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35-505: It contains the districts ( Ortsteile ) of Arzheim, Dammheim, Godramstein, Mörlheim, Mörzheim, Nussdorf, Queichheim, and Wollmesheim. Landau was first mentioned as a settlement in 1106. It was in the possession of the counts of Leiningen-Dagsburg-Landeck, whose arms, differenced by an escutcheon of the Imperial eagle, served as the arms of Landau until 1955. The town was granted a charter in 1274 by King Rudolf I of Germany , who declared

70-605: A lozenge , or diamond-shape, while clergymen and ladies in continental Europe bear their arms upon a cartouche , or oval. Other shapes are also in use, such as the roundel commonly used for arms granted to Aboriginal Canadians by the Canadian Heraldic Authority , or the Nguni shield used in African heraldry (likewise, Christian organisations and Masonic bodies tend to use the same shape, also known as

105-500: A vesica piscis ). Although an escutcheon can be used as a charge on its own, the most common use of an escutcheon charge is to display another coat of arms as a form of marshalling . Such escutcheon charges are usually given the same shape as the main shield. When there is only one escutcheon charge, it is sometimes called an inescutcheon . The word escutcheon (late 15th century) is based on Old North French escuchon ('shield'). The earliest depictions of proto-heraldic shields in

140-643: A French defeat. During this siege King Joseph I arrived at Landau coming from Vienna in a newly developed convertible carriage. This carriage would become very popular and became named the landau in English, or Landauer in German. The French recaptured Landau once more in a final siege which lasted from 6 June to 20 August 1713 by Marshal General Villars . Landau was part of Bas-Rhin department between 1789 and 1815. After Napoleon 's Hundred Days following his escape from Elba, Landau, which had remained French,

175-524: A decoration above the head of every official on the Austerlitz table, commissioned by Napoleon for propaganda purposes. The term "console" in architecture is generally used for elements which provide support, such as corbels on a console table . A console in heraldry is a decorative frame or support, generally in an architectural or illustrative context, surrounding a heraldic shield or escutcheon, which serves to add interest to and mitigate

210-407: A lozenge-shaped shield with the unaltered escutcheon of pretence in the centre. Women in same-sex marriages may use a shield or banner to combine arms, but can use only a lozenge or banner when one of the spouses dies. The points of the shield refer to specific positions thereon and are used in blazons to describe where a charge should be placed. An inescutcheon is a smaller escutcheon that

245-659: A lozenge. An oval or cartouche is occasionally also used instead of the lozenge for armigerous women. As a result of rulings of the English Kings of Arms dated 7 April 1995 and 6 November 1997, married women in England, Northern Ireland and Wales and in other countries recognising the jurisdiction of the College of Arms in London (such as New Zealand) also have the option of using their husband's arms alone, marked with

280-447: A lozenge—and suo jure peeresses , who may display their own arms alone on a lozenge even if married. In general a woman was represented by her paternal arms impaled by the arms of her husband on an escutcheon as a form of marshalling . In modern Canadian heraldry, and certain other modern heraldic jurisdictions, women may be granted their own arms and display these on an escutcheon. Life peeresses in England display their arms on

315-575: A luxury open carriage with a pair of folding tops, was invented in the town during the War of the Spanish Succession . A frequent Ashkenazi surname originates in this town. Probably its most famous bearer was Yechezkel Landau , an 18th-century talmudist and halakhist and the chief rabbi of Prague . Landau in der Pfalz is twinned with: Escutcheon (heraldry) In heraldry , an escutcheon ( / ɪ ˈ s k ʌ tʃ ən / )

350-428: A pair or four-in-hand , is one of several kinds of vis-à-vis , a social carriage with facing seats over a dropped footwell ( illustration ), which was perfected by the mid-19th century in the form of a swept base that flowed in a single curve. The soft folding top is divided into two sections, front and rear, latched at the center. These usually lie perfectly flat, but the back section can be let down or thrown back while

385-579: A removable top and the chauffeur is usually covered and separated from passengers by a division. The Royal Mews contains several different types of landau: seven State Landaus are in regular use (dating from between 1838 & 1872), plus five Semi-state Landaus. As well as being slightly plainer in ornamentation, the Semi-state Landaus are distinguished from the State Landaus in that they are postilion -driven, rather than driven from

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420-432: A separate groom's seat, sprung above and behind the rear axle, saving the groom from having to stand on a running board. A five-glass landau was fitted with a front glass windscreen and two windows on each side (including retractable windows on the doors). The landau reached its full development by the mid-19th century. It was purely a city carriage of luxury type. The low shell of the landau made for maximum visibility of

455-446: A small lozenge as a difference to show that the arms are displayed for the wife and not the husband; or of using their own personal arms alone, marked with a small shield as a brisure for the same reason. Divorced women may theoretically until remarriage use their ex-husband's arms differenced with a mascle . Widowed women normally display a lozenge-shaped shield impaled, unless they are heraldic heiresses, in which case they display

490-716: A striking display as long as the weather is fine, and they are used on occasions ranging from State Visits and the Opening of Parliament, to Royal Weddings, Jubilees and other celebrations. They also play a regular part in the welcoming of new ambassadors to the Court of St James's : soon after arriving in London , foreign ambassadors have an audience with the Queen in which they present their Letters of Credence or Letters of High Commission to Her Majesty. The ambassadors are collected from

525-572: Is a shield that forms the main or focal element in an achievement of arms . The word can be used in two related senses. In the first sense, an escutcheon is the shield upon which a coat of arms is displayed. In the second sense, an escutcheon can itself be a charge within a coat of arms. Escutcheon shapes are derived from actual shields that were used by knights in combat, and thus are varied and developed by region and by era. Since shields have been regarded as military equipment appropriate for men only, British ladies customarily bear their arms upon

560-625: Is lightweight and suspended on elliptical springs . It was invented in the 18th century; landau in this sense is first noted in English in 1743. It was named after the German city of Landau in the Rhenish Palatinate where they were first produced. In the 1830s, Luke Hopkinson, a celebrated coach-maker in Holborn, introduced the Briska Landau, which led with subsequent improvements to the popular landau. A landau, drawn by

595-496: Is one of the oldest buildings in the town. With the construction of the church started in the 14th century, was completed in the mid-16th century. The zoo is located close to the center of Landau alongside the historical fortifications. Animals are held in natural enclosures. The zoo contains numerous exotic species such as tigers and cheetahs, but also seals, penguins, kangaroos and flamingos and many more. Wine-making continues to be an important industry of Landau. The " landau ,"

630-485: Is placed within or superimposed over the main shield of a coat of arms. In practice, the words inescutcheon and escutcheon are often used interchangeably. The current diplomatic emblem of France incorporates the pelta escutcheon, a wide form of shield (or gorget ) with a small animal head pointing inward at each end. This is Roman in origin; although not the shape of their classic shield, many brooches of this shape survive from antiquity. A form of pelta appears as

665-664: The Age of Chivalry , at about the time of the Battle of Crecy (1346) and the founding of the Order of the Garter (1348). The shape is therefore used in armorials from this "classical age" of heraldry. Beginning in the 15th century, and even more throughout the early modern period , a great variety of escutcheon shapes develops. In the Tudor era the heraldic escutcheon became more square, taking

700-561: The Peace of Westphalia in 1648, control of Landau was ceded to France, although with certain ill-defined reservations. Landau was later part of France from 1680 to 1815, during which it was one of the Décapole , the ten free cities of Alsace , and received its modern fortifications by Louis XIV 's military architect Vauban in 1688–99, making the little town (its 1789 population was approximately 5,000) one of Europe's strongest citadels. In

735-510: The War of the Spanish Succession it had four sieges. After the siege of 1702 lost by the French, an Imperial garrison was installed in Landau. In a subsequent siege from 13 October to 15 November 1703 the French regained the town, following their victory in the Battle of Speyerbach . A third siege , begun on 12 September 1704 by Louis, Margrave of Baden-Baden , ended on 23 November 1704 with

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770-444: The box . The 1902 State Landau was built for the coronation of Edward VII in 1902. Unlike the earlier State Landaus, it is postilion-driven. So too are the five Ascot Landaus, smaller and lighter carriages with basket-work sides, which are used each year (as their name suggests) at Royal Ascot . The Royal Mews also retains a miniature landau made for the children of George V and designed to be pulled by ponies. Landaus make for

805-426: The spandrels of the trussed timber roof of Lincoln's Inn Hall, London. The shape of the top, the sides and the base may be separately described, and these elements may be freely combined. The highly complex Baroque style shields of the 17th century come in many artistic variations. In English heraldry , the lozenge has been used by women since the 13th century for the display of their coats of arms instead of

840-648: The embassy or residence by a State landau from the Royal Mews for this purpose, and escorted by the Marshal of the Diplomatic Corps , who is based at St James's Palace . The ambassador's suite follows in another State landau. The monarch of Canada has a state landau available in Ottawa for ceremonial processions from Rideau Hall to Parliament Hill . The State Landau was given to Canada in 1911 and

875-408: The escutcheon or shield, which are associated with warfare. In this case the lozenge is shown without crest or helm . For the practical purpose of categorisation the lozenge may be treated as a variety of heraldic escutcheon. Traditionally, very limited categories of women would have been able to display their own arms, for example a female monarch—who uses an escutcheon as a military commander, not

910-418: The former spelling landawlet . Landaulet. A coupé version of the Landau, seating two passengers facing forward. A square type, the rear part protected by a falling hood or half hood. Drawn by either a single horse in shafts or a pair in pole gear. Hung on sideways elliptical and semi-elliptical springs. The name landaulette was also used for the landaulet car body style , where the passengers are covered by

945-409: The front section can be removed or left stationary. When fully opened, the top can completely cover the passengers, with some loss of the graceful line. The landau's centre section might contain a fixed full-height glazed door, or more usually a low half-door. There would usually be a separate raised open coachman's upholstered bench-seat, but a landau could be postilion -driven, and there was usually

980-508: The harshness of the stark outline of the shield. Landau (carriage) In coachbuilding , a landau (pronounced LAN-dow ) is a four-wheeled carriage with a roof that can be let down. It was a luxury carriage. The low shell of the landau provides maximal visibility of the occupants and their clothing, a feature that makes a landau still a popular choice for Lord Mayors in the United Kingdom on ceremonial occasions. A landau

1015-496: The occupants and their clothing, a feature that makes a landau still a popular choice for Lords Mayor on ceremonial occasions. A landaulet carriage, also landaulette or demi-landau , is a cut-down ( coupé ) version of a landau. The landaulette retains the rear half of the landau's two-part folding top. The earliest use of the word shown in the Oxford English Dictionary is in a patent of 1771, using

1050-484: The second half of the 12th century still have the shape of the Norman kite shield used throughout the 11th and 12th centuries. By about the 1230s, shields used by heavy cavalry had become shorter and more triangular, now called heater shields . Transitional forms intermediate between kite and heater are seen in the late 12th to early 13th centuries. Transition to the heater was essentially complete by 1250. For example,

1085-402: The shape of an inverted Tudor arch . Continental European designs frequently use the various forms used in jousting, which incorporate "mouths" used as lance rests into the shields; such escutcheons are known as à bouche . The mouth is correctly shown on the dexter side only, as jousting pitches were designed for right-handed knights. Heraldic examples of English shields à bouche can be seen in

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1120-407: The shield of William II Longespée (d. 1250) shown with his effigy at Salisbury Cathedral is triangular, while the shield shown on the effigy of his father William Longespée, 3rd Earl of Salisbury (d. 1226) is still of a more elongated form. The shield on the enamel monument to Geoffrey V, Count of Anjou (d. 1151) is of almost full-body length. The heater was used in warfare during the apogee of

1155-424: The town a Free Imperial Town in 1291; nevertheless Prince-Bishop Emich of Speyer , a major landowner in the district, seized the town in 1324. The town did not regain its ancient rights until 1511 from Maximilian I . An Augustinian monastery was founded in 1276. It is also a company which is an enterprise which helps provide education as a temporary kind of college provided education for the past 28 years. After

1190-608: The town hall ( Rathaus ) and the market hall ( Altes Kaufhaus ). In the 19th century, the former fortifications gave way to a ring road that encircles the old town centre, from which the old industrial buildings have been excluded. A convention hall, the Festhalle , was built in Art Nouveau style, 1905–07 on a rise overlooking the town park and facing the modernist Bundesamt , the regional government building. The Protestant Collegiate Church ( Stiftskirche ) in Landau in der Pfalz

1225-576: Was granted to the Kingdom of Bavaria in 1815 and became the capital of one of the thirteen Bezirksämter (counties) of the Bavarian Rheinkreis , later renamed Pfalz. In 1840 famous political cartoonist Thomas Nast was born in Landau. Following World War II , Landau was an important barracks town for the French occupation . Landau's large main square ( Rathausplatz ) is dominated by

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