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51-517: The Manobo are considered the most diverse among the many indigenous peoples of the Philippines , with the largest number of subgroups within its family of languages. The Philippines' National Commission on Culture and the Arts has been able to develop a tentative classification of Manobo subgroups, but notes that "the various subgroupings are not sufficiently defined" as of the time the classification

102-681: A high degree of creativity, usually employed to embellish utilitarian objects, such as bowls, baskets, clothing, weapons and spoons. The tribal groups of the Philippines are known for their carved wooden figures, baskets, weaving, pottery and weapons. Indigenous peoples in Northern Luzon are found mostly in the Cordillera Administrative Region , where various Igorot groups such as Bontoc , Ibaloi , Ifugao , Isneg , Kalinga , Kankanaey , Tinguian , Karao , and Kalanguya exist. Other indigenous groups living in

153-463: A large minority at about 20–30% of the population. The traditional anitist religions maintain a significant presence in the region and are still practiced by the tribal people. There is a significant increasing members of Iglesia Ni Cristo for the landmarks like kapilyas (chapels) in each town approximately 4-6% . Poverty incidence of Cordillera Administrative Region Source: Philippine Statistics Authority The Cordillera region

204-574: A majority vote in the plebiscite on January 30, 1990 . The second law, Republic Act No. 8438 passed by Congress of the Philippines on December 22, 1997, also failed to pass the approval of the Cordillera peoples in a region-wide plebiscite on March 7, 1998 . At present, a third organic act of the Cordillera is in the offing supported by the Cordillera Regional Development Council. In September 2000,

255-662: Is a highly urbanized city ; figures are excluded from Benguet. Cordillera is home to many ethnic tribes living on the Cordillera mountain range. They are commonly referred to as the Igorot . The Tingguians are composed of sub-groups known as the Itneg tribes which includes Adasen, Balatok, Banaw, Belwang, Binungan, Gubang, Inlaud, Mabaka, Maeng, Masadiit, and Muyadan or Ammutan.: Their places in Abra are as follows: The region has been called "the most diversified ethno-linguistic region in

306-410: Is known for its unique musical instruments including the gangsa kalinga, nose flute , bamboo flute , buzzer , bangibang , tongatong , diwdiw-as , saggeypo , and bamboo zither. The region is also known for their dance, arts, and crafts like wood-carving, ibaloi basket, loom weaving, tinalik, loinclothes called ikat, amulets, tattoo, akob, bobo, suklang and ikat weaving. The symbol of the tattoo of

357-658: Is the highly urbanized city of Baguio , which is the largest city in the region. The region was officially created on July 15, 1987, covering most of the Cordillera Mountain Range of Luzon that is home to numerous ethnic groups . Nueva Vizcaya province has a majority Igorot population transplanted by the American colonial government in the Cagayan Valley Region instead during the early 20th century, as does Quirino . According to

408-426: Is the hispanicized spelling of the endonym Manuvu (also spelled Menuvu or Minuvu). Its etymology is unclear; in its current form, it means "person" or "people." It is believed that it is derived from the root word tuvu, which means "to grow"/"growth" (thus Man[t]uvu would be "[native]-grown" or "aboriginal"). The Manobo are primarily of Austronesian ancestry, like other Filipino ethnic groups that descend from

459-455: Is the revival of the U.S. political division of Mountain Province, with Abra which was part of Spanish province of Ilocos . Nueva Vizcaya & Quirino were not included in the region despite having an Igorot majority at the time. On February 14, 1995, Kalinga-Apayao, one of the five provinces of the region was split into two separate and independent provinces of Apayao and Kalinga with

510-645: The Austronesian expansion , but they also have significant Austroasiatic ancestry indicating that part of their ancestors originate via a separate Austroasiatic migration originating from Mainland Southeast Asia . This is similar to the Sama Bajau people . The Manobo possess Denisovan admixture, much like the Mamanwa. Indigenous peoples of the Philippines The indigenous peoples of

561-545: The Bontocs is about being brave (because of the pain while inking), a talisman or a good luck charm against evil forces, or a symbol of a status or position (ex. Chief captain, Leader, Mayor). They also use tattoos as a decoration and clothes to their body using arts by drawing or placing inks with a pattern or abstract on their skin. It has been observed that the people in Cordillera make arts based on their emotions and belief. They use their talents in making arts and crafts as

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612-688: The Bukidnon in Mindanao , had intermarried with lowlanders for almost a century. Other groups such as the Kalinga in Luzon have remained isolated from lowland influence. There were several upland groups living in the Cordillera Central of Luzon in 1990. At one time it was employed by lowland Filipinos in a pejorative sense, but in recent years it came to be used with pride by native groups in

663-655: The Chico River Dam Project near Sadanga, Mountain Province and Tinglayan, Kalinga . Frustrated by the project delays caused by the opposition, Ferdinand Marcos issued Presidential Decree no. 848 in December 1975, constituting the municipalities of Lubuagan, Tinglayan, Tanudan, and Pasil into a "Kalinga Special Development Region" (KSDR), in an effort to neutralize opposition to the Chico IV dam. Empowered by martial law to conduct warrantless arrests,

714-674: The Cordillera Region and Cordillera ( IPA: [kɔrdiljɛra] ), is an administrative region in the Philippines , situated within the island of Luzon . It is the only landlocked region in the archipelago, bordered by the Ilocos Region to the west and southwest, and by the Cagayan Valley Region to the north, east, and southeast. The region comprises six provinces : Abra , Apayao , Benguet , Ifugao , Kalinga and Mountain Province . The regional center

765-619: The Ilocos Region . The region is primarily mountainous, positioned in the Cordillera Central mountain range, which includes Mount Pulag , the highest mountain in Luzon. Within the region are several streams and rivers including the Chico River , which is a tributary of the Cagayan River . Other major rivers include Cordillera Administrative Region is politically subdivided into 6 provinces . It has 2 cities;

816-1060: The Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino , there are 135 recognized local indigenous Austronesian languages in the Philippines, of which one ( Tagalog ) is vehicular and each of the remaining 134 is vernacular . Chapter II, Section 3h of the Indigenous Peoples' Rights Act of 1997 defines "indigenous peoples" (IPs) and "indigenous cultural communities" (ICCs) as: A group of people or homogenous societies identified by self-ascription and ascription by others, who have continuously lived as organized community on communally bounded and defined territory, and who have, under claims of ownership since time immemorial, occupied, possessed and utilized such territories, sharing common bonds of language, customs, traditions and other distinctive cultural traits, or who have, through resistance to political, social and cultural inroads of colonization, non-indigenous religions and cultures, became historically differentiated from

867-563: The Negritos formerly dominated the highlands throughout the islands for thousands of years, but have been reduced to a small population, living in widely scattered locations, primarily along the eastern ranges of the mountains. Upland and lowland indigenous groups are concentrated on western Visayas , although there are several upland groups such as the Mangyan living in Mindoro . Among

918-785: The Pulanguiyon-Manobo of Bukidnon; the Ubo-Manobo in southwestern parts of Davao City, and northern parts of Cotabato ; the Arumanen-Manobo of Carmen, Cotabato ; and the Dulangan-Manobo in Sultan Kudarat . The Yakan is the major indigenous peoples of the Sulu Archipelago and live primarily in the hinterlands of Basilan . The Sama Banguingui live in the lowlands of Sulu , while

969-1008: The Subanon of upland areas in Zamboanga ; the Mamanwa in the Agusan-Surigao border region; and the B'laan , Teduray and Tboli of the region of Cotabato . The Manobo is a large ethnographic group and includes the Ata-Manobo and the Matigsalug of Davao City , Davao del Norte and Bukidnon; the Langilan-Manobo in Davao del Norte; the Agusan-Manobo in Agusan del Sur and southern parts of Agusan del Norte ;

1020-709: The highly urbanized city of Baguio , and the component city of Tabuk . There are 1,178 barangays in the region. Geographically, the western half of Nueva Vizcaya is part of the main Cordilleras, while its eastern half is part of the Caraballos, the meeting point of the Cordilleras and the Sierra Madre. There have been moves to reunify Nueva Vizcaya with the Cordilleras, however, no such legislation has yet been introduced in Congress.  †  Baguio

1071-402: The 1990s, there were more than 100 highland tribal groups constituting approximately 3% of the population. The upland tribal groups were a blend in ethnic origin, like those in lowland areas of the country, although the upland tribal groups do not interact nor intermingle with the latter. Because they displayed a variety of social organization, cultural expression and artistic skills. They showed

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1122-599: The 2020 Census of Population and Housing, this region is the least populated region in the Philippines, less than that of the national capital, the City of Manila . During the Spanish occupation of the Philippines , Christianization and eventual subjugation of the mountain region proved difficult for the Spanish colonial government. Several comandancias were established by the Spanish colonial government in strategic areas of

1173-528: The 60th PC Brigade had arrested at least 150 locals by April 1977, accusing them of supposed subversion and of obstructing government projects, and various other offenses such as boycotting the October 1976 Constitutional Referendum. Individuals arrested included tribal papangat (leaders/elders), young couples, and in at least one case, a 12-year-old child. By December 1978, parts of the Chico IV area had been declared "free fire zones", no-man's-land areas where

1224-672: The CPLA on September 13, 1986, ending hostilities. On July 15, 1987, President Corazon Aquino issued Executive Order 220 which created the Cordillera Administrative Region. The provinces of Abra , Benguet and Mountain Province (of the Ilocos Region), and Ifugao and Kalinga-Apayao (of the Cagayan Valley ) were annexed as part of the newly created region. Cordillera Administrative Region

1275-550: The Cordillera's adjacent regions are the Gaddang of Nueva Vizcaya and Isabela ; Ilongot of Nueva Vizcaya and Nueva Ecija , and Aurora ; Isinay , primarily of Nueva Vizcaya ; Aeta of Zambales , Tarlac , Pampanga , Bataan , Nueva Ecija ; and the Ivatan of Batanes . Many of these indigenous groups cover a wide spectrum in terms of their integration and acculturation with lowland Christian Filipinos. Native groups such as

1326-406: The Philippines are ethnolinguistic groups or subgroups that maintain partial isolation or independence throughout the colonial era, and have retained much of their traditional pre-colonial culture and practices. The Philippines has 110 enthnolinguistic groups comprising the Philippines' indigenous peoples; as of 2010, these groups numbered at around 14–17 million persons. Austronesians make up

1377-644: The Philippines found conflicts in institutional mandates among the Local Government Code , mining law and the National Integrated Protected Areas Act, and recommended exclusive resource use rights to community-based forest management communities. Cordillera Administrative Region The Cordillera Administrative Region ( CAR ; Ilocano : Rehion/Deppaar Administratibo ti Kordiliera ; Filipino : Rehiyong Pampangasiwaan ng Cordillera ), also known as

1428-458: The Philippines" with the many "sub-dialect variations" of its major languages. This diversity has been attributed to the mountainous topology of the region. However, this did not lead to variations in "cultural development", and the majority of the people share a "similar cultural identity". The region has been using the Ilocano language as a lingua franca across different Igorot groups after

1479-511: The army could freely shoot people without permits and animals. On April 24, 1980, Marcos-controlled military forces assassinated Macli-ing Dulag a pangat (leader) of the Butbut tribe of Kalinga . The assassination became a watershed moment, marking the first time the mainstream Philippine press could be openly critical against Marcos and the military, and building up a sense of Igorot identity that eventually led to Cordillera autonomy. After

1530-513: The classification more difficult is that a dialectical subgroup's membership within a supergroup can shift depending on specific points of view regarding lingusitics. The geographical distribution of the subgroups is so great that some of the local groups have been noted to "assumed the character of distinctiveness as a separate ethnic grouping," as in the case of the Bagobo or the Higaonon. Manobo

1581-421: The creation of an autonomous Cordillera. However, questions lingered on the issue of Nueva Vizcaya's exclusion from the proposed region, despite being culturally and geographically part of the Cordilleras, leaving Nueva Vizcaya Igorots left out from the proposal. The region is the only landlocked region in the Philippines, bounded on the northeast and east by the Cagayan Valley , and on the southwest and west by

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1632-683: The enactment of Republic Act No. 7878 . Several attempts at legalizing autonomy in the Cordillera region have failed in two separate plebiscites . An affirmative vote for the law on regional autonomy is a precondition by the 1987 Philippine Constitution to give the region autonomy in self-governance much like the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (now the BARMM ) in southern Philippines. The first law Republic Act No. 6766 , took effect on October 23, 1989 but failed to muster

1683-594: The end of the Marcos administration due to the 1986 People Power Revolution, the succeeding government under President Corazon Aquino secured a ceasefire with the main indigenous armed group in the Cordilleras, the Cordillera People's Liberation Army led by Conrado Balweg . The Aquino government made a sipat or indigenous treaty, which would be known as the Mount Data Peace Accord , with

1734-604: The freedom to devastate tribal lands, allowed 100% foreign ownership, and gave companies the right to displace and resettle people within their concessionary areas. Some influential people filed a lawsuit with the Supreme Court against the IPRA, because it contradicted with the Mining Code and would therefore be unlawful. The petition was dismissed in a 7–7 vote by the Supreme Court. A bill creating an autonomous Cordillera

1785-463: The imposition of a migration policy for Ilocano settlers into the area. The use of Filipino and English as the official languages of the Philippines is also implemented within the Cordillera. Like most other regions of the Philippines, Roman Catholicism is the single largest denomination in this region, however, a slightly lower (around 60–70% of the population) adhere to the faith, while Protestants, mostly Anglicans and Evangelicals forming

1836-403: The jurisdiction of the Cagayan Valley region, with Benguet and Mountain Province placed under the Ilocos Region . From that time on, Ferdinand Marcos imposed a migration policy for Ilocano settlers into those provinces. After the declaration of martial law by Ferdinand Marcos in 1972, the region became the focus of militarization as a result of local objections to the government's push for

1887-521: The living environment of the Igorot. The Cordillera Peoples Alliance (CPA), an indigenous rights organization in the region, in co-operation with other organizations, had highly resisted this project and thus booked a little victory. In May 2001, however, President Arroyo stated that the San Roque Dam project would proceed regardless due to the fact that it had already been initiated and therefore

1938-554: The majority of Filipinos. ICCs/IPs shall likewise include peoples who are regarded as indigenous on account of their descent from the populations which inhabited the country, at the time of conquest or colonization, or at the time of inroads of non-indigenous religions and cultures, or the establishment of present state boundaries, who retain some or all of their own social, economic, cultural and political institutions, but who may have been displaced from their traditional domains or who may have resettled outside their ancestral domains; In

1989-890: The most important indigenous groups in Mindanao are collectively called the Lumad . These include the Manobo ; the Talaandig , Higaonon and Bukidnon people of Bukidnon ; the Bagobo , Mandaya , Mansaka , Tagakaulo of the Davao Region who inhabit the mountains bordering Davao Gulf ; the Kalagan people who live in lowland areas and seashores of Davao del Norte , Compostela Valley , Davao Oriental and some seashores in Davao del Sur ;

2040-741: The mountain region as a positive expression of their ethnic identity. The Ifugao of Ifugao province , the Bontoc, Kalinga, Tinguian, Kankanaey and Ibaloi were all farmers who constructed the rice terraces for many centuries. Other mountain peoples of Luzon such as the Isnag of Apayao, the Gaddang of the border between Kalinga and Isabela provinces, and the Ilongot Nueva Vizcaya and Caraballo Mountains all developed hunting and gathering, farming cultivation and headhunting . Other groups such as

2091-556: The mountain region. Among them were Amburayan , Cabugaoan, Kayapa , Quiangan , Itaves, Apayaos, Lepanto, Benguet, Bontoc , Banaue , and Tiagan. On August 18, 1908, during the American regime, Mountain Province was established by the Philippine Commission with the enactment of Act No. 1876 . Ifugao , which was part of Nueva Vizcaya province, and the former Spanish comandancias of Amburayan , Apayao , Benguet , Bontoc, Kalinga and Lepanto, were annexed to

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2142-478: The municipal council of Itogon, Benguet , withdrew support for the San Roque Dam project. The project had met a lot of resistance, because of the reported failure of its proponents to update its Environmental Certificate of Compliance (ECC) and to submit a watershed management plan required for a project of that magnitude. The San Roque Dam was to become one of the biggest dams in the world and would threaten

2193-580: The newly created province as sub-provinces. Amburayan was later abolished in 1920 and its corresponding territories were transferred to the provinces of Ilocos Sur and La Union . Lepanto was also reduced in size and its towns were integrated into the sub-provinces of Bontoc and Benguet, and to the province of Ilocos Sur. On June 18, 1966, Republic Act No. 4695 was enacted to split Mountain Province and create four separate and independent provinces namely Benguet, Ifugao, Kalinga-Apayao , and Mountain Province. Ifugao and Kalinga-Apayao were placed under

2244-633: The nomadic Luwa'an live in coastal areas. The Sama or the Sinama and the Jama Mapun are the indigenous peoples of Tawi-Tawi . In the Philippines , the term is used to refer to indigenous peoples' land rights in law. Ancestral lands are referred to in the Philippines Constitution . Article XII, Section 5 says: "The State, subject to the provisions of this Constitution and national development policies and programs, shall protect

2295-474: The non-Muslim culturally-indigenous groups of mainland Mindanao are collectively called Lumad . Australo-Melanesian groups throughout the archipelago are termed Aeta , Ita , Ati , Dumagat , among others. Numerous culturally-indigenous groups also live outside these two indigenous corridors. In addition to these labels, groups and individuals sometimes identify with the Tagalog term katutubo , which denotes any person of indigenous origin. According to

2346-436: The overwhelming majority, while full or partial Negritos scattered throughout the archipelago. The highland Austronesians and Negrito have co-existed with their lowland Austronesian kin and neighbor groups for thousands of years in the Philippine archipelago. Culturally-indigenous peoples of northern Philippine highlands can be grouped into the Igorot (comprising many different groups) and singular Bugkalot groups, while

2397-409: The peoples of the Cordillera decisive influence over the establishment of foreign mining companies. In this act, ownership over the lands was regarded as communal, rather than individual and thus coincided more with the view on ownership of the Igorot. The IPRA was totally different in tone than the 1995 Mining Code. Without consultation from the people of the Cordilleras, the Mining Code gave companies

2448-525: The rights of indigenous cultural communities to their ancestral lands to ensure their economic, social, and cultural well-being." The Indigenous People's Rights Act of 1997 recognizes the right of Indigenous peoples to manage their ancestral domains. The law defines ancestral domain to include lands, inland waters, coastal areas, and natural resources owned or occupied by Indigenous peoples, by themselves or through their ancestors. The Food and Agriculture Organization 's research on forest land ownership in

2499-412: Was developed. The classification divides the Manobo into several major groups: The Philippine Statistics Authority listed 644,904 persons as Manobo in its 2020 Census of Population and Housing. A study by the National Council of Churches in the Philippines had put their population at around 250,000 in 1988, and an earlier NCCA estimate had out their population at about 749,042 in 1994.Part of what makes

2550-470: Was difficult to stop. At the same time, she promised not to sacrifice the environment, to rehabilitate the people who will lose their homes, to compensate those who will suffer, and to not initiate any more large-scale irrigation projects in the future. In December 2000, the Supreme Court of the Philippines dismissed a petition that questioned the constitutional legality of the Indigenous Peoples Rights Act (IPRA), and act which came into existence in 1997 giving

2601-460: Was filed in Congress in 2014, but it was not backed by strategic politicians in the region due to lack of support from the national government. However, in 2017, all provincial congressmen within the CAR jointly filed a new Bill creating an autonomous Cordillera, the first time in three decades where all provincial district representatives called in unison for autonomy. The move was made due to the election win of President Duterte, who publicly supported

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