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37-737: Lambe is a surname, and may refer to: Lambe is also the name of a letter in the Tengwar script. Tengwar Within the context of Tolkien's fictional world, the Tengwar were invented by the Elf Fëanor in Valinor , and used first to write the Elven tongues Quenya and Telerin . According to J. R. R. Tolkien 's The War of the Jewels , at the time Fëanor created his script, he introduced

74-402: A cline as stop consonants (with occlusion , or blocked airflow), fricative consonants (with partially blocked and therefore strongly turbulent airflow), approximants (with only slight turbulence), tense vowels , and finally lax vowels (with full unimpeded airflow). Affricates often behave as if they were intermediate between stops and fricatives, but phonetically they are sequences of

111-505: A "Tengwar A" font which also maps its characters on ISO 8859-1, overlapping with the first font. For each Tengwar diacritic, there are four different codepoints that are used depending on the width of the character which bears it. Other Tengwar typefaces with this encoding include Johan Winge's Tengwar Annatar , Måns Björkman's Tengwar Parmaitë , Enrique Mombello's Tengwar Élfica or Michal Nowakowski's Tengwar Formal (note that most of these differ in details). The following sample shows

148-515: A change in terminology. He called a letter, a written representation of a spoken phoneme ( tengwë ), a tengwa . Previously, any letter or symbol had been called a sarat (from *sar "incise"). The alphabet of Rúmil of Tirion, on which Fëanor supposedly based his own work, was known as Sarati . It later became known as "Tengwar of Rúmil". The plural of tengwa is Tengwar , and this is the name by which Fëanor's writing system became known. Since, however, in commonly used modes, an individual tengwa

185-477: A flap. This means that when the stop is released, there is a burst of air as the pressure is relieved, while for flaps there is no such burst. Trills involve the vibration of one of the speech organs. Since trilling is a separate parameter from stricture, the two may be combined. Increasing the stricture of a typical trill results in a trilled fricative . Trilled affricates are also known. Nasal airflow may be added as an independent parameter to any speech sound. It

222-481: A list of linguistic material by Tolkien published in the journals Parma Eldalamberon and Vinyar Tengwar , see bibliography in Elvish languages (Middle-earth) . Manner of articulation In articulatory phonetics , the manner of articulation is the configuration and interaction of the articulators ( speech organs such as the tongue, lips, and palate) when making a speech sound . One parameter of manner

259-651: A name in the classical Quenya mode. Dental sounds are called Tincotéma and are represented with the Tengwar in column I. Labial sounds are called Parmatéma , and represented by the column II Tengwar; velar sounds are called Calmatéma , represented by column III; and labialized velar sounds are called Quessetéma , represented by the Tengwar of column IV. Palatal sounds are called Tyelpetéma and have no tengwa series of their own, but are represented by column III letters with an added diacritic for following [j] . Similarly shaped letters reflect not only similar places of articulation, but also similar manners of articulation. In

296-572: A proposal to include the Tengwar in the Unicode standard in 1997. The range U+ 16080 to U+160FF in the SMP was tentatively allocated for Tengwar in the 2023 Unicode roadmap. Tengwar are included in the unofficial ConScript Unicode Registry (CSUR), which assigns codepoints in the Private Use Area . Tengwar are mapped to the range U+E000–U+E07F. The following Unicode sample (which repeats

333-431: A specific orthography , depending on the phonology of that language. These Tengwar orthographies are usually called modes . Some modes follow pronunciation, while others follow traditional orthography. Some modes map the basic consonants to /t/ , /p/ , /k/ and /kʷ/ (classical mode in chart at right), while others use them to represent /t/ , /p/ , /tʃ/ and /k/ (general mode at right). The other main difference

370-415: A stop and fricative. Over time, sounds in a language may move along the cline toward less stricture in a process called lenition or towards more stricture in a process called fortition . Sibilants are distinguished from other fricatives by the shape of the tongue and how the airflow is directed over the teeth. Fricatives at coronal places of articulation may be sibilant or non-sibilant, sibilants being

407-438: Is stricture, that is, how closely the speech organs approach one another. Others include those involved in the r-like sounds ( taps and trills ), and the sibilancy of fricatives . The concept of manner is mainly used in the discussion of consonants , although the movement of the articulators will also greatly alter the resonant properties of the vocal tract , thereby changing the formant structure of speech sounds that

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444-541: Is a diacritic placed above or below the tengwa. They can represent vowels, consonant doubling, or nasal sound. As Tolkien explained in Appendix E of The Lord of the Rings , the tehtar for vowels resemble Latin diacritics: circumflex (î) /a/ , acute (í) /e/ , dot (i) /i/ , left curl (ı̔) /o/ , and right curl (ı̓) /u/ . Long vowels, excepting /a/ , may be indicated by doubling the signs. Some languages from which /o/

481-467: Is absent or in which compared to /u/ it appears sparsely, such as the Black Speech , use left curl for /u/ ; other languages swap the signs for /e/ and /i/ . A vowel occurring alone is drawn on the vowel carrier, which resembles dotless i (ı) for a short vowel or dotless j (ȷ) for a long vowel. Just as with any alphabetic writing system, every specific language written in Tengwar requires

518-514: Is crucial for the identification of vowels . For consonants, the place of articulation and the degree of phonation or voicing are considered separately from manner, as being independent parameters. Homorganic consonants , which have the same place of articulation, may have different manners of articulation. Often nasality and laterality are included in manner, but some phoneticians, such as Peter Ladefoged , consider them to be independent. Manners of articulation with substantial obstruction of

555-618: Is in the fourth tyellë below, where those letters with raised stems and doubled bows can be either voiced fricatives, as in Sindarin (general mode at right), or nasalized stops, as in Quenya (classical mode). In some modes, called ómatehtar (or vowel tehtar ) modes, the vowels are represented with diacritics called tehtar (Quenya for 'signs'; corresponding singular : tehta , 'sign'). These ómatehtar modes can be considered abugidas rather than true alphabets . In some ómatehtar modes,

592-626: Is most commonly found in nasal occlusives and nasal vowels , but nasalized fricatives, taps, and approximants are also found. When a sound is not nasal, it is called oral. Laterality is the release of airflow at the side of the tongue. This can be combined with other manners, resulting in lateral approximants (such as the pronunciation of the letter L in the English word "let"), lateral flaps, and lateral fricatives and affricates. All of these manners of articulation are pronounced with an airstream mechanism called pulmonic egressive , meaning that

629-464: Is used for /kt/ . The Tengwar with raised stems sometimes occur in glyph variants that look like extended stems, as seen in the inscription of the One Ring . An example from the parmatéma (the signs with a closed bow on the right side) in the "general use" of the Tengwar is: In languages such as Quenya, which do not contain any voiced fricatives other than "v", the raised stem + doubled bow row

666-686: Is used for the common nasal+stop sequences ( nt , mp , nk , nqu ). In such cases, the "w" sign in the previous paragraph is used for "v". In the mode of Beleriand, found on the door to Moria , the bottom tyellë is used for nasals (e.g., vala is used for /m/ ) and the fifth tyellë for doubled nasals ( malta for /mm/ ). There are additional letters that do not have regular shapes. They may represent, e.g., /r/ , /l/ , /s/ and /h/ . Their use varies considerably from mode to mode. Some aficionados have added more letters not found in Tolkien's writings for use in their modes. A tehta (Quenya "marking")

703-748: Is well known. It is called the "mode of Beleriand " and one can read it on the Doors of Durin . Since the publication of the first official description of the Tengwar at the end of The Lord of the Rings , others have created modes for other languages such as English , Spanish , German , Swedish , French , Finnish , Italian , Hungarian and Welsh . Modes have also been devised for other constructed languages ; Esperanto and Lojban . Tolkien had used multiple modes for English, including full writing and ómatehtar alphabetic modes, phonetic full modes and phonetic ómatehtar modes known from documents published after his death. The contemporary de facto standard in

740-409: The voiceless stop consonants for that series. For the classical Quenya mode, they are /t/ , /p/ , /k/ and /kʷ/ , and the series are named tincotéma , parmatéma , calmatéma , and quessetéma , respectively; téma means "series" in Quenya. In rows of the general use , there are the following correspondences between letter shapes and manners of articulation: In addition to these variations of

777-467: The "wh" in those dialects of English that distinguish "which" from "witch" . Sonorants may also be called resonants , and some linguists prefer that term, restricting the word 'sonorant' to non- vocoid resonants (that is, nasals and liquids, but not vowels or semi-vowels). Another common distinction is between occlusives (stops, nasals and affricates) and continuants (all else). From greatest to least stricture, speech sounds may be classified along

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814-534: The Tengwar is the Valmaric script, described in Parma Eldalamberon 14 , which Tolkien used from about 1922 to 1925. It features many Tengwar shapes, the inherent vowel [a] found in some Tengwar varieties, and the tables in the samples V12 and V13 show an arrangement that is very similar to one of the primary Tengwar in the classical Quenya "mode". In his An Introduction to Elvish , Jim Allan compared

851-434: The Tengwar script is that the shapes of the letters correspond to the distinctive features of the sounds they represent. The Quenya consonant system has five places of articulation : labial , dental , palatal , velar , and glottal . The velars distinguish between plain and labialized (that is, articulated with rounded lips, or followed by a [w] sound). Each point of articulation, and the corresponding tengwa series, has

888-414: The Tengwar shapes, there is yet another variation, the use of stems that are extended both above and below the line. This shape may correspond to other consonant variations required. Except for some English abbreviations, it is not used in any of the better known Tengwar modes, but it occurs in a Quenya mode where the tengwa Parma with extended stem is used for /pt/ and the tengwa Calma with extended stem

925-514: The Tengwar user community maps the Tengwar characters onto the ISO 8859-1 character encoding following the example of the Tengwar typefaces by Dan Smith. This implies a major flaw: If no corresponding Tengwar font is installed, a string of nonsense characters appears. Since there are not enough places in ISO 8859-1's 191 codepoints for all the signs used in Tengwar orthography, certain signs are included in

962-528: The Tengwar with the London merchant Francis Lodwick 's 1686 Universal Alphabet , both on grounds of the correspondence between shape features and sound features, and of the actual letter shapes. The Tengwar script was probably developed in the late 1920s or in the early 1930s. The Lonely Mountain Jar Inscription , the first published Tengwar sample, dates to 1937. The full explanation of the Tengwar

999-574: The airflow (stops, fricatives, affricates) are called obstruents . These are prototypically voiceless, but voiced obstruents are extremely common as well. Manners without such obstruction (nasals, liquids, approximants, and also vowels ) are called sonorants because they are nearly always voiced. Voiceless sonorants are uncommon, but are found in Welsh and Classical Greek (the spelling "rh"), in Standard Tibetan (the "lh" of Lhasa ), and

1036-400: The classical Quenya mode, row 1 represents voiceless stops, row 2 voiced prenasalized stops, row 3 voiceless fricatives, row 4 voiceless prenasalized stops, row 5 nasal stops, and row 6 approximants. Most letters are constructed by a combination of two basic shapes: a vertical stem (either long or short) and either one or two rounded bows (which may or may not be underscored, and may be on

1073-564: The consonant signs feature an inherent vowel. Ómatehtar modes can vary in that the vowel stroke can be placed either on top of the consonant preceding it, as in Quenya , or on the consonant following, as in Sindarin , English, and the notorious Black Speech inscription on the One Ring. In the full writing modes, the consonants and the vowels are represented by Tengwar. Only one such mode

1110-687: The first article of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights written in English, according to the traditional English orthography . It should look similar to the picture at the top of the page , but if no Tengwar font is installed, it will appear as a jumble of characters because the corresponding ISO 8859-1 characters will appear instead. j#¸ 9t&5# w`Vb%_ 6EO w6Y5 e7`V`V 2{( zèVj# 5% 2x%51T`Û 2{( 7v%1+- 4hR 7EO 2{$ yYO2 y4% 7]F85^ 2{( z5^8I`B5$ I( 2{( dyYj2 zE1 1yY6E2_ 5^( 5#4^(7 5% `C 8q7T1T W w74^(692^H -- Note: Some browsers may not display these characters properly. Michael Everson made

1147-401: The left or right of the stem). These principal letters are divided into four series ("témar") that correspond to the main places of articulation and into six grades ("tyeller") that correspond to the main manners of articulation . Both vary among modes. Each series is headed by the basic signs composed of a vertical stem descending below the line, and a single bow. These basic signs represent

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1184-400: The more common. Flaps (also called taps) are similar to very brief stops. However, their articulation and behavior are distinct enough to be considered a separate manner, rather than just length . The main articulatory difference between flaps and stops is that, due to the greater length of stops compared to flaps, a build-up of air pressure occurs behind a stop which does not occur behind

1221-601: The one above) is meaningful when viewed under a typeface supporting Tengwar glyphs in the area defined in the ConScript Tengwar proposal.             ⸬                   ⸬ Some typefaces that support this proposal are Everson Mono , Tengwar Telcontar, Constructium, Tengwar Formal Unicode, and FreeMonoTengwar (James Kass's Code2000 and Code2001 use an older, incompatible version of

1258-765: The proposal). The eight “Aux” variant fonts of Kurinto (such as Kurinto Text Aux, Book Aux, Sans Aux) also support Tengwar. Tengwar has been used in Tolkien fandom since the publication of The Lord of the Rings in the 1950s. With the exception of John Rhys-Davies , the actors playing the Fellowship of the Ring in The Lord of the Rings film trilogy have Tengwar tattoos of the English word nine . Footballers such as Sergio Agüero and Fernando Torres have tattoos with their first name in Tengwar on their forearms. For

1295-470: Was equivalent to a consonant, the term tengwa in the fiction became equivalent to "consonant sign", and the vowel signs were known as ómatehtar . By loan-translation, the Tengwar became known as tîw (singular têw ) in Sindarin, when they were introduced to Beleriand . The letters of the earlier alphabet native to Sindarin were called cirth (singular certh , probably from *kirte "cutting", and thus semantically analogous to Quenya sarat ). This term

1332-552: Was loaned into exilic Quenya as certa , plural certar . The sarati , a script developed by Tolkien in the late 1910s and described in Parma Eldalamberon 13 , anticipates many features of the Tengwar: vowel representation by diacritics (which is found in many Tengwar varieties); different Tengwar shapes; and a few correspondences between sound features and letter shape features (though inconsistent). Even closer to

1369-490: Was published in Appendix E of The Lord of the Rings in 1955. The Mellonath Daeron Index of Tengwar Specimina (DTS) lists most of the known samples of Tengwar by Tolkien. There are only a few known samples predating publication of The Lord of the Rings (many of them published posthumously): The following samples presumably predate the Lord of the Rings, but were not explicitly dated: The most notable characteristic of

#621378