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60-416: In education and academia there are several kinds of fellowships, awarded for different reasons. The title of (senior) teaching fellow is used to denote an academic teaching position at a university or similar institution and is roughly equivalent to the title of (senior) lecturer . The title (senior) fellow can also be bestowed to an academic member of staff upon retirement who continues to be affiliated to

120-652: A lektor or universitetslektor is an academic rank similar to that of senior lecturer in Great Britain and associate professor in USA. The lektor holds the position below professor in rank. In Estonia , lektor (lecturer) is an academic rank equivalent to associate professor in the US and senior lecturer in Great Britain. Lecturers in Estonia usually hold PhD degree and are engaged in lecturing and research. In Singapore ,

180-585: A department sessional lecturers . Like adjunct professors and sessional lecturers in North America, these non-permanent teaching staff are often very poorly paid (as little as £6000 p.a. in 2011–12). These differing uses of the term "lecturer" cause confusion for non-UK academics. As a proportion of UK academic staff , the proportion of permanent lectureships has fallen considerably. This is one reason why permanent lectureships are usually secured only after several years of post-doctoral experience. Data from

240-527: A fixed-term lecturer can hold an equivalent rank to non tenure-track (visiting) assistant professor. Typically, longer contracts denote greater seniority or higher rank. Teaching fellows may also sometimes be referred to as lecturers—for example, Exeter named some of that group as education and scholarship lecturers (E & S) to recognise the contribution of teaching, and elevate the titles of teaching fellows to lecturers. Some universities also refer to graduate students or others, who undertake ad-hoc teaching for

300-543: A lecturer at the National University of Singapore is a full-time and renewable position that includes both the opportunities for research funding and for promotion to associate professor on the Educator Track . It is equivalent to assistant professor at a US university. In South Korea , the term gangsa (강사) is the literal translation of "part-time lecturer". A gangsa is usually part-time, paid by

360-416: A number of years, a lecturer may be promoted based on their research record to become a senior lecturer . This position is below reader ( principal lecturer in post-1992 universities) and professor . In contrast, fixed-term or temporary lecturers are appointed for specific short-term teaching needs. These positions are often non-renewable and are common post-doctoral appointments. In North American terms,

420-542: A post of a lecturer after passing the combility Test conducted by the University Grants Commission . The position is equivalent to assistant professor in the US system. The term is not universally applied, with some universities preferring the lecturer/reader/professor titles, while others work with the assistant professor/associate professor/professor title. As such, most lecturers' position can be considered tenure track. In many states of India,

480-406: A professional development program run by a nonprofit or governmental organization. This type of fellowship is a short term work opportunity (1–2 years) for professionals who already possess some level of academic or professional expertise that will serve the nonprofit mission. Fellows are given a stipend as well as professional experience and leadership training. Lecturer Lecturer

540-853: A regulated profession. Both Chartered Secretary and Chartered Governance Professional are designations approved by the Privy Council of the United Kingdom. The division based in London also offers a Foundation Program, providing a broad introduction to business, governance, administration, compliance and company law; validated postgraduate courses; and short course qualifications in international finance and administration, corporate governance, charity governance, education governance, sports governance and health service governance. Holders of these qualifications are eligible for Affiliated membership. Other courses and qualifications are provided across all

600-500: A stated policy of firing and replacing under-performing teaching staff members. This policy is complicated by the 2008 Ball v Aberdeen tribunal decision, the distinction between teaching and research faculty is blurring—with implications for who can and cannot be made redundant at UK universities, and under what conditions. Despite this recent erosion of tenure in the UK, it is still practised in most universities. Permanent contracts use

660-490: A university in the United Kingdom. The term teaching fellow or teaching assistant is used, in the United States and United Kingdom, in secondary school, high school and middle school setting for students or adults that assist a teacher with one or more classes. In US medical institutions, a fellow refers to someone who has completed residency training (e.g. in internal medicine, pediatrics, general surgery, etc.) and

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720-769: Is a form of full membership). Additional grades of membership exist in, for example, the IEEE and the ACM . Fellowships of this type can be awarded as a title of honor in their own right, e.g. the Fellowship of the Royal Society (FRS) . Exclusive learned societies such as the Royal Society have Fellow as the only grade of membership. Appointment as an honorary fellow in a learned or professional society can be either to honour exceptional achievement or service within

780-528: Is an academic rank within many universities, though the meaning of the term varies somewhat from country to country. It generally denotes an academic expert who is hired to teach on a full- or part-time basis. They may also conduct research. The table presents a broad overview of the traditional main systems, but there are universities which use a combination of those systems or other titles. Note that some universities in Commonwealth countries have adopted

840-436: Is analogous to the research-only faculty tracks at some universities, which typically have title series such as research professor/scientist/scholar.) A related concept—at least in professional fields—is the clinical professor or professor of practice, which in addition to a teaching focus (vs. research), also tend to have a practical/professional/skills oriented focus (vs. theory and scholarship, etc.). In some institutions,

900-538: Is currently in a 1 to 3 year subspecialty training program (e.g. cardiology, pediatric nephrology, transplant surgery, etc.). The title of research fellow may be used to denote an academic position at a university or a similar institution; it is roughly equivalent to the title of lecturer in the Commonwealth teaching career pathway. Research fellow may also refer to the recipient of academic financial grant or scholarship . For example, in Germany, institutions such as

960-657: Is eligible for election as an associate or fellow of the institute. Associates and fellows are entitled to use the designation "Chartered Secretary" or "Chartered Governance Professional" or both, depending on the modules they have completed as part of the CGQP. "Chartered Secretary" and the post-nominal "ACIS" are listed in the European Union (Recognition of Professional Qualifications) Regulations 2015 , schedule 1, part 2 (Professions Regulated by Professional Bodies Incorporated by Royal Charter), thus making chartered secretaries

1020-694: Is known as The Chartered Governance Institute UK & Ireland. It represents and supports members in the United Kingdom, the Republic of Ireland, Crown Dependencies, and associated territories, including the Caribbean, sub-Saharan Africa, the Middle East , Mauritius , and Sri Lanka . The ICSA has 38 branches and special interest groups, including the Chartered Secretaries Professional Practice Group,

1080-465: Is merely an honour. Most Oxford colleges have 'Fellows by Special Election' or 'Supernumerary Fellows', who may be members of the teaching staff, but not necessarily members of the Governing Body. Some senior administrators of a college such as bursars are made fellows, and thereby members of the governing body, because of their importance to the running of a college. At some universities in

1140-459: Is similar to lecturer in Great Britain. The rank is also an academic rank which enables a teacher to lecture at Ungdomsskole (secondary school) on specialized fields and Videregående skole (high school) level. All teacher students in Norway are now required to reach a master's degree in order to be able to teach at all levels up to universities and university colleges. In Sweden and Denmark ,

1200-473: Is something like Juniorprofessor , Dozent , Hochschuldozent , Juniordozent , Akademischer Rat or -Oberrat , Lehrkraft für besondere Aufgaben , and the like. The ranks Lecturer and Senior Lecturer are also increasingly being adopted by universities in Germany and the German-speaking part of Switzerland . It is used for some members of academic staff with permanent positions. In Poland ,

1260-436: Is sometimes confusion. On a generic level, the term broadly denotes college-level faculty who are not eligible for tenure and have no research obligations . At non-research colleges, the latter distinction is less meaningful, making the absence of tenure the main difference between lecturers and other academic faculty. Unlike the adjective "adjunct" (which can modify most academic titles, and generally refers to part-time status),

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1320-490: Is the same position as "assistant professor" in other countries, including the US. In the Netherlands, a "lector" used to be equivalent to the rank of associate professor at universities. Nowadays, it is the highest academic rank at universities of applied sciences . At regular universities, this rank does not exist anymore. Chartered Governance Institute The Chartered Governance Institute , previously known as

1380-704: The Alexander von Humboldt Foundation offer research fellowship for postdoctoral research and refer to the holder as research fellows, while the award holder may formally hold a specific academic title at their home institution (e.g., Privatdozent ). These are often shortened to the name of the programme or organization, e.g. Dorothy Hodgkin Fellow rather than Dorothy Hodgkin Research Fellow, except where this might cause confusion with another fellowship, (e.g. Royal Society University Research Fellowship .) In

1440-587: The Institute of Chartered Secretaries and Administrators ( ICSA ), is a qualifying and membership body for company secretaries and governance professionals operating in several common law jurisdictions. The Institute has divisions in Australia , Canada , Hong Kong , China , Malaysia , New Zealand , Singapore , South Africa , Zimbabwe , the United Kingdom , and Ireland . The division based in London

1500-872: The Woodrow Wilson Teaching Fellowship and the Presidential Management Fellowship . It is granted to prospective or current students, on the basis of their academic or research achievements. In the UK, research fellowships are awarded to support postdoctoral researchers such as those funded by the Wellcome Trust and the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC) . At ETH Zurich , postdoctoral fellowships support incoming researchers. The MacArthur Fellows Program (aka "genius grant") as prestigious research fellowship awarded in

1560-401: The "professor" title should be reserved for an academic elite." Nottingham has a mixture of the standard UK system, and the system at Warwick, with both lecturers and assistant professors. At Reading, job advertisements and academic staff web pages use the title associate professor, but the ordinances of the university make no reference to these titles. They address only procedures for conferring

1620-714: The American system in place of the Commonwealth system. In Australia, the term lecturer may be used informally to refer to anyone who conducts lectures at a university or elsewhere, but formally refers to a specific academic rank. The academic ranks in Australia are similar to those in the UK, with the rank of associate professor roughly equivalent to reader in UK universities. The academic levels in Australia are (in ascending academic level): (A) associate lecturer, (B) lecturer, (C) senior lecturer, (D) associate professor, and (E) professor. In India, one can appear for interviews for

1680-878: The Association of Women Chartered Secretaries, and the CGI Registrars Group, and affiliations with organizations like the Worshipful Company of Chartered Secretaries and Administrators . The Chartered Governance Institute is a member of the CBI, ECODA, and the Professional Associations Research Network (PARN), and is a founding member of The Next Generation NED Network. Founded as the London-based Institute of Secretaries in 1891 to represent

1740-539: The Higher Education Statistics Agency show that in 2013–14, 36% of full- and part-time academic staff were on fixed-term contracts, down from 45% a decade earlier. Over the same period, the proportion of academic staff on permanent contracts rose from 55% to 64%. Others were on contracts classed as "atypical".' Historically in the UK, promotion to a senior lectureship reflected prowess in teaching or administration rather than research, and

1800-439: The UK. In France , the title maître de conférences ("lecture master") is a permanent position that covers research and teaching (and usually administrative responsibilities). It is the lower of the two permanent faculty ranks (the other being professeur des universités or "university professor"). The title of lecteur is used for teachers of foreign languages with no research responsibilities. In German-speaking countries,

1860-629: The United States, "fellows" are members of the Board of Trustees who hold administrative positions as non-executive trustee rather than academics. In industries intensive in science , engineering medicine , and research & development , companies may appoint a very small number of top senior researchers as corporate, technical or industry fellows, either in Science or in Engineering . These are internationally recognized leaders who are among

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1920-740: The United States. Fellowships may involve a short placement for capacity building, e.g., to get more experience in government, such as the American Association for the Advancement of Science 's fellowships and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences Fellowship programs . Some institutions offer fellowships as a professional training program as well as a financial grant, such as the Balsillie School of International Affairs , where tuition and other fees are paid by

1980-477: The best in the world in their respective fields. Corporate, Technical or Industry Fellow in either Science or Engineering is the most senior rank or title one can achieve in a scientific or engineering career , though fellows often also hold business titles such as Vice President or Chief Technology Officer . Notable examples of fellows in scientific, medical and other research-intensive organizations include: The title fellow can be used for participants in

2040-964: The context of graduate school in the United States and Canada , a fellow is a recipient of a postgraduate fellowship. Examples include the NSF Graduate Research Fellowship , the DoD National Defense Science and Engineering Graduate Fellowship , the DOE Computational Science Graduate Fellowship , the Guggenheim Fellowship , the Rosenthal Fellowship , the Frank Knox Memorial Fellowship ,

2100-750: The differing use of the "senior lecturer" title. A senior lecturer in a post-1992 university is equivalent to a lecturer (B) in a pre-1992 university, whereas a senior lecturer in a pre-1992 university is most often equivalent to a principal lecturer in a post-1992 university. According to the Times Higher Education , the University of Warwick decided in 2006 "to break away from hundreds of years of academic tradition, renaming lecturers 'assistant professors', senior lecturers and readers 'associate professors' while still calling professors 'professors'. The radical move will horrify those who believe

2160-482: The divisions. Memoranda of Understanding are in place with The Institute of Company Secretaries of India (ICSI) and The Institute of Chartered Secretaries and Administrators of Nigeria (ICSAN). The Chartered Governance Institute is one of eleven professional bodies whose members are allowed by the Charities Act 2011 in the UK to conduct independent examination of charities whose gross income exceeds £250,000 but

2220-439: The faculty from an associate up can deliver lectures. In Norway , a lektor , University Lektor and University College Lektor are academic ranks at universities and university colleges in Norway. The requirements for such position is a combination of relevant degree on master level (five years master or bachelor plus two years master) or higher, research experience, teaching experience and pedagogic education and training. The rank

2280-574: The fellowship. Fellows are often the highest grade of membership of many professional associations or learned societies , for example, the Chartered Institute of Arbitrators , the Chartered Governance Institute or Royal College of Surgeons . Lower grades are referred to as members (who typically share voting rights with the fellows), or associates (who may or may not, depending on whether "associate" status

2340-692: The interests of corporate secretaries, who had emerged to govern the administration of joint stock companies following the introduction of limited liability in 1855. A royal charter was granted in 1902. In 1970, the Institute of Secretaries merged with the Corporation of Secretaries and then became the Institute of Chartered Secretaries and Administrators (ICSA) in 1971. In 2019, ICSA was renamed as The Chartered Governance Institute. The Chartered Governance Institute independently advocates for reform in governance and provides thought leadership and guidance to

2400-480: The level of reader (for instance, the University of Leeds and the University of Oxford). Senior lecturers and readers are sometimes paid on the same salary scale, although readers are recognized as more senior. Many open-ended lecturers in the UK have a doctorate (50.1% in 2009–2010) and often have postdoctoral research experience. In almost all fields, a doctorate is a prerequisite, although historically this

2460-410: The normal U.S. practice of using lower-case p "professor" as a common noun for anyone who teaches college, as well as a pre-nominal title of address (e.g. "Professor Smith") without necessarily referring to job title or position rank (e.g. "John Smith, Assistant/Associate/Full Professor of X"). In other countries, usage varies. In Israel , the term has a meaning in academia similar to that in

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2520-552: The number of hours of teaching. No research or administrative obligation is attached. In many disciplines, gangsa is regarded as a first step in one's academic career. In Korea, the tenure position started from "full-time lecturer". The tenure track positions in South Korea are "full-time lecturer (JunImGangSa, 전임강사)", "assistant professor (JoKyoSu, 조교수)", "associate professor (BuKyosu, 부교수)", and "professor (KyoSu or JungKyosu, 교수 or 정교수, respectively)". Therefore, "full-time lecturer"

2580-440: The position of lecturer, especially "distinguished lecturer", may also refer to a position somewhat similar to emeritus professor or a temporary post used for visiting academics of considerable prominence—e.g. a famous writer may serve for a term or a year, for instance. When confusion arose about President Barack Obama 's status on the faculty at the University of Chicago Law School , the institution stated that although his title

2640-458: The position was much less likely to lead directly to promotion to professor. In contrast, promotion to senior lecturer nowadays is based on research achievements (for research-intensive universities), and is an integral part of the promotion path to a full chair. Promotion to reader (or principal lecturer in post-1992 universities) is sometimes still necessary before promotion to a full chair; however, some universities no longer make appointments at

2700-432: The post-nominal is CG (Affiliated). Graduate members can use the post-nominal Grad CG or Grad ICSA. See List of post-nominal letters (United Kingdom) . The Chartered Governance Qualifying Program (CGQP) is the institute's flagship qualification and the most common route to graduate status and chartered membership in the institute. A person who has completed the CGQP and satisfies the prescribed working experience requirement

2760-409: The professional domain of the awarding body or to honour contributions related to the domain from someone who is professionally outside it. Membership of the awarding body may or may not be a requirement. How a fellowship is awarded varies for each society, but may typically involve some or all of these: At the ancient universities of Oxford , Cambridge , and Trinity College, Dublin , members of

2820-945: The public, private, and not-for-profit sectors. The Institute qualifies chartered secretaries and chartered governance professionals, conducts public and in-house training for governance professionals across different sectors, and offers bespoke training for boards. The divisions of the Institute publish magazines and resources to keep practitioners up to date with the latest in law, regulation, and procedure, including guidance, research, and specialist publications. They also run conferences for those working in corporate governance, charity governance, sports governance, and academy governance. The Institute also offers board performance and governance reviews and holds annual awards. The Chartered Governance Institute provides qualifications in governance and awards post-nominals. The post-nominals awarded for chartered membership are Fellow (FCG/FCIS) and Associate (ACG/ACIS). For professional and part-qualified membership,

2880-524: The reason of higher-ranking faculty tending to prefer higher-level courses, part of the reason is also cost savings, as non-tenure-track faculty tend to have lower salaries. When a lecturer is part-time, there is little practical distinction in the position from an adjunct professor /instructor/etc., since all non-tenure-track faculty by definition are not on the tenure track. However, for full-time lecturers (or those regularly salaried above some stated level, such as half-time ), many institutions now incorporate

2940-443: The related term wykładowca is used for a teaching-only position. In Russia , a lektor is not an academic rank or a position name, but simply a description of an educator who delivers a set of lectures on a specific course. The title doesn't carry any particular teaching or research obligations and is simply a technical description. While lektors tend to be senior educators (such as professors or associate professors), any member of

3000-427: The right to a room in college (free of charge). At Cambridge, retired academics may remain fellows. At Oxford, however, a Governing Body fellow would normally be elected a fellow emeritus and would leave the Governing Body upon his or her retirement. Distinguished old members of the college, or its benefactors and friends, might also be elected 'Honorary Fellow', normally for life; but beyond limited dining rights this

3060-431: The role quite formally—managing it with performance reviews, promotional tracks, administrative service responsibilities, and many faculty privileges (e.g. voting, use of resources, etc.). An emerging alternative to using full-time lecturers at research institutions is to create a parallel professorship track that is focused on teaching. It may offer tenure, and typically has a title series such as teaching professor. (This

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3120-548: The teaching staff typically have two affiliations: one as a reader, lecturer, or other academic rank within a department of the university, as at other universities, and a second affiliation as a fellow of one of the colleges of the university. The fellows, sometimes referred to as university dons , form the governing body of the college. They may elect a council to handle day-to-day management. All fellows are entitled to certain privileges within their colleges, which may include dining at High Table (free of charge) and possibly

3180-479: The term lektor historically denoted a teaching position below a professor, primarily responsible for delivering and organizing lectures. The contemporary equivalent is dozent . Nowadays, the German term lektor exists only in philology or modern-language departments at German-speaking universities for positions that primarily involve teaching a foreign language. The equivalent rank within the German university system

3240-764: The term lecturer or Post Graduate Teacher (PGT) is also used for the intermediate college teachers. The intermediate colleges or Junior Colleges are equivalent to higher secondary schools. Such lecturers are subject experts specifically engaged to teach a particular subject in higher classes. In the UK, the term lecturer is ambiguous and covers several academic ranks. The key distinction is between permanent/open-ended or temporary/fixed-term lectureships. A permanent lecturer in UK universities usually holds an open-ended position that covers teaching, research, and administrative responsibilities. Permanent lectureships are tenure-track or tenured positions that are equivalent to an assistant or associate professorship in North America. After

3300-647: The title is used as an equivalent alternative to instructor , but schools that use both titles tend to provide relatively more advancement potential (e.g. multiple ranks of progression, at least some of which entail faculty voting privileges or faculty committee service) to their lecturers. The term "instructor" can be broad enough to cover certain non-faculty teaching roles, such as when graduate students teach undergraduates. Major research universities are more frequently hiring full-time lecturers, whose responsibilities tend to focus primarily in undergraduate education, especially for introductory/survey courses. In addition to

3360-485: The title of lecturer at most schools does not address the issue of full-time vs. part-time status. Lecturers are almost always required to have at least a master's degree and quite often have earned doctorates. (For example, at Columbia University in New York, the title of lecturer actually requires a doctorate or its professional equivalent; they also use the term for "instructors in specialized programs." ) Sometimes

3420-591: The traditional UK academic ranks. Since the Conservatives' 1988 Education Reform Act, the ironclad tenure that used to exist in the UK has given way to a less-secure form of tenure. Technically, university vice-chancellors can make individual faculty members redundant for poor performance or institute departmental redundancies, but in practice, this is rare. The most noted use of this policy happened in 2012 at Queen Mary University of London where lecturers on permanent contracts were fired. The institution now has

3480-410: The word "tenure" for lecturers who are "reappointed to the retiring age". This is equivalent to a US tenure decision—references are sought from world-leading academics and tenure and promotions committees meet to decide "tenure" cases. There is normally no title elevation in such instances—tenure and title are independent. As different US academic institutions use the term lecturer in various ways, there

3540-466: Was "senior lecturer", the university considered him to be a "professor" and further noted that it uses that title for notable people, such as federal judges and politicians, who are deemed of high prestige but lack the time to commit to a traditional tenure-track position. Other universities instead use the term "senior" in that context as simply a matter of rank or promotion. In any case, references to lecturers of any rank as "professors" are consistent with

3600-576: Was not the case. Some academic positions could have been held on the basis of research merit alone, without a higher degree. The new universities (that is universities that were until 1992 termed polytechnics ) have a slightly different ranking naming scheme from the older universities. Many pre-1992 universities use the grades: lecturer (A), lecturer (B), senior lecturer, reader, professor. Meanwhile, post-1992 grades are normally: lecturer, senior lecturer, principal lecturer (management-focused) or reader (research-focused), professor. Much confusion surrounds

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