47-525: Lake Torrens ( Kuyani : Ngarndamukia ) is a large ephemeral , normally endorheic salt lake in central South Australia . After sufficiently extreme rainfall events, the lake flows out through the Pirie-Torrens corridor to the Spencer Gulf . Islands on the lake include Andamooka Island and Murdie Island , both near the western shore; Trimmer Inlet runs between Andamooka Island and
94-706: A cultural tourism enterprise, located near Nepabunna in the Gammon Ranges , the site of a mission where Terrence grew up. Iga Warta means "native orange", named by 19th-century English botanist John Lindley as Capparis mitchelii . National Parks and Wildlife Act 1972 Protected areas of South Australia , consisting of protected areas located within South Australia and its immediate onshore waters and which are managed by South Australian Government agencies. As of 2018, South Australia contained 359 separate protected areas declared under
141-461: A 2016 court judgement. Other geographic features include Carrapateena Inlet (also called Carrapateena Arm) and Trimmer Inlet. Approximately 35,000 years ago, the lake water was fresh to brackish , but has become increasingly saline since. In a 2016 case in the Supreme Court of South Australia , the lake was noted as an sacred site and ownership was contested by three claimant groups:
188-805: A contracting party to the Convention on Wetlands of International Importance (known as the Ramsar Convention), Australia is encouraged "to nominate sites containing representative, rare or unique wetlands, or that are important for conserving biological diversity, to the List of Wetlands of International Importance ". As of 2014, the Australian Government had nominated the following Ramsar sites within South Australia: An Indigenous protected area encompasses
235-484: A heritage agreement, is a legally binding agreement between a landowner and the Minister for Environment, Sustainability and Conservation in which the landowner agrees to protect native vegetation in perpetuity. In return, the Minister may agree to reduce statutory fees such as local government rates or offer assistance in terms of funding of works such as fencing or provision of expert advice to "protecting and improving
282-684: A locality with the name Lake Torrens. The full extent of Lake Torrens has been protected as a national park under the National Parks and Wildlife Act 1972 since 1991. Lake Torrens is part of an area known as the Inland Saline Lakes which has been listed in the Directory of Important Wetlands in Australia since at least 1995. Lake Torrens has been identified by BirdLife International as an Important Bird Area known as
329-493: A total area of 19,471 ha (48,110 acres) or less than 0.1% of South Australia’s area. The Forestry Act 1950 allows for the declaration of forest reserves for "purposes relating to the conservation, development and management of land supporting native flora and fauna ...." Native forest reserves are administered by the South Australian Forestry Corporation (trading as ForestrySA) which
376-796: A voluntary agreement between owners of indigenous-owned land (known as traditional owners ) and the Australian government. It is intended to "promote biodiversity and cultural resource conservation on indigenous owned land". As of 2014, there were six within South Australia: Two biosphere reserves belonging to the UNESCO World Biosphere Reserve program are located within South Australia: the Mamungari Conservation Park and
423-639: Is a wholly owned state government business. As of 2014, the following native forest reserves, located in the Southern Flinders Ranges , the Mount Lofty Ranges and the Limestone Coast , had been declared: The Wilderness Protection Act 1992 was established in 1992 to provide for "the protection of wilderness and the restoration of land to its condition before European colonisation". The day-to-day administration of
470-590: Is a widely used term for the Adnyamathanha language. It translates literally to 'people speak'. However, in modern times yura has come to mean 'Adnyamathanha person', rather than 'person' generally, and thus the term translates to 'Adnyamathanha person speak'. Guyani is also spelled Kijani, Kuyani, Kwiani . While R. M. W. Dixon classifies Adnyamathanha and Guyani as a single language, Ethnologue , Glottolog and AIATSIS treats them as separate languages, L10: Adnyamathanha and L9: Kuyani. Estimates of
517-558: Is administered by DEW, has provision for "the protection and enhancement of the River Murray and related areas and ecosystems". As of 2010, the following protection areas had been designated: Aquatic reserves have been declared under the Fisheries Management Act 2007 (SA) and are managed by Primary Industries and Regions SA (PIRSA). They were established "to protect the habitat, ecosystems and communities of
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#1732794486341564-770: Is administered by the Department for Environment and Water (DEW). Reserves declared under this act as of 2014 totalled 320, covering an area of 19,226,432 ha (47,509,550 acres) or 19.6% of South Australia's area. As of 2021 , there were 359 parks in South Australia subject to the act and national parks Regulations. The following types of reserves are listed within the Act: national parks , conservation parks , game reserves , recreation parks and regional reserves . National parks are "areas considered to be of national significance due to wildlife, natural features of
611-482: Is located within the boundaries of Lake Torrens National Park . Lake Torrens stretches approximately 250 kilometres (155 mi) in length and 30 kilometres (19 mi) in average width. It is Australia's second largest lake when filled with water and encompasses an area of 5,745 square kilometres (2,218 sq mi). Usually the Lake Torrens catchment is an endorheic basin , having no outflow of water to
658-510: Is the Gluepot Reserve . As of 2015, Naracoorte Caves National Park was the sole World Heritage Site located in South Australia. It was co-listed under the name "Australian Fossil Mammal Sites (Riversleigh/Naracoorte)" together with Riversleigh , Queensland , in 1994. The listing acknowledged the fossil assemblages present at both sites to be a "superb illustration of the key stages of evolution of Australia’s unique fauna". As
705-555: The Adnyamathanha kinship system and social history . Terrence, an Adnyamathanha speaker, had been collecting information on the culture and language for 40 years, building on the earlier work by Schebeck and Tunbridge. Linguists and others from the University of Adelaide 's Mobile Language Team helped the couple to finalise work on the book in the 18 months to two years before publication. The Coulthards run Iga Warta ,
752-653: The Arkaroola Pastoral Lease and the Mawson Plateau part of the Mount Freeling Pastoral Lease. The former lease, which has not been stocked for more than 30 years, is operated for the purpose of conservation and tourism under the name, Arkaroola Wilderness Sanctuary. The protection area is reported as satisfying the definition of a "category II National Park" . A native vegetation heritage agreements, usually known as
799-664: The Australian constitution to legislate for protected areas within South Australia. However, its treaty obligations and its constitutional responsibilities permit the state to develop policies for protected areas and to enter into agreements concerning protected areas. Examples include nomination of sites under the Convention on Wetlands of International Importance (also known as the Ramsar Convention ) and establishment of agreements for Indigenous Protected Areas . The National Parks and Wildlife Act 1972 (also known as
846-592: The Lake Torrens Important Bird Area (IBA) because it supported up to 100,000 breeding banded stilts during the major filling event of 1989. It may occasionally support over 1% of the world population of red-capped plovers . Cinnamon quail-thrushes are also common in the IBA. In April 2017 Kelaray, a subsidiary of mining company Argonaut Resources , secured native title permission to do exploratory drilling for iron, copper and gold under
893-630: The National Parks and Wildlife Act 1972 , the Crown Land Management Act 2009 and the Wilderness Protection Act 1992 . Together, they cover a total land area of 211,387.48 km (81,617.16 sq mi) or 21.5% of the state's area. The jurisdiction for legislation of protected areas within South Australia and the immediate onshore waters known officially as "the coastal waters and waters within
940-716: The Riverland Biosphere Reserve . The Mamungari Conservation Park in western South Australia, formerly known as the Unnamed Conservation Park, is co-managed by its traditional owners and DEW. The Riverland Biosphere Reserve is located in the Riverland near Renmark . Two of its components are Calperum and Taylorville stations, which were respectively purchased by the Chicago Zoological Society in 1993 and
987-512: The Kokatha, Adnyamathanha/Kuyani and Barngarla peoples. The court ruled that none of the groups would be awarded native title to the area, as although all three groups had 'significant and credible spiritual connection to parts of Lake Torrens' it was not possible to 'prioritise one set of spiritual beliefs over the other'. In 2020, mine exploration licences covered part of the lake with prospecting for minerals underway The first European to see
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#17327944863411034-600: The Murdie project in Argonaut's documentation. Drilling was set to start from 15 March 2021, despite recommendations against doing so being provided to Marshall (who is also Aboriginal Affairs minister) by the state-government-appointed Aboriginal Affairs and Reconciliation and the State Aboriginal Heritage Committee (SAHC) and Aboriginal Affairs and Reconciliation (part of the Department of
1081-580: The National Parks Act) is the main South Australian legislation authorising the establishment and management of protected areas. It is concerned with the establishment and management of reserves, establishment of sanctuaries, conservation of native plants and animals, declaration of protected animals, management of protected animals in respect to taking, keeping , farming and harvesting, and control of hunting . The act
1128-659: The Port Adelaide River estuary and Barker Inlet. The sanctuary was declared under the Adelaide Dolphin Sanctuary Act 2005 and is managed by DEW. Marine parks are marine protected areas located within the immediate onshore waters of SA set aside under the Marine Parks Act 2007 (SA) "to preserve the biological diversity of the state's coastal, estuarine and marine environments while allowing ecologically sustainable use of
1175-766: The Premier and Cabinet ). 20 semi-trailer trucks delivered accommodation units and equipment to Murdie Island in preparation. In the same week, the Barngarla Determination Aboriginal Corporation launched legal action to put a stop to the drilling, on the grounds that it is "one of the most significant cultural sites in South Australia". In August 2022, the Chief Justice of South Australia , Chris Kourakis , overturned Marshall's decision, citing concerns that Kelaray's heritage plan and procedures would "substantially detract" from
1222-514: The act is carried out by DEW. As of 2018, the following areas had been declared: As of 2018, reserves declared under the Wilderness Protection Act 1992 totalled 14, covering an area of 1,843,454 ha (4,555,270 acres) or 1.9% of South Australia’s area. The Historic Shipwrecks Act 1981 , which is administered by DEW, allows for the creation of protected zones over land and water around historic shipwrecks. The following protected zones have been declared: The River Murray Act 2003 , which
1269-501: The area's natural resources". As of 2013, the following marine parks had been declared: The Arkaroola Protection Act 2012 , which commenced operation on 26 April 2012, was created to "establish the Arkaroola Protection Area; to provide for the proper management and care of the area; and to prohibit mining activities in the area". The protection area, located 600 km (370 mi) north of Adelaide , includes
1316-413: The area's natural resources". As of 2021, the following regional reserves had been declared: Conservation reserves are a parcels of "land set aside for conservation of natural and cultural features under the Crown Land Management Act 2009 ". As of 2018, the following conservation reserves had been declared: As of 2018, reserves declared under the Crown Land Management Act 2009 totalled 15, covering
1363-410: The closely related Guyani retains word-initial stops, Adnyamathanha has undergone systematic lenition of stops in this position. Former *p has become [v] , former *t̪ and probably also *c have become /j/ , and former *k has disappeared entirely. Adnyamathanha has a complex system of personal pronouns . There are 10 different ways of saying we "you and I" ( first person dual ), depending on
1410-530: The conservation value of the heritage agreement area". The enabling legislation is the Native Vegetation Act 1991 . Land covered by heritage agreements is considered to meet IUCN Category III . As of 2014, 1537 agreements in respect to 634,242 hectares (1,567,250 acres) of land within SA, equivalent to 0.64% of the area of SA, had been entered into between landowners and the minister. A notable example
1457-460: The lake outflowing through the Pirie-Torrens corridor to the Spencer Gulf , suggesting it likely did so in 1897 as well. It has a thin salt crust with red-brown clays beneath, which are soft and boggy . The area around the lake is sparsely vegetated with samphire , saltbush and bluebush . In April 2013, the full extent of Lake Torrens was gazetted by the Government of South Australia as
Lake Torrens - Misplaced Pages Continue
1504-505: The lake was Edward Eyre in 1839, who spotted the salt bed from Mount Arden at the head of the Spencer Gulf . Eyre named the lake after Colonel Robert Torrens who was one of the founders of the colony of South Australia . However the Kuyani people had long called the lake Ngarndamukia, meaning "shower of rain". The lake filled in 1897 and again in April 1989. The 1989 filling resulted in
1551-506: The lake, intending to work with traditional owners to “preserve and protect” important sites. The area was drilled in 2007 to 2008 without obtaining permission of the Kokatha people, who then held native title (see History, above ). In February 2018, the South Australian Environment, Resources and Development (ERD) Court granted authority to enter and undertake mining operations (exploration) within those parts of
1598-481: The lake, over an area including Murdie Island, part of Andamooka Island, and part of Carrapateena Arm, after they had made an application under Section 23 of the Aboriginal Heritage Act 1988 , "to damage, disturb or interfere with any Aboriginal sites, objects or remains". Mitigation strategies to protect the environment include purpose-built mats which would be used on the lake's surface to "protect
1645-750: The land, or Aboriginal or European heritage". As of May 2020, the following national parks had been declared: Conservation parks are "areas protected for the purpose of conserving wildlife or the natural or historic features of the land". As of 2021, the following conservation parks had been declared: Former conservation parks include Cape Hart , Cape Torrens , Cleland , Ediacara , Eurilla , Investigator Group , Isles of St Francis , Mount Rescue , Mount Shaugh , Munga-Thirri–Simpson Desert Conservation Park , Naracoorte Caves , Port Gawler and Scorpion Springs , Spaniards Gully , Telowie Gorge , Western River , and Wirrabara Range . Game reserves are "areas set aside for conservation of wildlife and
1692-426: The language, but neither recorded all of the words that were known to local speakers. In November 2020 the first-ever bilingual Adnyamathanha/ English dictionary and grammar was published, with translations from and to each language. Compiled by Terrence Coulthard and his wife Josephine, the 400-page Adnyamathanha Culture Guide and Language Book includes descriptions of cultural practices, songlines ( muda ),
1739-867: The limits of South Australia" is that of the South Australian government. The National Parks and Wildlife Act 1972 authorises the creation and management of protected areas, which form the majority of South Australia’s contribution to the National Reserve System . Other South Australian legislation that may create protected areas includes the following: Forestry Act 1950 , Wilderness Protection Act 1992 , Historic Shipwrecks Act 1981 , River Murray Act 2003 , Adelaide Dolphin Sanctuary Act 2005 , Fisheries Management Act 2007 , Marine Parks Act 2007 , Crown Land Management Act 2009 , Arkaroola Protection Act 2012 and Native Vegetation Act 1991 . The Australian Government does not have power under
1786-482: The management of game for seasonal hunting". As of 2018, the following game reserves had been declared: Former game reserves include Coorong and Katarapko . Recreation parks are 'areas managed for public recreation and enjoyment in a natural setting.' As of March 2018, the following recreation parks have been declared: Regional reserves are "areas proclaimed for the purpose of conserving wildlife or natural or historical features while allowing responsible use of
1833-456: The number of people who speak Adnyamathanha are variable, though it is a severely endangered language . According to Oates (1973) there were only 30 speakers, around 20 according to Schmidt in 1990, 127 in the 1996 Australian census , and about 140 counted in the 2016 census. Adjnjamathanha and Guyani have the same phonemic inventory. Most of the nasals and laterals are allophonically prestopped . [v] may be an allophone of /p/ . While
1880-522: The ocean. Andamooka Island is the largest of several islands, lying along the western shore. It is a pastoral property, but an important area for birds such as the red-capped plover and cinnamon quail-thrush , and other islands host banded stilts and others. Murdie Island lies just south of Andamooka, its name of either Barngarla or Kuyani origin and identified in the 1850s. Its name, along with Carrapateena, reflect "the earliest known and identifiable cultural associations to Lake Torrens", according to
1927-496: The relationship between the speaker and the addressee. The linguist Bernhard Schebeck travelled to the Nepabunna region in the 1970s, and wrote An Adnyamathanha-English Research Dictionary in 2000, which was "For private, or internal, use only – not for publication". Dorothy Tunbridge , a linguist from Canberra and author of Flinders Ranges Dreaming visited the area in the 1980s. Both contributed much to knowledge of
Lake Torrens - Misplaced Pages Continue
1974-630: The rich variety of underwater organisms found in the marine and estuarine waters of South Australia". The reserves, which are considered to be IUCN Category II protected areas, are as follows: Adelaide Dolphin Sanctuary (ADS) is a sanctuary area intended to protect the Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin ( Tursiops aduncus ) population residing in the Port Adelaide River estuary and Barker Inlet as well as protecting and enhancing
2021-444: The salt crust" from vehicles travelling over it, and the company intends to consult regularly with Aboriginal representatives. However Kuyani woman Regina McKenzie expressed concerns that her people were not consulted and no cultural assessments were made. The work, scheduled to begin in 2021, would "target iron oxide copper-gold ( IOCG ) copper mineralisation", similar to mines at Olympic Dam and Carrapateena mines . It has been called
2068-605: The shore, and Carrapateena Arm is an arm extending westwards south of Murdie Island. Lake Torrens lies between the Arcoona Plateau to the west and the Flinders Ranges to the east, about 65 kilometres (40 mi) north of Port Augusta and about 345 kilometres (214 mi) north of the Adelaide city centre . The lake is approximately 30 metres (98 ft) above sea level , with a maximum depth of 1 m. It
2115-476: The state’s Aboriginal heritage laws. Kuyani language The Adnyamathanha language (pronounced / ˈ ɑː d n j ə m ʌ d ə n ə / ), also known as yura ngarwala natively and Kuyani , also known as Guyani and other variants, are two closely related Australian Aboriginal languages . They are traditional languages of the Adnyamathanha of and the Kuyani peoples, of the Flinders Ranges and to
2162-603: The west of the Flinders respectively, in South Australia . As of the 2016 Australian census , there were around 140 speakers of Adnyamathanha, making it an endangered language ; there have been no speakers of Kuyani recorded since 1975. The first bilingual dictionary of the language was published in November 2020. The name of the witchetty grub comes from Adnyamathanha. This language has been known by many names and variant spellings of names, including: Yura ngarwala
2209-424: The western area of the lake defined in an application by Argonaut. Some drilling was done in 2019, but was paused pending a technical review relating to the aquifer below the lake. In September 2020, representatives of the local Kuyani and Kokatha people raised concerns about further drilling proposals. In January 2021, the state government under Steven Marshall granted permission to Kelaray to conduct drilling on
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