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79-629: Letchworth Cemetery (properly the Icknield Way Cemetery ) was the first burial ground for Letchworth Garden City in Hertfordshire . Letchworth's first cemetery and bordered by Icknield Way and Wilbury Hills Road, the cemetery is now closed for new burials but can be used if graves are being reopened and for prepurchased plots. Cremated remains are also still being interred at the cemetery. The car gates open and close automatically each day at dawn and dusk. Letchworth Cemetery has

158-654: A shell company until it was wound up in 1966. The level of compensation was eventually agreed at £3,115,000. Paying this compensation led to the Letchworth Garden City Corporation operating at a loss for its first few years, funded by loans from the urban district council. The debt was repaid in 1973 and the estate finally started to yield a profit that could be used for the benefit of the town as Howard had originally envisaged. Conservation area (United Kingdom) As of 2019, 2.2% of England making up 2,938 km (1,134 sq mi)

237-606: A bill in Parliament which, despite much opposition from Hotel York Limited, became the Letchworth Garden City Corporation Act 1962 ( 10 & 11 Eliz. 2 . c. xxxix). The act created a public body, the Letchworth Garden City Corporation, which on 1 January 1963, took over the garden city estate as it had existed on 20 July 1961. Compensation for taking the company's assets had to be paid to First Garden City Limited, which continued to exist as

316-412: A competition for designing the town's layout, and were appointed as consulting architects to the company. Most of the pre-existing trees and hedgerows were preserved in the layout. Unwin took the alignment of the town's main avenue (Broadway) from three old oak trees which stood on the central plateau of the estate and were incorporated into the central square (Broadway Gardens). A temporary railway halt

395-409: A group of six houses called "Alpha Cottages" at 22–32 Baldock Road, where the first residents moved in during July 1904. Much of the town's early housing was to the east of the nascent town centre, within walking distance of the main industrial area on the eastern edge of the town. Many houses were built in a modest cottage style, finished with cream painted render, green doors, and clay-tiled roofs. To

474-417: A memorial to her a public hall was built, paid for by public subscriptions. The Mrs Howard Memorial Hall opened in 1906 and was one of the town's first public buildings. In 1905, and again in 1907, the company held "Cheap Cottages Exhibitions", which were contests for architects and builders to demonstrate innovations in inexpensive housing. The 1905 exhibition attracted some 60,000 visitors. The popularity of

553-558: A point on the main avenue where six roads converged, with the roads later being named Broadway, Spring Road, and Sollershott. Plans drawn up in July 1908 proposed a circular traffic island at this point, influenced by the Place de l'Étoile in Paris, which Unwin wrote about in 1909. The Letchworth roundabout is known to have been in use by 1910. When first built, traffic could circulate around

632-463: A population in 1801 of 67, rising to 96 by 1901. In 1898, the social reformer Ebenezer Howard wrote To-morrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform (republished in 1902 as Garden Cities of To-morrow ), in which he advocated the construction of a new kind of town, which he called a "garden city". The idea was summed up in a diagram called the "Three Magnets", showing how the mixed advantages and disadvantages of town or country living could be combined into

711-585: A protected rural belt were later taken up more generally in town planning in Britain from the mid-twentieth century as the green belt . Howard's ideas were mocked in some sections of the press but struck a chord with many, especially members of the Arts and Crafts movement and the Quakers . After examining several possible locations for establishing a garden city, the garden city pioneers settled on Letchworth as

790-685: A public body which would manage it for the benefit of the community, and until then dividends to shareholders were restricted to no more than 5% per annum. This made it a very unusual company, but it was otherwise an ordinary joint stock company , owned by its shareholders. Until the Second World War, the company largely ran the emerging town, developing close working relationships with the Hitchin Rural District Council and (after 1919) Letchworth Urban District Council to ensure that any approvals needed were given when

869-666: A similar approach, and aspects of the principles demonstrated at Letchworth have been incorporated into other projects around the world including the Australian capital Canberra , Hellerau in Germany, Tapiola in Finland and Mežaparks in Latvia . The area now occupied by Letchworth has been inhabited since prehistoric times. A late Bronze Age hill fort , thought to date from c.  700 BC , stood on Wilbury Hill , beside

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948-614: A small chapel which is available for services for children's funerals and can seat about eight mourners. The chapel also houses the Book of Remembrance which is available to view every day of the year, either inside or through its position at a rear window. It has 15 military graves from World War II which are maintained by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission . Today burials in Letchworth take place at

1027-472: A stem diameter of more than 75 mm (3"), when measured at 1.5 metres (5') height above ground level, in a conservation area must give the planning authority six weeks' notice of their intentions to do the work. Several exemptions from the need to notify exist including for removal of dead trees, the prevention or abatement of (legal) nuisance and for the implementation of planning permission. Work may only be undertaken either when consent has been given by

1106-462: A third option, "Town-Country", offering the advantages of both cities and the countryside while eliminating their disadvantages. Industry would be kept separate from residential areas , whilst the residents would have good access to parks and the countryside. The garden city would be contained in a belt of open countryside, providing land not just for agriculture, but also for children's homes, asylums, new forests and brickfields . Echoes of this idea of

1185-520: A town which was itself inspired by the garden city movement. The idea was to minimise the impact of traffic by having houses face onto pedestrian-only green lanes and open spaces, with parking and servicing provided in garage courts behind the houses. Private housing resumed more slowly after the Second World War, partly due to the tight controls on building materials and licences which were imposed and remained in force until 1954. As these restrictions eased, additional areas of private housing were built to

1264-422: Is a conservation area, 59% of which are rural, and 41% are in urban areas. The original idea of historic conservation areas was proposed by June Hargreaves , a York town planner, in her 1964 book Historic buildings. Problems of their preservation . In the book she critiqued the idea that historic buildings should be replaced with modern "streamlined and ultra-functional" buildings as this would be detrimental to

1343-532: Is a town in the North Hertfordshire district of Hertfordshire , England. It is noted for being the first garden city . The population at the time of the 2021 census was 33,990. Letchworth was an ancient parish , appearing in the Domesday Book of 1086. It remained a small rural village until the start of the twentieth century. The development of the modern town began in 1903, when much of

1422-530: Is derived from the Old English "lycce weorth", meaning a farm inside a fence or enclosure. It appears in the Domesday Book of 1086 as "Leceworde", when it was described as having nine households of villagers, four cottagers, one slave and one priest. The presence of the priest suggests that Letchworth was by that time a parish. Letchworth's parish church was built in the 12th century, but likely on

1501-659: Is desirable to preserve or enhance". The current Scottish legislation is the Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) (Scotland) Act 1997 . In Northern Ireland it is the Planning Act (Northern Ireland) 2011 . Conservation areas can be found across a wide a range of urban and rural UK locations. For example, in the historic centres of town and cities such as Alexandra Palace and Park ; model housing estates; historic mining, fishing and transport areas e.g. Crosby Garrett ; and rural villages such as Osmotherley . It

1580-641: Is no binding obligation to carry out the original policy." Shares in the company therefore became much more valuable. In 1960, a company called Hotel York Limited acquired a controlling interest in First Garden City Limited. Hotel York's chairman, Amy Rose (née Charles), became managing director of First Garden City Limited in January 1961. Hotel York Limited had been founded in 1906 and had previously owned and run hotels in London, including

1659-567: Is the ban, most unusual for a British town, on selling alcohol in public premises. This was initially decided by a public vote in June 1907, in which 54% voted against allowing a licensed public house. This did not stop the town having a "pub" however – the Skittles Inn or the "pub with no beer" which opened in March 1907. Despite the ban it is not entirely true to say that there were no pubs in

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1738-426: Is the role of the listed building process to protect individual buildings, and it is common for many listed buildings to also be located within designated conservation areas where those individual buildings make a contribution to the special architectural or historic character of the area. Current Government planning policy on conservation areas is laid down (for England) mainly in section 12 'Conserving and enhancing

1817-668: Is unique in having a private charity , the Letchworth Garden City Heritage Foundation, which is responsible for the management of many aspects of the garden city estate, having some planning and grant-making functions similar to those normally associated with local authorities. These functions derive from the Heritage Foundation's ownership of the estate and do not replace the usual local authority functions and responsibilities, but operate in addition to them. Historically, Letchworth

1896-473: Is worth protecting or enhancing. Local and regional criteria are used, rather than any national standard. In exceptional circumstances, Historic England can designate conservation areas in London, but it has to consult the relevant Borough Council and obtain the consent of the Secretary of State for Culture Media and Sport. The Secretary of State can also designate in exceptional circumstances – usually where

1975-569: The Berners Hotel . The Rose family had taken control of Hotel York in 1957, and by 1960 all its properties had been sold. The town feared that such asset stripping might now happen to Letchworth, and the likelihood of the town gaining the financial benefit that Howard and the pioneers had originally envisaged was decreasing. Initial assurances from Mrs Rose about maintaining the integrity of the estate did not last long. During 1961, First Garden City Limited started auctioning freeholds of parts of

2054-525: The Green Flag Award for well-managed green space. As the town approached its centenary, there was a campaign to change the name officially from Letchworth to "Letchworth Garden City", this time without the parentheses of the 1904 version of the name. Proponents of the change argued that as the later Welwyn Garden City incorporated the "Garden City" within its official name, so too should the first garden city at Letchworth. The Letchworth campaign

2133-603: The Australian capital Canberra , Hellerau in Germany, Tapanila in Finland and Mežaparks in Latvia . Ownership of the estate passed from First Garden City Limited to the Letchworth Garden City Corporation in 1963, which in turn was replaced in 1995 by the Letchworth Garden City Heritage Foundation . The estate eventually started yielding a financial surplus which could be used for the benefit of

2212-790: The Garden City. Pubs that had existed from before the foundation of the Garden City continued to operate, including the Three Horseshoes in Norton and the Three Horseshoes and the Fox in Willian, and benefited from the lack of alcohol to be had in the centre of the town, as did the pubs in neighbouring Hitchin and Baldock . New inns also sprang up on the borders of the town, including the Wilbury Hotel which opened in 1940 just outside

2291-643: The ancient road of Icknield Way . The hill fort was refortified c.  400 BC in the Middle Iron Age , and appears to have been occupied until the Roman conquest of Britain . Evidence for Bronze Age, Romano-British and late Iron Age settlement has also been found in the fields between Norton village and the A1. By the time of the Norman Conquest , Letchworth was established as a village. The name

2370-566: The area is of more than local interest. Local authorities have additional powers under planning legislation to control changes to buildings in a conservation area that might usually be allowed without planning permission in other locations, for example changing the appearance of windows, adding external cladding or putting up satellite dishes. Large conservation areas are sometimes subdivided into identity areas, which cover groups of buildings and features having similar character and appearance. Enforcement of conservation areas varies, dependent on

2449-405: The area of Norton parish, which was abolished, and the northern part of Willian parish. The detached part of Letchworth parish at Burleigh Farm was transferred to Knebworth at the same time. A parish council was established, with Sir John Gorst , a barrister and former Conservative Member of Parliament, being the first chairman of the parish council. On 1 April 1919, the parish of Letchworth

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2528-464: The central island in both directions; the instruction to keep left was not added until 1921. It was named "Sollershott Circus" and is recognised as the first roundabout on a public road in the United Kingdom. Two signs were erected on the roundabout in 2006 saying "UK's First Roundabout Built circa 1909" This was after a petition was made by Andrew White of Letchworth for a school project. As

2607-449: The chosen site. The Letchworth Hall estate had come up for sale, and although it alone was too small, secret negotiations with fourteen adjoining landowners allowed an estate of 3,818 acres (1,545 hectares) to be assembled and purchased for £155,587. A company called First Garden City Limited was established on 1 September 1903 to purchase the land and begin building the garden city. In 1904, architects Raymond Unwin and Barry Parker won

2686-621: The claim was published in the Daily Mail and the Daily Sketch in November 1916 as part of articles accusing the town of being a haven for communists and conscientious objectors—claims which the town denied. For the first few years, the new town's Anglicans had to use the old parish churches at Letchworth village, Willian or Norton on the edges of the estate. Many of the town's pioneers had non-conformist leanings, in keeping with

2765-400: The company changed its articles of association to say that when the company was wound up only 10% of any surplus would be applied for the benefit of the town, rather than the 100% anticipated in 1903. The rest was to be distributed among the shareholders of the company. In 1956, limits on dividends to shareholders were removed, with the company chairman, Eric Macfadyen declaring that "there

2844-443: The company managed the town, which were opposed by the residents and local council who wanted the original garden city ideals retained. They secured an act of parliament which transferred ownership of the estate from the company to a public sector body, the Letchworth Garden City Corporation, in 1963. The corporation in turn was replaced by a charitable body in 1995, the Letchworth Garden City Heritage Foundation, which owns and manages

2923-408: The company requested them. The company's layout plan was not underpinned by any statutory town planning role, but was instead a statement of intent from a private landowning company laying out its land as it wished. The relationship between the company and the council began to change after the Second World War, as more town planning functions were given to councils and utilities nationalised. In 1949,

3002-440: The council built Letchworth Town Hall on Broadway to act as its meeting place and offices. The building stands in a prominent position overlooking Broadway Gardens in the centre of the town. The urban district was enlarged on 1 April 1935 by the abolition of Willian parish (which had already been reduced in 1908), plus smaller areas from other adjoining parishes. The council was granted a coat of arms on 11 December 1944. Over

3081-482: The council's new arms in May 2010, by which time the process of abolishing the council was already underway. The design includes the three magnets from Ebenezer Howard's diagram on a green background with a black squirrel. Since 2013, the town has therefore once again been an unparished area, directly administered by North Hertfordshire District Council, as it had been between 1974 and 2005. The 13 Letchworth councillors on

3160-491: The council, which took over three years, including legal action being taken and public consultation. The parish of Letchworth Garden City and its town council were eventually abolished on 31 March 2013. Shortly before the 2009 election, the town council had petitioned the College of Arms for a coat of arms , having found they were unable to use the former coat of arms of Letchworth Urban District Council. The college issued

3239-571: The course of its existence, the urban district council built nearly 5,000 homes in the town. Letchworth Urban District was abolished by the Local Government Act 1972 , with the area merging with the urban districts of Hitchin , Baldock and Royston and the Hitchin Rural District to become the new district of North Hertfordshire on 1 April 1974. With over 30% of the population of the new district, Letchworth

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3318-502: The district council meet as the Letchworth Committee. The current arrangements have evolved from one of Letchworth Garden City's founding principles, that the profits from the town should be used for the benefit of the residents. First Garden City Limited was founded in 1903 to purchase the land and develop the town. Once the garden city was substantially complete it was envisaged that the estate would be transferred to

3397-408: The early 1980s. Some of the vacated factory sites were redeveloped as business parks and serviced offices, and the town's economy shifted away from a small number of large manufacturing businesses to a large number of smaller office-based businesses. Early housing development in Letchworth largely followed Unwin and Parker's masterplan. The first houses built after the founding of the garden city were

3476-413: The end of Broadway. The first new houses were occupied in July 1904. The following month First Garden City Limited held a vote amongst shareholders and residents on what name the new garden city should take. Several options were proposed, including "Garden City", "Homeworth" and "Alseopolis". The chosen name was "Letchworth (Garden City)". The company adopted this as its name for the town, but adoption of

3555-492: The environmental quality of the countryside, in contrast to most industrial cities of the time. The town's initial layout was designed by Raymond Unwin and Barry Parker . It includes the United Kingdom's first roundabout , Sollershott Circus, which was built c.  1909 . The layout for Letchworth incorporates extensive parkland and open spaces, including Norton Common and Howard Park . A takeover of First Garden City Limited in 1960 led to significant changes in how

3634-591: The estate and the company proposed to the county council that much of the estate's agricultural belt could be developed, allowing the town to grow to 60,000 people rather than the 32,000 which had originally been envisaged. In response, the Letchworth Urban District Council began a campaign to restore the original ethos of the garden city to the estate. It enlisted the support of the local Member of Parliament, Martin Maddan , who sponsored

3713-457: The estate today. Letchworth today retains large business areas providing jobs in a variety of sectors, and the landlord's profits are reinvested for the benefit of the community by the Heritage Foundation. The town lies 32 miles (51 km) north of London , on the railway linking London to Cambridge , and it also adjoins the A1 road , making it relatively popular with commuters. Residential areas in

3792-584: The estate was compulsorily purchased from First Garden City Limited by Letchworth Urban District Council. In 1959, land to the south-east of the town was also compulsorily purchased for the development of the Jackmans estate, another large council estate, with funding provided by London County Council as the area was to accommodate London overspill . The Jackmans estate was developed on the " Radburn principle " which had been pioneered in Radburn, New Jersey ,

3871-763: The exhibitions was significant in leading the Daily Mail to launch the Ideal Home Exhibition (which later became the Ideal Home Show ), in 1908. One possible visitor to the fledgling town was Lenin , who was reputed to have visited during May 1907 whilst attending the Fifth Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party in London. Contemporary evidence confirming the visit is lacking, but

3950-609: The factory was also involved in producing parachutes and decoding machinery. The town attracted and developed a diverse range of industries. Other significant early businesses included: The biggest employer for a number of years was the British Tabulating Machine Company , which moved from London to Letchworth in 1920. In 1958, it merged with Powers-Samas to become International Computers and Tabulators (ICT) and finally became part of International Computers Limited (ICL) in 1969. A power station

4029-481: The historic character of the area, for example by ensuring that newly constructed buildings are of a high quality design. Conservation area status also removes some permitted development rights that apply in undesignated areas. In England, conservation area consent was abolished by the ERR Act (1) and replaced with a requirement for planning permission for demolition of a building in a conservation area (1). In Wales,

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4108-762: The historic environment' of the National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF) and (for Wales) in Welsh Office Circular 61/96 – Planning and the Historic Environment: Historic Buildings and Conservation Areas . There are additional planning controls over certain works carried out within the conservation area. For example, demolition within conservation areas requires consent. The designation does not preclude development from taking place, but does require that developments preserve or enhance

4187-498: The identity of historic towns: "No building within an 'area of special preservation' should be demolished or altered in such a way as to materially detract from the contribution it makes to the group value of the street." The Civic Amenities Act 1967 introduced the concept of conservation areas, and in September of that year the first designation was made, covering the "old town" area of Stamford, Lincolnshire . The legislation

4266-475: The land in Letchworth and the neighbouring parishes of Willian and Norton was purchased by a company called First Garden City Limited, founded by Ebenezer Howard and his supporters with the aim of building the first "garden city", following the principles Howard had set out in his 1898 book, To-morrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform . Their aim was to create a new type of settlement which provided jobs, services, and good housing for residents, whilst retaining

4345-442: The name was not universal. The legal name of the civil parish and (after 1919) urban district remained simply "Letchworth". First Garden City Limited also gradually dropped the "(Garden City)" suffix from the name, partly reflecting common usage, and partly taking the view that as the town matured it should not permanently be seen as an experiment. Similarly, the town's railway station was initially called "Letchworth (Garden City)", but

4424-503: The nearby Wilbury Hills Cemetery. In 2013 the cemetery featured in an episode of the BBC series Who Do You Think You Are? when the actress Una Stubbs visited the grave of her great-grandfather, garden city pioneer Sir Ebenezer Howard . 51°58′45″N 0°15′01″W  /  51.97917°N 0.25028°W  / 51.97917; -0.25028 Letchworth Garden City Letchworth Garden City , commonly known as Letchworth ,

4503-711: The radical spirit of the early town. The first new place of worship to be built was the Free Church, built in 1905 (later rebuilt in 1923). It was followed in 1907 by 'Howgills' , the Meeting House for the Society of Friends . Letchworth's founding citizens, attracted by the promise of a better life, were often caricatured by outsiders as idealistic and otherworldly. John Betjeman in his poems Group Life: Letchworth and Huxley Hall painted Letchworth people as earnest health freaks. One commonly-cited example of this

4582-425: The requirement for conservation area consent remains. The circumstances in which such planning permission is required and the consequences of failing to apply for it when it is needed are the same as applied to conservation area consent. Local authorities are chiefly responsible for designating conservation areas. They can designate any area of 'special architectural or historic interest' whose character or appearance

4661-476: The resources and priorities of the local authority, and many fail to meet expectations. A conservation area may have a conservation area advisory committee , a non-elected body of people, some of whom may be expert, who are concerned about the conservation in the particular area. Historic England maintains an "at risk" register which includes conservation areas. The law generally requires that anyone proposing to cut down or carry out any work on any tree, with

4740-530: The site of an earlier building. The original dedication of the church is unknown, but it was rededicated to St Mary during the First World War. The village was along Letchworth Lane, stretching from St Mary's and the adjoining medieval manor house of Letchworth Hall up to the staggered crossroads of Letchworth Lane, Hitchin Road, Baldock Road and Spring Road. Letchworth was a relatively small parish, having

4819-494: The south of the town. This area south of the town was significantly enlarged by the Lordship and Manor Park estates, begun in 1971. Following the completion of these developments in the 1980s, most new housing in the town has been on previously-developed land, as sites vacated by closed schools and businesses have been redeveloped. Innovation in Letchworth was not confined to the design of buildings. The 1904 layout plan included

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4898-547: The south-west of the town centre towards Letchworth village was an area of larger individually-designed houses for the upper middle classes. After the Second World War the focus for new development was on large council estates . To the north of the town work began on the Grange estate in 1947. The estate included its own primary schools, recreation ground, public house and a neighbourhood shopping centre. The land for

4977-489: The town are included in conservation areas in recognition of their quality, but the town also contains four of the five poorest-scoring neighbourhoods in North Hertfordshire for deprivation , in parts of the Jackmans estate, Grange estate and Wilbury area. The town has extensive parkland and open spaces, with Norton Common and Howard Park being two of the largest open spaces in the town, both of which hold

5056-403: The town are mixed; large parts of the town are included in conservation areas in recognition of their quality, but the town also contains four of the five poorest-scoring neighbourhoods in North Hertfordshire for deprivation . As the world's first garden city, Letchworth has had a notable impact on town planning and the new towns movement ; it influenced nearby Welwyn Garden City , which used

5135-406: The town had a town council . The council was created following a petition organised by a group of people dissatisfied with how the town was being managed by the Heritage Foundation. Opponents felt that the town council itself was an unnecessary layer of administration. Those opposed to the town council won 22 of the 24 seats on the council at the election in 2009 and began the process of abolishing

5214-584: The town in 1973. This led to investment in a number of town amenities, including a working farm tourist attraction opened at Standalone Farm (1980), the North Herts Leisure Centre (1982), and a free hospital, the Ernest Gardiner Day Hospital (1984). The Broadway cinema was extensively refurbished in 1996, and the Heritage Foundation has also supported several projects to enhance the town centre. Large parts of

5293-466: The town's border. The ban was finally lifted after a referendum in 1957, which led to the opening of the Broadway Hotel in 1962 as the first public house in the centre of the Garden City. Several other public houses have opened since then, but to this day the town centre has relatively few pubs for a town of its size. One of the most prominent industries to arrive in the town in the early years

5372-455: The world's first garden city, Letchworth had a notable influence on town planning and the new towns movement in the twentieth century. It directly influenced Welwyn Garden City , founded by Ebenezer Howard in 1920 using a similar model to Letchworth, and Hampstead Garden Suburb , founded in 1906 and also designed to a layout by Raymond Unwin and Barry Parker. Aspects of Letchworth's approach to blending town and county were subsequently used in

5451-544: Was an ancient parish in the hundred of Broadwater . The parish also had a detached portion at Burleigh Farm, between Langley and Knebworth , some 6 miles (9.7 km) to the south of the rest of the parish. The parish of Letchworth was included in the Hitchin Poor Law Union from 1835. It therefore became part of the Hitchin Rural District under the Local Government Act 1894 . The 1894 Act also created parish councils, but Letchworth's population

5530-434: Was below the threshold to be given one, and so it only had a parish meeting . Following the commencement of work on Letchworth Garden City in 1903, the area purchased for the new town straddled the parishes of Letchworth, Willian and Norton. An unofficial "Residents' Union" or "Residents' Council" for the town was established in June 1905. The civil parish of Letchworth was substantially enlarged on 1 April 1908 to take over

5609-486: Was built in 1903 on the Great Northern Railway's Hitchin, Royston and Cambridge branch line, which crosses the middle of the garden city estate. Initially, services were irregular special trains for excursions and construction workers. A more substantial temporary wooden station was opened in 1905 with a regular passenger service. The current railway station was built in 1912 in a prominent location at

5688-416: Was built in the 1920s on Works Road to supply electricity. There were two coal-fired generators, called Letchworth A and Letchworth B, with rated outputs of 8 megawatts (MW) and 13 MW respectively. Letchworth A was decommissioned in 1968, followed by Letchworth B in 1974. A gas turbine power station was then built on the site, with two 70 MW turbines and two reinforced concrete chimneys. The first turbine

5767-436: Was commissioned in 1978. Output peaked during the 1984–1985 miners' strike . The power station was demolished in 2007. During the 1970s and 1980s, many of the town's large manufacturing businesses closed. The Kryn and Lahy Steel Foundry closed in 1979. Spirella and ICL both closed their factories in 1989. Borg-Warner also closed its factory during this period. The town went through a period of relatively high unemployment in

5846-436: Was made an urban district . Letchworth Urban District Council was formed to replace the parish council and also took over district-level responsibilities from the Hitchin Rural District Council. The first urban district council had 15 councillors: nine "all party", four Labour , and two independent . The first chairman was Charles Ball, a Conservative, who had been the chairman of the old parish council since 1916. In 1935,

5925-560: Was refined by section 277 of the Town and Country Planning Act 1971 , which in turn was superseded by the Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 1990. The current legislation in England and Wales, the Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 1990 (sections 69 and 70), defines the quality of a conservation area as being: "the character or appearance of which it

6004-523: Was renamed "Letchworth" in 1937. The station is now known as Letchworth Garden City, with direct trains to Brighton via St Pancras International and terminating trains to King's Cross to the South, and Cambridge and King's Lynn to the North. Ebenezer Howard's wife, Lizzie (Eliza Ann Bills), died in November 1904 in London, shortly before she had been due to move to a new house in Letchworth with her husband. As

6083-463: Was successful, with the name of the railway station being changed in 1999 and the SG6 post town changing from Letchworth to Letchworth Garden City in 2003, the town's centenary year. There are two tiers of local government covering Letchworth, at district and county level: North Hertfordshire District Council and Hertfordshire County Council . In addition to these local government bodies , Letchworth

6162-590: Was the manufacture of corsets ; the Spirella Company, an American business, founded its British subsidiary in the town in 1910. In 1912, they built the first phase of a large factory, the Spirella Building , designed by Cecil Hignett in the Arts and Crafts style. It was completed in 1920. The building's prominence in the town led to it being nicknamed "Castle Corset". During the Second World War ,

6241-549: Was too large to be given a successor parish , and so it became an unparished area , governed directly by North Hertfordshire District Council , with county level services provided by Hertfordshire County Council . North Hertfordshire District Council established its headquarters in Letchworth in 1975 at the newly-built Council Offices on Gernon Road, which had been built as part of the Central Area (later Garden Square) Shopping Centre redevelopment. Between 2005 and 2013,

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