A rock concert is a performance of rock music .
125-813: The Last Waltz was a concert by the Canadian-American rock group The Band , held on American Thanksgiving Day , November 25, 1976, at Winterland Ballroom in San Francisco . The Last Waltz was advertised as the Band's "farewell concert appearance", and the concert had the Band joined by more than a dozen special guests, including their previous employers Ronnie Hawkins and Bob Dylan , as well as Paul Butterfield , Bobby Charles , Eric Clapton , Neil Diamond , Emmylou Harris , Dr. John , Joni Mitchell , Van Morrison , Ringo Starr , Muddy Waters , Ronnie Wood , and Neil Young . The musical director for
250-603: A 2011 study funded by the NAMM Foundation . The Texas Commission on Drugs and Alcohol Abuse Report noted that students who participated in band or orchestra reported the lowest lifetime and current use of all substances including alcohol, tobacco, and illicit drugs. Studies have shown that music education can be used to enhance cognitive achievement in students. In the United States an estimated 30% of students struggle with reading, while 17% are reported as having
375-520: A child. In primary schools in European countries, children often learn to play instruments such as keyboards or recorders , sing in small choirs, and learn about the elements of music and history of music . In countries such as India , the harmonium is used in schools, but instruments like keyboards and violin are also common. Students are normally taught basics of Indian Raga music . In primary and secondary schools , students may often have
500-483: A choice." The group promoted the concert by appearing on the October 30 episode of Saturday Night Live , where host Buck Henry introduced them by saying they were about to disband on Thanksgiving. They went into a set of " Life Is a Carnival " and " The Night They Drove Old Dixie Down " (which featured a photo montage of the Band throughout their career) both sung by Helm, Danko then sang " Stage Fright " and closed out
625-401: A common practice in many nations during the 20th century. For much of its existence, the curriculum for music education in the United States was determined locally or by individual teachers. In recent decades there has been a significant move toward adoption of regional and/or national standards. MENC: The National Association for Music Education , created nine voluntary content standards, called
750-451: A group of students a specific problem to solve together and allows freedom to create, perform, improvise, conduct, research, and investigate different facets of music in a spiral curriculum. MMCP is viewed as the forerunner to projects in creative music composition and improvisation activities in schools. Achievement standards are curricular statements used to guide educators in determining objectives for their teaching. Use of standards became
875-700: A guitar solo and Carl Radle joined on bass. The Band then came out at around 2:15 am to perform an encore, " Don't Do It ". It was the last time the group performed under the name "the Band" with its classic lineup. The five joined on stage at a Rick Danko concert in 1978. The Band reformed without Robertson in 1980 and headlined at The Roxy in Los Angeles with Scottish group Blue supporting, guests were Dr. John and Joe Cocker . Rick Danko later performed at various Los Angeles venues along with Blue, and at his invitation, they recorded their LA Sessions album at Shangri-La Studios. Robertson initially wanted to record
1000-409: A large blob of cocaine on the guitarist's nose be removed with special effects. Scorsese reportedly pushed back, defending the cocaine's appearance as "rock & roll." When Young's management insisted the post-production team created a special effect—known in-house as “the traveling booger matte.” This rotoscoped matte hovered over Young's face for the duration of his appearance on-screen, obscuring
1125-464: A meta-analysis published in 2020 found a lack of evidence to support the claim that musical training positively impacts children’s cognitive skills and academic achievements, with the authors concluding that "researchers’ optimism about the benefits of music training is empirically unjustified and stems from misinterpretation of the empirical data and, possibly, confirmation bias ." In some communities – and even entire national education systems – music
1250-422: A method for teaching musicianship through audiation , Gordon's term for hearing music in the mind with understanding . Conversational Solfège immerses students in the musical literature of their own culture, in this case American. The Carabo-Cone Method involves using props, costumes, and toys for children to learn basic musical concepts of staff, note duration, and the piano keyboard. The concrete environment of
1375-435: A million dollars would have been lost without Dylan's performance in the film, said Helm. Jonathan Taplin , the Band's manager and producer of the film, was also beside himself, knowing that he had no influence over Dylan. He, along with Robertson and Scorsese, then went to Graham: "Bill, you're going to have to go and talk to Bob." They knew that Graham had worked with Dylan before, such as during Graham's SNACK Benefit Concert
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#17328011309291500-631: A multitude of other academic areas as well as improving performance on standardized tests such as the ACT and SAT . Music training from preschool through post-secondary education is common because involvement with music is considered a fundamental component of human culture and behavior . Cultures from around the world have different approaches to music education, largely due to the varying histories and politics. Studies show that teaching music from other cultures can help students perceive unfamiliar sounds more comfortably, and they also show that musical preference
1625-528: A negative review, stating that it "articulates so little of the end-of-an-era feeling it hints at ... that it's impossible to view the Last Waltz as anything but an also-ran." However, The New York Times in 2003 placed the film on its Best 1000 Movies Ever list, while Rolling Stone called it the "Greatest Concert Movie of All Time". Music critic Robert Christgau gives the soundtrack a " B+ ", saying "the movie improves when you can't see it." He praises
1750-440: A playful atmosphere both for the band and the audience. Like rock music in general, rock concerts are emblematic of American culture's waning formality. Such concerts were crucial to the formation of youth identity in the U.S. during a time of social revolution, and have continued to represent elements of society frequently seen as "rebellious," especially against the strictures of mid-twentieth-century social normativities. One of
1875-452: A short set of some more of its songs before Bob Dylan came on stage to lead his former backing band through four songs. The Band and all its guests, with the addition of Ringo Starr on drums and Ronnie Wood on guitar, then sang "I Shall Be Released" as a closing number. Dylan, who wrote the song, and Manuel, whose falsetto rendition had made the song famous on Music from Big Pink , shared lead vocals, although Manuel cannot be clearly seen in
2000-589: A simultaneous focus on creating, performing, and/or responding to the arts while still addressing content in other subject areas. Music in education is a way of incorporating music in teaching a subject. Music can be useful in education because, to play music it utilizes critical thinking and problem solving skills. Depending on the subject, it offers a new way of learning information. For example, in literacy, it can explain different elements like metaphors, characters and setting. Music teaches repetition which in turn benefits mathematical skills. For learning mathematics,
2125-528: A specific learning disability linked to reading. Using intensive music curriculum as an intervention paired alongside regular classroom activities, research shows that students involved with the music curriculum show increases in reading comprehension, word knowledge, vocabulary recall, and word decoding. According to the National Association for Music Education, in a study done in 2012, those who participated in musical activities scored higher on
2250-468: A three verse song with a non-repetitive melody; each verse with different music. A second experiment created a three verse song with a repetitive melody; each verse had exactly the same music. A third experiment studied text recall without music. She found the repetitive music produced the highest amount of text recall, suggesting music can serve as a mnemonic device. Smith (1985) studied background music with word lists. One experiment involved memorizing
2375-455: A word list with background music; participants recalled the words 48 hours later. Another experiment involved memorizing a word list with no background music; participants also recalled the words 48 hours later. Participants who memorized word lists with background music recalled more words demonstrating music provides contextual cues. Citing studies that support music education's involvement in intellectual development and academic achievement,
2500-410: A year earlier. They wanted Graham to explain to Dylan how dire the situation was, said Helm. As Graham walked toward Dylan's dressing room, he tried to reassure them, "Don't worry, I'm gonna make it happen." As they waited, there were frantic backstage negotiations between Graham and Dylan, recalls Helm: Man, they were all biting their nails. I think Bill really pleaded with Bob for us, for the sake of
2625-422: Is a 1960s development in music education consisting of the systematic teaching and learning of rock music and other forms of popular music both inside and outside formal classroom settings. Popular music pedagogy tends to emphasize group improvisation, and is more commonly associated with community music activities than fully institutionalized school music ensembles. The Manhattanville Music Curriculum Project
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#17328011309292750-416: Is a learning theory for newborns and young children in which the types and stages of preparatory audiation are outlined. The growth of cultural diversity within school-age populations prompted music educators from the 1960s onward to diversify the music curriculum, and to work with ethnomusicologists and artist-musicians to establish instructional practices rooted in musical traditions. 'World music pedagogy'
2875-431: Is also a research area in which scholars do original research on ways of teaching and learning music . Music education scholars publish their findings in peer-reviewed journals, and teach undergraduate and graduate education students at university education or music schools, who are training to become music teachers. Music education touches on all learning domains, including the domain (the development of skills),
3000-503: Is also on advocacy of music education as important, despite disparities in income and social status. Woodrow Wilson said "We want one class of persons to have a liberal education, and we want another class of persons, a very much larger class of necessity in every society, to forgo the privilege of a liberal education and fit themselves to perform specific difficult manual tasks." The music, languages, and sounds we are exposed to within our own cultures determine our tastes in music and affect
3125-657: Is an effective way to understand a culture as opposed to merely learning about it. If music classrooms discuss the musical qualities and incorporate styles from other cultures, such as the Brazilian roots of the Bossa Nova, the Afro-Cuban clave, and African drumming, it will expose students to new sounds and teach them how to compare their cultures’ music to the different music and start to make them more comfortable with exploring sounds. While music critics argued in
3250-522: Is centered around creating the same environment for learning music that a person has for learning their native language. This 'ideal' environment includes love, high-quality examples, praise, rote training and repetition, and a time-table set by the student's developmental readiness for learning a particular technique. While the Suzuki Method is quite popular internationally, within Japan its influence
3375-687: Is evidence of positive impacts of participation in youth orchestras and academic achievement and resilience in Chile. According to the International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement (IAEEA), "the world's top academic countries place a high value on music education. Hungary, Netherlands, and Japan have required music training at the elementary and middle school levels, both instrumental and vocal, for several decades." In contrast to previous experimental studies,
3500-769: Is increasingly common in music education outside of North America and Europe, including Asian nations such as South Korea, Japan, and China. At the same time, Western universities and colleges are widening their curriculum to include music of outside the Western art music canon, including music of West Africa , of Indonesia (e.g. Gamelan music ), Mexico (e.g., mariachi music), Zimbabwe ( marimba music), as well as popular music . Music education also takes place in individualized, lifelong learning, and in community contexts. Both amateur and professional musicians typically take music lessons , short private sessions with an individual teacher. While instructional strategies are determined by
3625-598: Is less significant than the Yamaha Method, founded by Genichi Kawakami in association with the Yamaha Music Foundation . In addition to the four major international methods described above, other approaches have been influential. Lesser-known methods are described below: Edwin Gordon's music learning theory is based on an extensive body of research and field testing by Aiden Griffin and others in
3750-589: Is provided little support as an academic subject area, and music teachers feel that they must actively seek greater public endorsement for music education as a legitimate subject of study. This perceived need to change public opinion has resulted in the development of a variety of approaches commonly called "music advocacy". Music advocacy comes in many forms, some of which are based upon legitimate scholarly arguments and scientific findings, while other examples controversially rely on emotion, anecdotes, or unconvincing data. Recent high-profile music advocacy projects include
3875-439: Is related to the language spoken by the listener and the other sounds they are exposed to within their own culture. During the 20th century, many distinctive approaches were developed or further refined for the teaching of music, some of which have had widespread impact. The Dalcroze method ( eurhythmics ) was developed in the early 20th century by Swiss musician and educator Émile Jaques-Dalcroze . The Kodály Method emphasizes
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4000-466: Is sparse, we cannot convincingly conclude these findings to be true, however the results from research done do show a positive impact on both students with learning difficulties and those who are not diagnosed. Further research will need to be done, but the positive engaging way of bringing music into the classroom cannot be forgotten, and the students generally show a positive reaction to this form of instruction. Music education has also been noted to have
4125-650: Is still a " glass ceiling " for women in music education careers, as there is "stigma" associated with women in leadership positions and "men outnumber women as administrators." Among the Aztecs , a great variety of instruments were used for two main purposes: to curate and play - religious music (the purview of specialized priests; and to perform court music - (played daily for the Aztec ruling class.) The education of Aztecs of all social ranks, were conducted in schools called calmecac, telpochcalli, and cuicacalli . and
4250-686: The D.M.A. or the Ph.D can lead to university employment. These degrees are awarded upon completion of music theory, music history, technique classes, private instruction with a specific instrument, ensemble participation, and in-depth observations of experienced educators. Music education departments in North American and European universities also support interdisciplinary research in such areas as music psychology , music education historiography , educational ethnomusicology , sociomusicology , and philosophy of education . The study of western art music
4375-600: The Music Supervisors National Conference in 1907. While a small number of women served as President of the Music Supervisors National Conference (and the following renamed versions of the organization over the next century) in the early 20th century, there were only two female Presidents between 1952 and 1992, which "[p]ossibly reflects discrimination." After 1990, however, leadership roles for women in
4500-784: The National Anthem Project not only for promoting the educational use of music as a tool for non-musical goals, but also for its links to nationalism and militarism . Contemporary music scholars assert that effective music advocacy uses empirically sound arguments that transcend political motivations and personal agendas. Music education philosophers such as Bennett Reimer , Estelle Jorgensen , David J. Elliott , John Paynter , and Keith Swanwick support this view, yet many music teachers and music organizations and schools do not apply this line of reasoning into their music advocacy arguments. Researchers such as Ellen Winner conclude that arts advocates have made bogus claims to
4625-559: The National Standards for Music Education . These standards call for: Some schools and organizations promote integration of arts classes, such as music, with other subjects, such as math, science, or English, believing that integrating the different curricula will help each subject to build off of one another, enhancing the overall quality of education. One example is the Kennedy Center 's "Changing Education Through
4750-529: The blues numbers by Muddy Waters and Paul Butterfield , the horn arrangements by Allen Toussaint , and the "blistering if messy" guitar duet by Robertson and Eric Clapton . Film critic Roger Ebert awarded the film three stars out of a possible four, noting that although "the film is such a revealing document of a time", it also suggested the musicians had reached the end of their careers. Levon Helm , in his 1993 autobiography This Wheel's on Fire , expresses serious reservations about Scorsese's handling of
4875-613: The " Mozart Effect ", the National Anthem Project , and the movement in World Music Pedagogy (also known as Cultural Diversity in Music Education ) which seeks out means of equitable pedagogy across students regardless of their race, ethnicity, or socioeconomic circumstance. The Mozart effect is particularly controversial as while the initial study suggested listening to Mozart positively impacts spatial-temporal reasoning , later studies either failed to replicate
5000-431: The 1880s that "... women [composers] lacked the innate creativity to compose good music" due to "biological predisposition", later, it was accepted that women would have a role in music education, and they became involved in this field "...to such a degree that women dominated music education during the later half of the 19th century and well into the 20th century." "Traditional accounts of the history of music education [in
5125-470: The Arts" program. CETA defines arts integration as finding a natural connection(s) between one or more art forms (dance, drama/theater, music, visual arts, storytelling, puppetry, and/or creative writing) and one or more other curricular areas (science, social studies, English language arts, mathematics, and others) in order to teach and assess objectives in both the art form and the other subject area. This allows
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5250-647: The Band performing the last song of the evening, their cover version of the Marvin Gaye hit " Don't Do It ", as an encore . The film then flashes back to the beginning of the concert, and follows it more or less chronologically. The Band is backed by a large horn section and performs many of its hit songs, including " Up on Cripple Creek ", " Stage Fright ", and " The Night They Drove Old Dixie Down ". The live songs are interspersed with studio segments and interviews conducted by director Martin Scorsese in which
5375-405: The Band was to perform on its own, but then the notion of inviting Ronnie Hawkins and Bob Dylan was hatched and the guest list grew to include other performers. Robertson wanted to invite people who had been a strong influence on their music, people who represented various music styles, including New Orleans rock and roll, English blues, and Chicago blues. When he called Bill Graham, he said he wanted
5500-580: The Band's Shangri-La Studio in Malibu, California . Additionally, Robertson composed "The Last Waltz Suite", parts of which were used as a film score . Finally, according to musical director John Simon, during post-production, the live recording was altered to clean up "playing mistakes, out-of-tune singing, bad horn-balance in the remote truck. Only Levon's part was retained in its entirety." Due to Scorsese's commitments on New York, New York and another documentary, American Boy: A Profile of Steven Prince ,
5625-455: The Band's members reminisce about the group's history. Robertson talks about Hudson joining the band on the condition that the other members pay him $ 10 a week each for music lessons. The classically trained Hudson could then tell his parents that he was a music teacher instead of merely a rock-and-roll musician. Robertson also describes the surreal experience of playing in a burnt-out nightclub owned by Jack Ruby . Manuel recalls that some of
5750-604: The Band: Muddy Waters, Paul Butterfield, Neil Young, Joni Mitchell, Van Morrison, Dr. John, Neil Diamond, and Eric Clapton. Genres covered include blues , rock and roll , New Orleans R&B , Tin Pan Alley pop , folk , and rock . Further genres are explored in segments filmed later on a sound stage with Emmylou Harris ( country ) and the Staple Singers ( soul and gospel ). The film begins with
5875-485: The Dalcroze method, music is the fundamental language of the human brain and therefore deeply connected to who we are. American proponents of the Dalcroze method include Ruth Alperson, Ann Farber, Herb Henke, Virginia Mead, Lisa Parker, Martha Sanchez, and Julia Schnebly-Black. Many active teachers of the Dalcroze method were trained by Dr. Hilda Schuster who was one of the students of Dalcroze. Zoltán Kodály (1882–1967)
6000-567: The Flower Moon . More than being a collection of impressively filmed and virtuosically mixed 'live' songs, "The Last Waltz" ranks as probably the finest record of a rock concert ever put on film. Hartford Courant The film has been hailed critically, listed among the greatest concert films . On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , the film holds an approval rating of 98% based on 50 reviews, with an average rating of 8.60/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Among one of, if not
6125-607: The SAT. These students scored an average of 31 points higher in reading and writing, and 23 points higher in math. When a student is singing a melody with text, they are using multiple areas of their brain to multitask. Music affects language development, increases IQ, spatial-temporal skills, and improves test scores. Music education has also shown to improve the skills of dyslexic children in similar areas as mentioned earlier by focusing on visual auditory and fine motor skills as strategies to combat their disability. Since research in this area
6250-584: The Third Kind ), David Myers ( THX 1138 ), Bobby Byrne ( Smokey and the Bandit ), Michael Watkins , and Hiro Narita . The stage and lighting were designed by Boris Leven , who had been the production designer on such musical films as West Side Story and The Sound of Music . With Bill Graham 's assistance, the set from the San Francisco Opera 's production of La traviata
6375-478: The US] have often neglected the contributions of women, because these texts have emphasized bands and the top leaders in hierarchical music organizations." When looking beyond these bandleaders and top leaders, women had many music education roles in the "...home, community, churches, public schools, and teacher-training institutions" and "...as writers, patrons, and through their volunteer work in organizations." Despite
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#17328011309296500-536: The United States Congress passed a resolution declaring that: "Music education enhances intellectual development and enriches the academic environment for children of all ages; and Music educators greatly contribute to the artistic, intellectual and social development of American children and play a key role in helping children to succeed in school." Bobbett (1990) suggests that most public school music programs have not changed since their inception at
6625-584: The United States the Hungarian sequence is primarily used. The work of Denise Bacon, Katinka S. Daniel, John Feierabend, Jean Sinor, Jill Trinka, and others brought Kodaly's ideas to the forefront of music education in America. Carl Orff was a prominent German composer. Orff Schulwerk is considered an "approach" to music education. It begins with a student's innate abilities to engage in rudimentary forms of music, using basic rhythms and melodies. Orff considers
6750-643: The University of Wisconsin suggested that students with piano or keyboard experience performed 34% higher on tests that measure spatial-temporal lobe activity, which is the part of the brain that is used when doing mathematics, science, and engineering. A long-term study over twelve years at the University of Graz also found a change in the grey matter in the brain of children with music lessons. An experiment by Wanda T. Wallace setting text to melody suggested that some music may aid in text recall. She created
6875-976: The ability to increase someone's overall IQ, especially in children during peak development years. Spatial ability, verbal memory, reading and mathematic ability are seen to be increased alongside music education (primarily through the learning of an instrument). Researchers also note that a correlation between general attendance and IQ increases is evident, and due to students involvement in music education, general attendance rates increase along with their IQ. Fine motor skills, social behaviors, and emotional well-being can also be increased through music and music education. The learning of an instrument increases fine motor skills in students with physical disabilities. Emotional well being can be increased as students find meaning in songs and connect them to their everyday life. Through social interactions of playing in groups like jazz and concert bands, students learn to socialize and this can be linked to emotional and mental well-being. There
7000-400: The benefits of physical instruction and response to music. The Orff Schulwerk approach to music education leads students to develop their music abilities in a way that parallels the development of western music. The Suzuki method creates the same environment for learning music that a person has for learning their native language. Gordon Music Learning Theory provides the music teacher with
7125-550: The best rock movie ever made, The Last Waltz is a revealing, electrifying view of the classic band at their height." Chicago Tribune film critic Michael Wilmington calls it "the greatest rock concert movie ever made – and maybe the best rock movie, period". Terry Lawson of the Detroit Free Press comments that "This is one of the great movie experiences." Total Film considers it "the greatest concert film ever shot". Janet Maslin of The New York Times gave it
7250-603: The best-known rock concerts was undoubtedly Woodstock , and millions of much smaller rock concerts go on every year. The largest rock concert in history was the one Rod Stewart gave on New Year's Eve 1993-94 on Copacabana Beach in Rio de Janeiro . It was estimated that 4.2 million people attended it, although this figure is believed to include those who turned up solely for the fireworks display at midnight. Rock concerts are often performed at very high decibel levels. Prolonged exposure to noise at these levels can permanently damage
7375-553: The bones of the middle ear and the nerves of the inner ear. Thus health officials recommend that concertgoers use earplugs . Since the 1960s, many musicians have worn earplugs at concerts, and some concert promoters actually give out free earplugs. For concerts that are held in venues not specifically designed for such events, the large amounts of electricity required for operating the amplifiers, lights, and other pieces of concert equipment are typically provided by portable diesel-powered generators , which are often located very close to
7500-450: The cocaine blob that clung to his nose. Following the concert, Scorsese filmed for several days on an MGM studio soundstage, with the Band, the Staple Singers and Emmylou Harris . The Band's performance of " The Weight " with the Staple Singers was included in the film instead of the concert version. The Band and Harris performed "Evangeline", which was also included in the film. Interviews with group members were conducted by Scorsese at
7625-457: The cognitive domain (the acquisition of knowledge), and, in particular and the affective domain (the learner's willingness to receive, internalize, and share what is learned), including music appreciation and sensitivity. Many music education curriculums incorporate the usage of mathematical skills as well fluid usage and understanding of a secondary language or culture. The consistency of practicing these skills has been shown to benefit students in
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#17328011309297750-592: The components of music are very helpful, simplifying concepts such as fractions and ratios. This is because of the way music works. Music also involves frequency and sound waves which are beneficial to understanding concepts in science. Understanding the different pitches in words and patterns in structure coincide with the way music structure is understood and read. The European Union Lifelong Learning Programme 2007–2013 has funded three projects that use music to support language learning. Lullabies of Europe (for pre-school and early learners), FolkDC (for primary), and
7875-470: The concert on 16 mm film . He recruited Martin Scorsese to direct based on his use of music in Mean Streets . Under Scorsese, the film grew into a full-scale studio production with seven 35 mm cameras. The cameras were operated by several cinematographers: Michael Chapman ( Raging Bull ), László Kovács ( Easy Rider , Five Easy Pieces ), Vilmos Zsigmond ( Close Encounters of
8000-503: The concert to be a kind of celebration, the end of a chapter. With only six weeks before the planned date, Robertson called director Martin Scorsese, who he knew loved rock music and had worked at the Woodstock Festival , to see if he would direct it as a concert documentary. When he mentioned some of the performers they had lined up, Scorsese reacted quickly: " Van Morrison? Are you kidding? I have to do it. I don't have
8125-416: The concert was the Band's original record producer, John Simon . The concert was produced and managed by Bill Graham and was filmed by director Martin Scorsese , who made it into a documentary of the same title, released in 1978. Jonathan Taplin , who was the Band's tour manager from 1969 to 1972 and later produced Scorsese's film Mean Streets , suggested that Scorsese would be the ideal director for
8250-608: The country. Salinas’ influence in the development of Cuban music includes a collection of over 100 music compositions that established him as the initiator of the Cuban art music tradition. His legacy continues in modern-day Cuba where the Esteban Salas Early Music Festival is held every year in Havana. The festival attracts classical music artists from around the world to perform and teach music following
8375-503: The deaths at the Altamont concert) and had clean toilets and safe conditions in large venues. Rock concerts are often associated with certain kinds of behavior . Dancing , shouting, singing along with the band, and ostentatious displays by the musicians are common, though some very successful rock bands have avoided gratuitous flash in favor of understated performances focusing on the music itself. Even so, rock concerts often have
8500-404: The detriment of defending the study of music, her research debunking claims that music education improves math, for example. Researchers Glenn Schellenberg and Eugenia Costa-Giomi also criticize advocates incorrectly associating correlation with causation , Giomi pointing out that while there is a "strong relationship between music participation and academic achievement, the causal nature of
8625-565: The earliest examples of "rock and roll." The coining of the phrase, "rock and roll," is often attributed to American, Alan Freed , a disk jockey and concert promoter who organized many of the first major rock concerts. Since then, the rock concert has become a staple of entertainment not only in the United States, but around the world. Bill Graham is widely credited with setting the format and standards for modern rock concerts. He introduced advance ticketing (and later computerized, online tickets), introduced modern security measures (a reaction to
8750-531: The early 1960s. Dr. John took a seat at the piano for his signature song, "Such a Night". He then switched to guitar and joined Bobby Charles on "Down South in New Orleans". A blues set was next with harmonica player Paul Butterfield, Muddy Waters, pianist Pinetop Perkins , and Eric Clapton. As Clapton was taking his first solo on " Further on Up the Road ", his guitar strap came loose and Robertson picked up
8875-575: The early names for the Band included "The Honkies", and "The Crackers". Because they were simply referred to as "the band" by Dylan and their friends and neighbors in Woodstock, New York , they figured that was just what they would call themselves. Danko is seen giving Scorsese a tour of the Band's Shangri-La studio , and he plays a recording of "Sip the Wine", a track from his then-forthcoming 1977 solo album Rick Danko . A recurring theme brought up in
9000-406: The elite. With Spanish and Portuguese colonization, music began to be influenced by European ideas and principles.The Catholic Church used music education as a means to spread Christianity to local indigenous populations. One example of an early educator is Esteban Salas considered the first Cuban native-born art music composer developed Santiago de Cuba into a center of music excellence in
9125-457: The end, we'll shoot it. I knew the game very well. Thank God for Bill Graham. In the end, it was shot. And it looked staggering. He looked amazing in the film, Bobby Dylan. Almost like a Christ figure. A Christ in a white hat. I mean, what more could you ask for? Scorsese has said he was using cocaine heavily during this period. Drugs were present in large quantities during the concert. During post-production Neil Young's manager insisted that
9250-730: The episode with a cover of " Georgia on My Mind " with Manuel on lead vocals. Promoted and organized by Bill Graham, whose home turf was Winterland and who had a long association with the Band, the concert was an elaborate affair, with over 300 workers. Starting at 5:00 pm, the audience of 5,000 was served turkey dinners . There was ballroom dancing , with music by the Berkeley Promenade Orchestra. Poets Lawrence Ferlinghetti , Lenore Kandel , Diane di Prima , Michael McClure , Robert Duncan , and Freewheelin' Frank gave readings. The Band started its concert at around 9:00 pm, opening with "Up on Cripple Creek". This
9375-615: The evening and had not heard the orders to stop filming. As Scorsese frantically tried to get other cameras up, Kovács was already rolling and able to capture the iconic song by the blues legend. "It was just luck," Scorsese recalled in the DVD documentary , The Last Waltz Revisited . Notably omitted from the film is Stephen Stills , who only performed in a jam session. Also omitted were performances by poets Lenore Kandel, Robert Duncan, Freewheelin' Frank Reynolds, Emmett Grogan , Diane DiPrima and Sweet William. Both jam sessions were omitted from
9500-402: The event equipment directly to the power grid, or using solar panels (along with storage batteries), can enable the entire event to bypass the ambient air quality concerns. Music education Music education is a field of practice in which educators are trained for careers as elementary or secondary music teachers, school or music conservatory ensemble directors. Music education
9625-428: The event. The widespread use of such generators is common both for indoor events (such as in a large arena or roofed stadium) or outdoor events (e.g. a stadium or an open area with a temporary stage). Regardless of exactly where the generators are placed, these units emit carcinogenic ultrafine particulates (UFPs) and other pollutants directly into the ambient air. Unless specific precautions are taken (such as placing
9750-525: The fact most of the band members never received any money for the various home videos, DVDs and soundtracks released by Warner Bros. after the project. We saluted one another like we had just pulled off one of the best musical celebrations in rock 'n' roll history. It really, really does not get any better than this. Robbie Robertson Rock concert During the 1950s, several American musical groups experimented with new musical forms that fused country music , blues , and swing genre to produce
9875-428: The film and switched between his normal and falsetto voices between verses. Two loose jam sessions then formed. "Jam #1" featured the Band minus Richard Manuel playing with Neil Young, Ronnie Wood, and Eric Clapton on guitar, Dr. John on piano, Paul Butterfield on harmonica, and Ringo Starr on drums. It was followed by "Jam #2" with the same personnel minus Robertson and Danko. Stephen Stills , who showed up late, took
10000-640: The film entirely. While Bob Dylan had agreed to perform at the concert, which was being filmed, he decided during the intermission that he did not want his own performance filmed after all. He feared it might detract from his film Renaldo and Clara , which he directed during the Rolling Thunder Revue tour, which ended months earlier. However, Warner Bros. had agreed to finance Last Waltz only if Dylan would appear in it. Levon Helm said that Scorsese "went nuts" upon hearing that Dylan changed his mind, while "Robbie became totally pale." More than
10125-788: The film was selected by the Library of Congress for preservation in the United States National Film Registry for being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant". Beginning with a title card saying, "This film should be played loud!" the concert documentary covers the Band's influences and career. The group consisted of Rick Danko on bass, violin, and vocals, Levon Helm on drums, mandolin, and vocals, Garth Hudson on keyboards, saxophone and accordion, songwriter Richard Manuel on keyboards, drums, percussion and vocals, and guitarist-songwriter Robbie Robertson on vocals. Various other artists perform with
10250-426: The film's release was delayed until 1978. During the editing process, Scorsese and Robertson became friends, and frequently collaborated on further projects, with Robertson acting as music producer and consultant on Raging Bull , The King of Comedy , The Color of Money , Casino , Gangs of New York , The Departed , Shutter Island , The Wolf of Wall Street , Silence , The Irishman and Killers of
10375-424: The film, claiming that Scorsese and Robertson (who produced the film) conspired to make the Band look like Robertson's sidemen. He states that Robertson, who is depicted singing powerful backing vocals, was actually singing into a microphone that was turned off throughout most of the concert (a typical practice during their live performances). Helm was also dissatisfied with Manuel and Hudson's minimal screen time and
10500-482: The gensets very far away and using extra-long connection cables or installing extremely long power-operated exhaust ducts, and/or using wet scrubbers, while also taking into account ambient air currents, winds, and other local factors), the genset emissions are likely to become mixed into the air that is inhaled by concert attendees as well as the musicians and staff and other individuals in the area. Using non-diesel-based alternative power provisions, for example connecting
10625-406: The greatest thing that night. In a sense, he really saved the day for us." At one point during Dylan's performance, Robertson states that Lou Kemp, a close friend of Dylan, said "We're not filming this." And Bill just said, "Get out of here, or I'll kill you." Graham told him "This is history , don't mess with it!" Kemp backed off. To add to the confusion, Scorsese said that when Dylan got on stage,
10750-478: The history of it all. He was in there for a couple of minutes, but it seemed like an hour. No one could believe this. With about five minutes left, word came down that the last two songs in Bob's part of the show could be filmed, and only the last two. Bill Graham saved their asses that night. Robertson also assured Dylan that the concert film's release would be delayed until after his film. Taplin later said that "Bill did
10875-439: The interviews with Robertson is that the concert marks an end of an era for the Band, that after 16 years on the road, the time had come for a change. "That's what The Last Waltz is - 16 years on the road. The numbers start to scare you," Robertson tells Scorsese. "I mean, I couldn't live with 20 years on the road. I don't think I could even discuss it." The idea for a farewell concert came about early in 1976 after Richard Manuel
11000-422: The language spoken by the listener determined which groupings of tones and rhythms were more appealing, based on the inflections and natural rhythm groupings of their language. Another study had Europeans and Africans try to tap along with certain rhythms. European rhythms are regular and built on simple ratios, while African rhythms are typically based on irregular ratios. While both groups of people could perform
11125-428: The larger field of music learning theory . It provides music teachers with a comprehensive framework for teaching musicianship through audiation , Gordon's term for hearing music in the mind with understanding and comprehension when the sound is not physically present. The sequence of instructions is discrimination learning and inference learning. Discrimination Learning, the ability to determine whether two elements are
11250-642: The limitations imposed on women's roles in music education in the 19th century, women were accepted as kindergarten teachers, because this was deemed to be a "private sphere". Women also taught music privately, in girl's schools, Sunday schools, and they trained musicians in school music programs. By the turn of the 20th century, women began to be employed as music supervisors in elementary schools, teachers in normal schools and professors of music in universities. Women also became more active in professional organizations in music education, and women presented papers at conferences. A woman, Frances Clarke (1860-1958) founded
11375-404: The loud rock music and the hours spent filming the show, there were unscripted film reloads and camera malfunctions. It was not possible for all songs to be covered. At one point, all the cameras, except László Kovács', were shut down for a scheduled film reload as Muddy Waters was to perform " Mannish Boy ". Kovács, frustrated by Scorsese's constant instructions, had removed his headset earlier in
11500-413: The music teacher and the music curriculum in his or her area, many teachers rely heavily on one of many instructional methodologies that emerged in recent generations and developed rapidly during the latter half of the 20th century. The Dalcroze method was developed in the early 20th century by Swiss musician and educator Émile Jaques-Dalcroze . The method is divided into three fundamental concepts −
11625-595: The musical literature of their own culture, in this case American. Music is seen as separate from, and more fundamental than, notation. In twelve learning stages, students move from hearing and singing music to decoding and then creating music using spoken syllables and then standard written notation. Rather than implementing the Kodály method directly, this method follows Kodály's original instructions and builds on America's own folk songs instead of on Hungarian folk songs. This early-childhood approach, sometimes referred to as
11750-966: The opportunity to perform in some type of musical ensemble , such as a choir , orchestra , or school band : concert band , marching band , or jazz band . In some secondary schools, additional music classes may also be available. In junior high school or its equivalent, music usually continues to be a required part of the curriculum . At the university level, students in most arts and humanities programs receive academic credit for music courses such as music history, typically of Western art music, or music appreciation , which focuses on listening and learning about different musical styles. In addition, most North American and European universities offer music ensembles – such as choir, concert band, marching band, or orchestra – that are open to students from various fields of study. Most universities also offer degree programs in music education, certifying students as primary and secondary music educators. Advanced degrees such as
11875-403: The organization opened up. From 1990 to 2010, there were five female Presidents of this organization. Women music educators "outnumber men two-to-one" in teaching general music, choir, private lessons, and keyboard instruction . More men tend to be hired as for band education, administration and jazz jobs, and more men work in colleges and universities. According to Dr. Sandra Wieland Howe, there
12000-405: The project, and Rock Brynner introduced Robbie Robertson and Scorsese. Taplin served as executive producer. The film features concert performances, intermittent song renditions shot on a studio soundstage, and interviews by Scorsese with members of the Band. The soundtrack and DVD were later released. The Last Waltz is hailed as one of the greatest documentary concert films ever made. In 2019,
12125-650: The recent PopuLLar (for secondary). In addition, the ARTinED project is also using music for all subject areas. A number of researchers and music education advocates have argued that studying music enhances academic achievement , such as William Earhart, former president of the Music Educators National Conference, who claimed that "Music enhances knowledge in the areas of mathematics, science, geography, history, foreign language, physical education, and vocational training." Researchers at
12250-495: The relationship is questionable." Philosophers David Elliott and Marissa Silverman suggest that more effective advocacy involves shying away from " dumbing down " values and aims through slogans and misleading data, energy being better focused into engaging potential supporters in active music-making and musical-affective experiences, these actions recognizing that music and music-making are inherent to human culture and behavior, distinguishing humans from other species. The focus
12375-488: The requirements of the Schulwerk courses. Each bar on the instruments is able to be removed to allow for different scales to be formed. Orff's instruments build motor skills , both visually and kinesthetically, in younger children that might not have those abilities built up yet for other instruments. Experts in shaping an American-style Orff approach include Jane Frazee, Arvida Steen, and Judith Thomas. The Suzuki method
12500-435: The results, suggested no effect on IQ or spatial ability, or suggested the music of Mozart could be substituted for any music children enjoy in a term called "enjoyment arousal." Another study suggested that even if listening to Mozart may temporarily enhance a student's spatial-temporal abilities, learning to play an instrument is much more likely to improve student performance and achievement. Educators similarly criticized
12625-606: The rhythms with European qualities, the European group struggled with the African rhythms. This has to do with the ubiquity of complex polyrhythm in African culture and their familiarity with this type of sound. While each culture has its own musical qualities and appeals, incorporating cross-cultural curricula in our music classrooms can help teach students how to better perceive music from other cultures. Studies show that learning to sing folk songs or popular music of other cultures
12750-422: The road. This was not a healthy thing. I was telling the guys in the Band, "I like the music we make together. But I don't want to go out there with it anymore. . . . We're not learning from it. We're not growing from it. Though the other band members did not agree with Robertson's decision, the concert was set at Bill Graham 's Winterland Ballroom , where the Band had made its debut as a group in 1969. Originally,
12875-462: The same or not the same using aural/oral, verbal association, partial synthesis, symbolic association, and composite synthesis. With inference learning, students take an active role in their own education and learn to identify, create, and improvise unfamiliar patterns. The skills and content sequences within the audiation theory help music teachers establish sequential curricular objectives in accord with their own teaching styles and beliefs. There also
13000-509: The same year and co-wrote "Dry Your Eyes", which during the concert he hailed as a "great song". Van Morrison then performed two songs, a special arrangement of " Tura Lura Lural (That's an Irish Lullaby) " as a duet with Richard Manuel and his own show-stopper, " Caravan ". Canadians Young and Mitchell were then invited back out to help the Band perform " Acadian Driftwood ", an ode to the Acadians of Canadian history. The Band then performed
13125-517: The sensory-motor approach to music, was developed by the violinist Madeleine Carabo-Cone. This approach involves using props, costumes, and toys for children to learn basic musical concepts of staff, note duration, and the piano keyboard. The concrete environment of the specially planned classroom allows the child to learn the fundamentals of music by exploring through touch. 'Popular music pedagogy' — alternatively called rock music pedagogy, modern band, popular music education, or rock music education —
13250-552: The solo without missing a beat. Neil Young followed, singing " Helpless " with backing vocals by Joni Mitchell, who remained off stage. According to Robertson's commentary on The Last Waltz DVD, this was so her later appearance in the show would have more of an impact. Mitchell came on after Young and sang three songs, two with the backing of Dr. John on congas . Neil Diamond was next, introducing his "Dry Your Eyes" by saying, "I'm only gonna do one song, but I'm gonna do it good." Robertson had produced Diamond's album Beautiful Noise
13375-411: The sound was so loud he did not know what to shoot: "Fortunately, we got our cues right and we shot the two songs that were used in the film." According to Kemp, "More or less, Bob got his way. I think they shot a little more than he wanted but they didn't shoot as much as they wanted. As it ended up, everybody came out whole. Robertson was also satisfied: Oh, we'll go through all this bullshit and in
13500-526: The specially planned classroom allows the child to learn the fundamentals of music by exploring through touch. The MMCP (Manhattanville Music Curriculum Project) aims to shape attitudes, helping students see music as personal, current, and evolving. Popular music pedagogy is the systematic teaching and learning of rock music and other forms of popular music both inside and outside formal classroom settings. Some have suggested that certain musical activities can help to improve breath, body and voice control of
13625-605: The testing emphases created by the No Child Left Behind Act are only some of the concerns facing music educators. Both teachers and students are under increased time restrictions" Patricia Powers states, "It is not unusual to see program cuts in the area of music and arts when economic issues surface. It is indeed unfortunate to lose support in this area especially since music and the art programs contribute to society in many positive ways." Comprehensive music education programs average $ 187 per pupil, according to
13750-464: The tradition of Esteban Salinas. Since music was taught to the general public by rote, until the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, very few people knew how to read music other than those who played instruments. The development of music in Latin America mainly followed that of European development: Choirs were formed to sing masses, chants, psalms; secular music also became more prevalent in
13875-502: The turn of the last century. "…the educational climate is not conducive to their continuance as historically conceived and the social needs and habits of people require a completely different kind of band program." A 2011 study conducted by Kathleen M. Kerstetter for the Journal of Band Research found that increased non-musical graduation requirements, block scheduling, increased number of non-traditional programs such as magnet schools, and
14000-420: The use of solfège , improvisation, and eurhythmics . Sometimes referred to as "rhythmic gymnastics," eurhythmics teaches concepts of rhythm, structure, and musical expression using movement, and is the concept for which Dalcroze is best known. It focuses on allowing the student to gain physical awareness and experience of music through training that engages all of the senses, particularly kinesthetic. According to
14125-490: The use of human resources, i.e., "culture-bearers," as well as deep and continued listening to archived resources such as those of Smithsonian Folkways Recordings. Influenced by both the Kodály method and Gordon's Music Learning Theory, Conversational Solfège was developed by Dr. John M. Feierabend, former chair of music education at the Hartt School , University of Hartford . The program begins by immersing students in
14250-594: The use of the senses, their voice and their corporal expression; His teachings are within a creative and fun educational framework built on a solid understanding of auditory, intuitive, physical, auditory, and visual sensory perception, thereby laying the foundations for listening, musical expression, reading, writing, and musical theory. This occurs in several stages through songs that give rhythmic, melodic, harmonic patterns and all musical elements, in aural, oral, verbal, auditory and visual recognition, reading, writing, creativity and theoretical understanding. Kodály's main goal
14375-441: The way we perceive the music of other cultures. Many studies have shown distinct differences in the preferences and abilities of musicians from around the world. One study attempted to view the distinctions between the musical preferences of English and Japanese speakers, providing both groups of people with the same series of tones and rhythms. The same type of study was done for English and French speakers. Both studies suggested that
14500-463: The whole body a percussive instrument and students are led to develop their music abilities in a way that parallels the development of western music. The approach fosters student self-discovery, encourages improvisation, and discourages adult pressures and mechanical drill. Carl Orff developed a special group of instruments, including modifications of the glockenspiel , xylophone , metallophone , drum , and other percussion instruments to accommodate
14625-503: Was a prominent Hungarian music educator, philosopher, and composer who highlighted the benefits of sensory perception, physical instruction, and response to music. In reality it is not an educational method, it is an innovative system of literacy and musical training, which proposes that music begins from an early age, such as the development of the mother tongue, where music is an educational tool for social transformation, in addition , proposes that every human being has access to music through
14750-472: Was a requirement for all people. This emphasizes the great importance that music and dance played in the lives of the Aztecs. In Mayan culture, musicians occupied a space between the elite and the common people. Music played a prominent role and professional musicians using a variety of wind instruments, drums and rattles to celebrate military victories. Music also played a prominent role in the funeral rites of
14875-494: Was coined by Patricia Shehan Campbell to describe world music content and practice in elementary and secondary school music programs. Pioneers of the movement, especially Barbara Reeder Lundquist, William M. Anderson, and Will Schmid, influenced a second generation of music educators (including J. Bryan Burton, Mary Goetze, Ellen McCullough-Brabson, and Mary Shamrock) to design and deliver curricular models to music teachers of various levels and specializations. The pedagogy advocates
15000-437: Was developed by Shinichi Suzuki in Japan shortly after World War II, and uses music education to enrich the lives and moral character of its students. The movement rests on the double premise that "all children can be well educated" in music, and that learning to play music at a high level also involves learning certain character traits or virtues which make a person's soul more beautiful. The primary method for achieving this
15125-402: Was developed in 1965 as a response to declining student interest in school music. This creative approach aims to shape attitudes, helping students see music not as static content to be mastered, but as personal, current, and evolving. Rather than imparting factual knowledge, this method centers around the student, who learns through investigation, experimentation, and discovery. The teacher gives
15250-464: Was followed by eleven more of the Band's most popular songs, including " The Shape I'm In ", " This Wheel's on Fire ", and "The Night They Drove Old Dixie Down". They were backed by a large horn section with charts arranged by Allen Toussaint and other musicians. They were then joined by a succession of guest artists, starting with Ronnie Hawkins. As the Hawks, the Band served as Hawkins' backing band in
15375-418: Was rented as a backdrop for the stage. Crystal chandeliers were also hung over the stage. John Simon, who ran the rehearsals for the show, would give Scorsese details as to who sang what and who soloed when for each song. Scorsese meticulously storyboarded the songs, setting up lighting and camera cues to fit the lyrics of the songs. But despite his planning, in the rigors of the live concert setting, with
15500-519: Was seriously injured in a boating accident. Robbie Robertson then began giving thought to leaving the road, envisioning the Band becoming a studio-only band , similar to the Beatles ' decision to stop playing live shows in 1966. He was also concerned about the negative effects of being on the road too long: I had become suspicious of the road. Look at what happened to this guy. Look at what happened to them . These people who got crazy when they got on
15625-528: Was to instill in his students a lifelong love of music and he felt it was the duty of the child's school to provide this vital element of education. Some of the characteristic teaching tools of Kodály are the use of hand signs or solfa, rhythmic syllables (stick notation) and mobile C (verbalization). The most important thing is that the methodology belongs to everyone, so music is available to everyone. Most countries have used their own folk or community music traditions to build their own instructional sequence, but in
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