporites were formed during drier periods. The cores attest of many environmental fluctuations during the past 30 000 years, linked to regional climatic changes and to local tectonic and hydrological conditions. Lake Bogoria is a soda lake : it has no surface outlet, its waters are strongly alkaline ( pH :10.5). High salt concentrations are also given (40‰) and this increases when the total amount of water decreases (evapoconcentration). Thus, following an extreme draught from March to October 2009, salt saturation reached 48‰. Soda lakes are highly productive ecosystems. Its waters contain large concentrations of Na, HCO 3 , CO 3 et Cl ions. They originate from inflow from

2356-588: The government has so far failed to implement the court's orders as in the case of the Endorois, but has persisted in further evictions imposed in November 2023 by the Kenyan authorities during the visit of Britain's King Charles III . On 6 February 2024, both ethnies demonstrated together in Nairobi with the support of the International Network for Economic, social and cultural rights to demand

2418-401: The government implement the rulings. The area is inhabited by Tugen and Jemps pastoralists, and livestock grazing is the main land use in the area. The lake and its surroundings attract 200,000 tourists per year, due to the wildlife, the hot springs, the spectacular cliffs and escarpments and the rich indigenous culture. Hotel accommodation is available near Loboi village at the north end of

2480-536: The inscription: "FIRST BISHOP OF EASTERN EQUATORIAL AFRICA. MARTYRED IN BUSOGA ON 29th OCTOBER 1885 ON THE ORDER OF KABAKA MWANGA. HIS LAST WORDS WERE REPORTED TO BE "TELL THE KING THAT I AM ABOUT TO DIE FOR BAGANDA AND I HAVE PURCHASED THE ROAD TO BAGANDA WITH MY LIFE" "HAPPY ARE THOSE WHO FROM NOW ON, DIE IN THE SERVICE OF THE LORD" REV. 14;13 He is commemorated by the Hannington memorial chapel in Namirembe Cathedral , Kampala, Uganda. James Hannington

2542-482: The lake's level fluctuates seasonally by 50 to 100 cm; and that it can vary by several meters for short periods, having fluctuated between c. 988 and c. 996 m during the 20th century. Lake-shore terraces around the shoreline, made of coarse angular gravel and angular orthoconglomerates, mark higher lake levels from the Pleistocene and Holocene. They are visible on 45% of the present level, and some are about 9 m above

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2604-468: The lake. Camping is permitted at the southern end of the lake. James Hannington James Hannington (3 September 1847 – 29 October 1885) was an English Anglican missionary and martyr . He was the first Anglican bishop of East Africa. Hannington was born on 3 September 1847 at Hurstpierpoint in Sussex , England , about eight miles from Brighton , where his father ran a warehouse, and

2666-480: The lake. The Laikipia Escarpment lies to the east. Water flows into the lake from the Mau Hills and Tugen Hills. It is a critical habitat and refuge for more than 500 species of birds and fauna, some of the migratory waterbird species being significant regionally and globally. The lake also provides a habitat for seven fresh water fish species. One, Oreochromis niloticus baringoensis (a Nile tilapia subspecies),

2728-501: The lower parts of the Bogoria basin. Although the lake is in a semi-arid part of Kenya Rift Valley , it is surrounded by numerous and varied wetlands along its shorelines, along faults where hot, warm and cold springs have developed, and along rivers that run across the rift floor. Six major types of wetland have been defined around lake Bogoria: the graminoid vegetation is interspersed with cyanobacterial and algal mats. Water from

2790-445: The main cause of death. Heavy metal poisoning was suggested but such poisoning does not have a periodic effect: its effect are continuous, and in these cases not compatible with the periodic dying; nor was it coherent with that birds of all ages were concerned, whereas such poisoning affects older individuals more than younger ones (ther older ones have had more time to accumulate poison in their bodies). Food poisoning has also been cited.

2852-444: The main food for lesser flamingo is Spirulina platensis , which is abundantly produced in the lakes of that region; but around the years that saw this heavy mortality toll, there had been an important increase of toxic cyanobacteria , especially during periods of algal blooms ; and the symptoms of dying flamingos were similar to those of algal toxicity. Its immediate surroundings are a critical habitat for vulnerable species such as

2914-504: The murder of two missionaries on the shores of Lake Victoria. This led to him offering himself to the Church Missionary Society (CMS) and he left England on 17 May, setting sail for Zanzibar on 29 June, as the head of a party of six missionaries. Crippled by fever and dysentery , Hannington was forced to return to England in 1883. On 24 June 1884 ( St John the Baptist's Day ), having recovered, Hannington

2976-414: The next two-and-a-half years, although he was an indifferent student. Hannington left school at fifteen to work in his father's Brighton counting house . He obtained a commission in the 1st Sussex Artillery Volunteer Corps in 1864 and rose to the rank of major. Under his training and supervision, his detachment won prizes at the annual camp competitions. The family were Congregationalists but joined

3038-476: The orders of Mwanga II of Buganda , the missionaries were imprisoned in Busoga by Basoga chiefs. After eight days of captivity, by order from Mwanga II, Hannington's porters were killed, and on 29 October 1885, Hannington himself was speared in both sides. As he died, his alleged last words to the soldiers who killed him were: "Go, tell Mwanga I have purchased the road to Uganda with my blood." Alexander Murdoch Mackay , who had first-hand knowledge of events from

3100-485: The other endorheic lakes in Kenya. The Rift Valley lakes undergo regular (and cyclic) changes in water levels mostly in response to precipitation, which is unreliable and unpredictable. In this region, lake Bogoria is the only alkaline lake that has minimal lake water fluctuations, and is used as a refuge for flamigos and other animals when other relatively shallow lakes dry out. Its surface is generally 3,300 ha (8,200 acres) but this fluctuates, essentially according to

3162-440: The present shoreline. In 1991 the maximum length is 17.6 km (10.9 mi) and its width ranges from 0.5 km (0.31 mi) to 3.6 km (2.2 mi). The drainage basin is 700 km (270 sq mi). The lowest point of the drainage divide is at 999 m near Loboi village; when the level of the lake reaches that altitude, its waters flow northward in lake Baringo drainage basin . In 1978 its maximum depth

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3224-540: The prevalence of recovered parasites. O. niloticus baringoensis from Lake Baringo also recorded high parasite prevalence and this calls for sensitization of the public on the risks that may arise from the consumption of undercooked infected fish. The lake has several small islands, the largest being Ol Kokwe Island . Ol Kokwe, an extinct volcanic centre related to Korosi volcano north of the lake, has several hot springs and fumaroles , some of which have precipitated sulfur deposits. A group of hot springs discharge along

3286-551: The shoreline at Soro near the northeastern corner of the island. Several important archaeological and palaeontological sites, some of which have yielded fossil hominoids and hominins , are present in the Miocene to Pleistocene sedimentary sequences of the Tugen Hills. The main town near the lake is Marigat, while smaller settlements include Kampi ya Samaki and Loruk . The area is increasingly visited by tourists and

3348-439: The short-rains season (October to December, or OND) it also saw a wetter than normal January and February because of the strong positive Indian Ocean Dipole index during that period, and enhanced rainfall during the long-rains season (March to May, or MAM) (that year, Lake Victoria rose to a new record level). However, evaporation rate is above 2500 mm, thus inducing a water deficit and creating semi-arid conditions over most of

3410-473: The success of another, the marbled lungfish ( Protopterus aethiopicus ) which was introduced to the lake in 1974 and which now provides the majority of fish from the lake. Water levels have been reduced by droughts and over-irrigation. The lake is commonly turbid with sediment, partly due to intense soil erosion in the catchment area, especially on the Loboi Plain south of the lake. A characteristic of

3472-607: The vents and in nearby streamlets commonly include microbial mats of Phormidium, Pseudanabaena , Spirulina , Synechococcus and Calothrix , but are devoid of macrophytes. the Cyperus marshes, which have similar water chemistries, are dominated by short reeds less than 20 cm high. Temperatures range from about 32◦C to about 60◦C near the hot spring streamlets that cross the marshes. There are also algal and cyanobacterial mats. The lake shoreline at Loburu (and other shorelines) does not present many aquatic macrophytes. The lake brine

3534-546: The west, with grasses such as Sporobolus spicata on adjacent plains. These are also to the north of the lake, east of the Loboi swamp. They rest at the southern end of an extensive alluvial fan formed by the Sandai river. The Kesubo Floodplain Marshes are seasonally flooded and lie between the rift valley boundary faults, to the east, and a small horst block, to the west. The river waters are slightly alkaline, cool, and have

3596-467: The whole of Europe' as he said himself ... this case was absolutely unprovoked and unjustifiable on any ground, the extent of the crime being much increased by the fact that our brethren were coming after the King's own repeated invitation, although they themselves were, perhaps, not aware of that fact. Further we gave the King perfectly to understand who they were, and why they came via the east, viz., to avoid

3658-476: Was diverted from the Waseges river and by 2001 it was only 3.5 km long and about 0.5 km wide. At least three warm springs, and groundwater inputs, feed it. The Loboi river also contributes to it but that river periodically shifts its bed ( avulsions ) and that modifies its relative role regarding the swamp. This river is cool and only slightly alkaline. The springs have a similar chemistry but they are warmer, have

3720-648: Was ordained and consecrated a bishop by Edward White Benson , Archbishop of Canterbury , at St Mary-at-Lambeth , to serve the See of Eastern Equatorial Africa , and in January 1885, at age thirty-seven, Hannington again departed for Africa. His diocese included missions of the CMS at the coast and inland in Buganda . While there Hannington collected a number of shells which were described by E. A. Smith in two papers in

3782-475: Was part of the family that ran Hanningtons department stores. His father, Charles Smith Hannington, had recently acquired the property known as St George's. During his childhood, Hannington was a collector and he blew off his thumb with black powder . For Hannington's early education a tutor had been engaged, but when he was thirteen he was sent to the Temple School at Brighton, where he remained for

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3844-473: Was recorded as 12 m (39 ft) or 11.5 m (38 ft), and Renaut & Owen 1991 precise that this was in the largest sub-basin or lobe; and that the two smaller parts at the north and south extremities were 5.5 m (18 ft) deep at that time. In 2003 its maximum depth is just over 10 m (33 ft) in an area of 3,000 ha (7,400 acres). This is relatively shallow, but nevertheless deeper — and therefore hydrologically more stable — than

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