Misplaced Pages

#927072

36-634: Lansium domesticum , commonly known as langsat ( / ˈ l ɑː ŋ s ɑː t / ) or lanzones ( / l ɑː n ˈ z ɔː n ɛ s / ,- / ˈ s ɔː / -) is a species of tree in the family Meliaceae with commercially cultivated edible fruits. The species is native to Southeast Asia, from peninsular Thailand and Malaysia to Indonesia and the Philippines . The tree is average sized, reaching 30 metres (98 ft) in height and 75 centimetres (30 in) in diameter. 30 years old trees grown from seed and planted at 8 × 8 meter spacing can have

72-408: A conifer, Cupressus dupreziana . Agamospermy, asexual reproduction through seeds, occurs in flowering plants through many different mechanisms and a simple hierarchical classification of the different types is not possible. Consequently, there are almost as many different usages of terminology for apomixis in angiosperms as there are authors on the subject. For English speakers, Maheshwari 1950

108-437: A group of cells that grow to look like a sporophyte of the species but with the ploidy level of the gametophyte, a phenomenon known as apogamy. The sporophytes of plants of these groups may also have the ability to form a plant that looks like a gametophyte but with the ploidy level of the sporophyte, a phenomenon known as apospory. See also androgenesis and androclinesis described below, a type of male apomixis that occurs in

144-506: A height of 10 meters and diameter of 25 cm. The trunk grows in an irregular manner, with its buttress roots showing above ground. The tree's bark is a greyish colour, with light and dark spots. Its resin is thick and milk coloured. The pinnately compound leaves are odd numbered, with thin hair, and 6 to 9 buds at intervals. The buds are long and elliptical, approximately 9 to 21 centimetres (3.5 to 8.3 in) by 5 to 10 centimetres (2.0 to 3.9 in) in size. The upper edge shines, and

180-467: A regional specialty of Uttaradit province , Thailand . Another variety grown in Indonesia is 'Kokosan' (also known by various other native names, including pisitan , pijetan , and bijitan ). It is distinguished by its hairy leaves, as well as the tightly packed dark yellow fruit on its bunches. The fruit tends to be small, with thin skin and little sap; the skin is difficult to remove. To be eaten,

216-450: A thick, clear-white aril that tastes sweet and sour. The taste has been likened to a combination of grape and grapefruit and is considered excellent by most. The sweet juicy flesh contains sucrose , fructose , and glucose . For consumption, cultivars with small or undeveloped seeds and thick aril are preferred. There are numerous cultivars of L. domesticum . Overall, the two most commonly grown cultivars are 'Duku' and 'Langsat'. In

252-603: Is by air layering . Although the process requires up to several months, the new rooted tree produced is itself ready to bear fruit within two years. Trees cultivated with this method have a high death rate, and the growths are less resilient. The third common way to reproduce L. domesticum is with grafting . This results in the new trees having the same genetic characteristics as their parent, and being ready to bear fruit within five to six years. The offspring are relatively stronger than transplanted shoots. Lansium domesticum grows well in mixed agroforests . The plant, especially

288-447: Is further subdivided according to how the megagametophyte forms: Apomixis occurs in at least 33 families of flowering plants, and has evolved multiple times from sexual relatives. Apomictic species or individual plants often have a hybrid origin, and are usually polyploid. In plants with both apomictic and meiotic embryology, the proportion of the different types can differ at different times of year, and photoperiod can also change

324-533: Is hardier, and can weather dry seasons with a little shade and water. The plant cannot handle floods. Lansium domesticum generally bears fruit once a year. This period can vary between areas, but blooming is generally after the beginning of the rainy season and fruit production some four months later. Lansium domesticum is native to the Malesian phytochorion of Southeast Asia, from Peninsular Thailand and Peninsular Malaysia , to Java , Sumatra , Borneo ,

360-583: Is held in Uttaradit province every September. Meliaceae Meliaceae , the mahogany family , is a flowering plant family of mostly trees and shrubs (and a few herbaceous plants, mangroves ) in the order Sapindales . They are characterised by alternate, usually pinnate leaves without stipules , and by syncarpous, apparently bisexual (but actually mostly cryptically unisexual) flowers borne in panicles , cymes , spikes or clusters. Most species are evergreen , but some are deciduous , either in

396-463: Is reported to occur in about 10% of globally extant ferns . Among polystichoid ferns, apomixis evolved several times independently in three different clades . Although the evolutionary advantages of sexual reproduction are lost, apomixis can pass along traits fortuitous for evolutionary fitness. As Jens Clausen put it: The apomicts actually have discovered the effectiveness of mass production long before Mr.  Henry Ford applied it to

SECTION 10

#1732786665928

432-602: Is shaped like a five lobed cup and is coloured a greenish-yellow. The corona is egg-shaped and hard, measuring 2 to 3 millimetres (0.079 to 0.118 in) by 4 to 5 millimetres (0.16 to 0.20 in). There is one stamen , measuring 2 millimetres (0.079 in) in length. The top of the stamen is round. The pistil is short and thick. The fruit can be elliptical, ovoid or round, measuring 2 to 7 centimetres (0.79 to 2.76 in) by 1.5 to 5 centimetres (0.59 to 1.97 in) in size. Fruits look much like small potatoes and are borne in clusters similar to grapes. The larger fruits are on

468-430: Is very influential. German speakers might prefer to consult Rutishauser 1967. Some older text books on the basis of misinformation (that the egg cell in a meiotically unreduced gametophyte can never be fertilized) attempted to reform the terminology to match the term parthenogenesis as it is used in zoology , and this continues to cause much confusion. Agamospermy occurs mainly in two forms: In gametophytic apomixis ,

504-845: The Philippines ( Luzon , Camiguin , Basilan , and Mindanao ), Sulawesi , and the Lesser Sunda Islands . It has also been introduced to Laos , Cambodia , Vietnam , Myanmar , the Maluku Islands , New Guinea , Micronesia , Hawaii , Sri Lanka , India , the Seychelles , Trinidad and Tobago , and Suriname , among others. The tree is cultivated commercially in the Philippines ( Filipino lansones , Cebuano buwabuwa or buahan , among other names), Thailand ( Thai : ลางสาด , langsat ), Cambodia, Vietnam, India, and Malaysia. Java "Duku". It grows well in

540-510: The Philippines , the island of Camiguin holds an annual Lanzones Festival in October in celebration of the fruit and the indigenous culture of the island's Kamigin Manobo people. The town of Paete, Laguna in the northern Philippines, also holds the annual Paet-Taka-Lanzones Festival every third week of September. The barangay of Concepcion in the city of Talisay, Negros Occidental , where

576-446: The dry season or in winter. The family includes about 53 genera and about 600 known species, with a pantropical distribution; one genus ( Toona ) extends north into temperate China and south into southeast Australia, another ( Synoum ) into southeast Australia, and another ( Melia ) nearly as far north. They most commonly grow as understory trees in rainforests, but are also found in mangroves and arid regions. The fossil record of

612-534: The duku variant, prefers damp, shaded areas. It can be grown in the same agroforest as durian , petai , and jengkol , as well as wood-producing trees. Lansium domesticum is grown from low grounds up to heights of 600 metres (2,000 ft) above sea level, in areas with an average rainfall of 1,500 to 2,500 millimetres (59 to 98 in) a year. The plant can grow and blossom in latosol , yellow podzol , and alluvium . The plant prefers slightly acidic soil with good drainage and rich in mulch. The langsat variant

648-632: The embryo arises from an unfertilized egg cell (i.e. by parthenogenesis) in a gametophyte that was produced from a cell that did not complete meiosis. In adventitious embryony (sporophytic apomixis), an embryo is formed directly (not from a gametophyte) from nucellus or integument tissue (see nucellar embryony ). Maheshwari used the following simple classification of types of apomixis in flowering plants: Gametophytic apomixis in flowering plants develops in several different ways. A megagametophyte develops with an egg cell within it that develops into an embryo through parthenogenesis . The central cell of

684-406: The Philippines, Indonesia, Thailand, and Malaysia. The production is mostly for internal consumption, although some are exported to Singapore , Hong Kong and Kuwait . Lansium domesticum is cultivated mainly for its fruit, which can be eaten raw. The fruit can also be bottled in syrup. The wood is hard, thick, heavy, and resilient, allowing it to be used in the construction of rural houses. In

720-401: The Philippines, the most commonly cultivated cultivars are the 'Paete' and 'Jolo' cultivars. In addition, 'Duku', 'Longkong', and other native cultivars, are also commercially cultivated in the Philippines. Other notable varieties include 'Concepcion' (often misspelled as 'Conception', named after Concepcion, Talisay, Negros Occidental ) from the Philippines; and 'Uttaradit', a cultivar that is

756-573: The convention " Genus species agg." (such as the bramble , Rubus fruticosus agg.). In some plant families , genera with apomixis are quite common, for example in Asteraceae , Poaceae , and Rosaceae . Examples of apomixis can be found in the genera Crataegus (hawthorns), Amelanchier (shadbush), Sorbus ( rowans and whitebeams ), Rubus (brambles or blackberries), Poa (meadow grasses), Nardus stricta (matgrass), Hieracium (hawkweeds) and Taraxacum (dandelions). Apomixis

SECTION 20

#1732786665928

792-546: The cultivar 'Concepcion' originates from, also celebrates the fruit in the Maradula Festival (an acronym for Marang , Mangosteen , Rambutan , Durian and Lanzones). Maradula Festival was originally also known as the "Lanzones Festival" in the 1980s, but the name was changed in 2009 to include other local fruit products and to avoid confusion with the Camiguin festival. In Thailand , an annual Langsat Festival

828-831: The family extends back into the Late Cretaceous. Various species are used for vegetable oil, soap-making, insecticides, and highly prized wood (mahogany). Some economically important genera and species belong to this family: 58 genera are currently accepted. The family is divided into two subfamilies, Cedreloideae and Melioideae, which are supported by phylogenetic evidence. This is also known as subfamily Swietenioideae. other tribes and genera: - related genera: tribe: Guareeae - Africa tribe: Melieae tribe: Sandoriceae tribe: Turraeeae - related genera: tribe: Trichilieae - related genera: tribe: Vavaeeae tribe unassigned: Apomixis Apomictically produced offspring are genetically identical to

864-399: The following weights of salable fruits: 2008: 50 kilos, 2009: 2000 kilos, 2010: 1000 kilos, 2011: 100 kilos, 2012: 1500 kilos. Experiments in the Philippines with grafting where two trees are planted close to each other and then grafted when one to two meters tall to leave twin root systems on a single main trunk have resulted in earlier and less erratic fruit production. Another common method

900-415: The formation of sporophytes by parthenogenesis of gametophyte cells. Male apomixis ( paternal apomixis ) involves replacement of the genetic material of an egg by the genetic material of the pollen. Some authors included all forms of asexual reproduction within apomixis, but that generalization of the term has since died out. Because apomictic plants are genetically identical from one generation to

936-400: The fruit is bitten and the flesh sucked through the hole created, or rubbed until the skin breaks and the seeds are retrieved. The seeds are relatively large, with thin, sour flesh. The seeds of L. domesticum are polyembryonic , the multiple embryos resulting from apomixis . Lansium domesticum is traditionally reproduced by spreading seedlings, either cultivated or collected from below

972-459: The leaves themselves have pointed bases and tips. The stems of the buds measure 5 to 12 millimetres (0.20 to 0.47 in). The flowers are located in inflorescences that grow and hang from large branches or the trunk; the bunches may number up to 5 in one place. They are often branched at their base, measure 10 to 30 centimetres (3.9 to 11.8 in) in size, and have short fur. The flowers are small, with short stems, and are perfect . The sheathe

1008-460: The megagametophyte may require fertilization to form the endosperm , pseudogamous gametophytic apomixis , or in autonomous gametophytic apomixis endosperm fertilization is not required. Considerable confusion has resulted because diplospory is often defined to involve the megaspore mother cell only, but a number of plant families have a multicellular archesporium and the megagametophyte could originate from another archesporium cell. Diplospory

1044-468: The next, each lineage has some of the characters of a true species , maintaining distinctions from other apomictic lineages within the same genus , while having much smaller differences than is normal between species of most genera. They are therefore often called microspecies . In some genera, it is possible to identify and name hundreds or even thousands of microspecies, which may be grouped together as species aggregates , typically listed in floras with

1080-438: The parent plant, except in nonrecurrent apomixis. Its etymology is Greek for "away from" + "mixing". Normal asexual reproduction of plants, such as propagation from cuttings or leaves, has never been considered to be apomixis. In contrast to parthenocarpy , which involves seedless fruit formation without fertilization, apomictic fruits have viable seeds containing a proper embryo, with asexual origin. In flowering plants,

1116-526: The production of the automobile. ... Facultative apomixis ... does not prevent variation; rather, it multiplies certain varietal products. Facultative apomixis means that apomixis does not always occur, i.e., sexual reproduction can also happen. It appears likely that all apomixis in plants is facultative; in other words, that "obligate apomixis" is an artifact of insufficient observation (missing uncommon sexual reproduction). The gametophytes of bryophytes , and less commonly ferns and lycopods can develop

Lansium domesticum - Misplaced Pages Continue

1152-444: The proportion. It appears unlikely that there are any truly completely apomictic plants, as low rates of sexual reproduction have been found in several species that were previously thought to be entirely apomictic. The genetic control of apomixis can involve a single genetic change that affects all the major developmental components, formation of the megagametophyte, parthenogenesis of the egg cell, and endosperm development. However,

1188-423: The term "apomixis" is used in a restricted sense to mean agamospermy , i.e. clonal reproduction through seeds. Although agamospermy could theoretically occur in gymnosperms , it appears to be absent in that group. Apogamy is a related term that has had various meanings over time. In plants with independent gametophytes (notably ferns), the term is still used interchangeably with "apomixis", and both refer to

1224-489: The tree. It has been said that new seedlings require 20 to 25 years to bear fruit, with the possibility of the quality being inferior. However, other sources quote 12 years to first production from seed and no variations. Production often varies from year to year, and depends to some extent on having a dry period to induce flowering. One example of ten trees in Costa Rica about twenty-five years old produced during five years

1260-416: The variety known as duku. It is covered by thin, yellow hair giving a slightly fuzzy aspect. The skin thickness varies with the varieties, from 2 millimetres (0.079 in) to approximately 6 millimetres (0.24 in). With the skin removed, the fruit resembles peeled garlic in appearance, with around five white, translucent lobes, some of which contain a flat, bitter tasting seed. The seeds are covered with

1296-530: The wetter areas (120 inches/3 meters or more annual rainfall) of Costa Rica, where it is still very rare, having been introduced decades ago by the United Fruit Company. A major hindrance to its acceptance seems to be that it is very slow in bearing, said to take 12 years or more from seed. However, air layering from mature trees, as well as grafting, are said to work well and produce much faster. The largest producers of Lansium domesticum are

#927072