Misplaced Pages

#461538

84-535: Leyland Trucks is a medium- and heavy-duty truck manufacturer based in Leyland , Lancashire , United Kingdom. It can trace its origins back to the original Leyland Motors , which was founded in 1896, and subsequently evolved into British Leyland . After British Leyland became the Rover Group in 1986, the truck business was spun off and merged with DAF Trucks to form DAF NV , which operated as Leyland DAF in

168-405: A local government district , governed by a local board. Such local government districts were reconstituted as urban districts in 1894. Leyland Urban District was abolished in 1974 to become part of the new borough of South Ribble. No successor parish was created for the former urban district and so Leyland is directly administered by South Ribble Borough Council. Shortly before its abolition,

252-528: A Gothic plan with Renaissance decoration. In the course of the 17th century, the French classical style of François Mansart began to dominate; then, under Louis XIV, the grand French classical style, practiced by Jules Hardouin-Mansart , Louis Le Vau , and Claude Perrault , took center stage. Landmarks of the Gothic style, such as Notre-Dame, were modified with new interiors designed in the new style. Following

336-515: A few modern housing estates , but about 65% of the accommodation in the town was built in the 1970s. There are two tiers of local government covering Leyland, at district and county level: South Ribble Borough Council and Lancashire County Council . The borough council is based in Leyland, at the Civic Centre on West Paddock. Leyland was an ancient parish . In 1863 the parish was made

420-490: A flamboyant gothic ceiling. During the Middle Ages Prosperous French cities competed to build the largest cathedral or the highest tower. One of the drawbacks of French Gothic architecture was its cost; it required many skilled craftsmen working for decades. Due to downturns in the economy, a number of French cathedrals were begun but never finished. They also sometimes suffered when the ambitions of

504-408: A framework of stone armatures often in an ornate floral pattern, to help them resist the wind. Gothic windows were in a stone frame separate from the wall, not cut into the wall. The early windows were made of pieces of tinted glass, touched up with grisaille painting, and held in place by pieces of lead that outlined the figures. As the windows grew larger, more intense colors were used. After 1260,

588-557: A historian. He oversaw the reconstruction of the ambulatory of Saint-Denis, making it the first and most influential example of Gothic architecture in France. The first complete Gothic cathedral, Sens Cathedral , was finished shortly afterwards. Over the later course of the Capetian dynasty (1180 to 1328), three Kings: Philip Augustus (1180–1223), Louis IX of France (1226–1270), and Philip le Bel (1285–1314), established France as

672-566: A modern iron framework. Jules Verne was married in the church in 1857. The Gothic style emerged from innovative use of existing technologies, particularly the pointed arch and the rib vault . The rib vault was known in the earlier Romanesque period , but it was not widely or effectively used until the Gothic period. The crossed ribs of the vault carried the weight outwards and downwards, to clusters of supporting pillars and columns. The earlier rib vaults, used at Sens Cathedral and Notre-Dame Cathedral , had six compartments bordered by ribs and

756-589: A neo-Gothic residence for Napoleon III . This project was incomplete when Napoleon III was overthrown in 1870, but can be visited today. A large part of the Gothic architectural heritage of France, particularly the churches and monasteries, had been damaged or destroyed during the Revolution. Of the 300 churches in Paris in the 16th century, only 97 still were standing in 1800. The Basilica of St Denis had been stripped of its stained glass and monumental tombs, while

840-467: A new choir at the east end of the building, using the pointed arch and the rib vault in the construction of the choir and the ambulatory with radiating chapels. The use of rib vaults, and buttresses outside supporting the walls, allowed the elimination of the traditional walls between the chapels, and the installation of large stained glass windows. This gave the ambulatory a striking openness, light, and greater height. The builders then constructed

924-634: A single drawbridge. The entrance was also protected by a portcullis , which could be opened and closed. The walls at the bottom were often sloping, and protected with earthen barriers. A surviving example is the Château de Dourdan in the Seine-et-Marne department, near Nemours . After the end of the Hundred Years' War (1337–1453), with improvements in artillery, the castles lost most of their military importance. They remained as symbols of

SECTION 10

#1732793469462

1008-586: A spire surrounded by smaller towers, and its windows are decorated with ornate accolades or ornamental arches. Similarly, flamboyant town halls were found in Arras , Douai , and Saint-Quentin, Aisne , and across the border in Belgium in Brussels and Bruges . Unfortunately, many of the finest buildings were destroyed during World War I, due to their proximity to the front lines. Gothic features also appeared in

1092-636: A starry vault whose complex organization preceded by more than a century the Flamboyant Gothic. Tradition refers to this masterpiece as "palm tree" because the veins gush out of the smooth shaft of the column, like the fronds of palm trees. The largest civic building built in the Gothic style in France was the Palais des Papes (Palace of the Popes) in Avignon , constructed between 1252 and 1364, when

1176-473: A supporting arcade, allowing even higher walls and more windows. At Reims, the buttresses were given greater weight and strength by the addition of heavy stone pinnacles on top. These were often decorated with statues of angels, and became an important decorative element of the High Gothic style. Another practical and decorative element, the gargoyle , appeared; it was an ornamental rain spout that channeled

1260-409: A triple portal, decorated with columns in the form of statues of apostles and saints around the doorways, and biblical scenes crowded with statuary over the doorways. This triple portal was adopted by all the major cathedrals. A tympanum over the portal, crowded with sculptural figures illustrating a biblical story became a feature of Gothic cathedrals. Following the example of Amiens, the tympanum over

1344-535: Is Albi Cathedral in the Tarn Department , built between 1282 and 1480. It was originally constructed as a fortress, then transformed into a church. Due to a lack of suitable stone, it was constructed almost entirely of brick, and is one of the largest brick buildings in the world. In the Jacobins church of Toulouse , the grafting of a single apse of polygonal plan on a church with two vessels gave birth to

1428-688: Is 52 meters high, the tallest military tower in Europe. In the Phillipienne castle, other towers, usually round, were placed at the corners and along the walls, close enough together to support each other. The walls had two levels of walkways on the inside, an upper parapet with openings ( créneaux ) from which soldiers could watch or fire arrows on besiegers below; narrow openings ( merlons ) through which they could be sheltered as they fired arrows; and floor openings ( mâchicoulis ), from which they could drop rocks, burning oil or other objects on

1512-623: Is a Grade II listed building dating from 1882-85 by Charles Aldridge and Charles Deacon. It is constructed of stone and has green slate roofs with red ridge tiles. It is in a mixed Early English and early French Gothic style. Since July 2007, the former Primitive Methodist Church on Leyland Lane has been home to the Greek Orthodox Church of the Holy Apostles. Most of the residential dwellings in Leyland falls are semi-detached , detached and bungalows . There are

1596-521: Is a marker adjacent to the old Leyland Motors Spurrier works at the halfway point on the railway journey between Glasgow and London, some 198 miles in either direction. John Fishwick & Sons which served the town's public transport needs, and connected the town to Chorley and Preston , ceased trading in 2015 and Stagecoach Merseyside & South Lancashire took over the route. Local news and television programmes are provided by BBC North West and ITV Granada . Television signals are received from

1680-519: Is owned by Paccar . Leyland is also home to one of the leading maintenance and utility companies in the United Kingdom, Enterprise plc on Centurion Way. The town has been home to the Dr. Oetker pizza factory on Marathon Place, Moss Side , since 1989. The town centre is dominated by the large Tesco Extra supermarket and adjacent car park. The Anglican church of St Ambrose, on Moss Lane,

1764-523: The Crusades . The new kind of fortification was called Phillipienne, after Philippe Auguste , who had taken part in the Crusades. The new fortifications were more geometric, usually square, with a high main donjon or tower, in the center, which could be defended even if the walls of the castle were captured. The donjon of the Château de Vincennes , begun by Philip VI of France , is a good example. It

SECTION 20

#1732793469462

1848-554: The St Andrew's Parish Church , built around 1200 AD, and the large stone Leyland Cross, thought to date back to Saxon times . The town is famous primarily for the bus and truck manufacturer Leyland Motors , which between the 1950s and 1970s expanded and grew to own several British motor manufacturers, including British Motor Corporation , Standard-Triumph and Rover , culminating in the massive British Leyland company. The truck business still operates today as Leyland Trucks , and

1932-529: The Winter Hill transmitter. Local radio stations are BBC Radio Lancashire on 103.9 FM, Heart North West on 96.9 FM, Smooth North West on 100.4 FM, Capital Manchester and Lancashire on 106.5 FM, Greatest Hits Radio Lancashire on 96.5 FM, Central Radio North West , an DAB station and Radio Leyland, a community based station which is broadcast on 104.8 FM. The Lancashire Telegraph and Lancashire Evening Post are main newspapers that cover

2016-522: The Île-de-France , not far north of Paris where, in 1137, the Abbé Suger began the reconstruction of the Carolingian -era abbey church. Just to the west of the original church, he began building a new structure with two towers, and then, from 1140 to 1144, he began to reconstruct the old church. Most of his modifications were traditional, but he made one remarkable innovation; he decided to create

2100-544: The 12th century, it came under the barony of Penwortham . The area of Worden, which is now Worden Park , was one of nine oxgangs of land granted to the Knights Hospitaller , by Roger de Lacy , in Lancashire , but the land was not assigned to any individual and a local man, who was a very close friend of de Lacy, Hugh Bussel, was assigned holder of the land in 1212. Notable features that remain include

2184-542: The 18th century. The best surviving examples are in Chartres Cathedral , in its original form, and in Amiens Cathedral , which was reconstructed in 1894. The portal sculpture of Burgundy integrates classical literary elements with its 13th-century Gothic style. In Auxerre , two such examples of sculptures are upon the cathedral of Saint-Étienne depicting Hercules , a satyr, and a sleeping faun;

2268-523: The Bible, but also included stories and figures from mythology and more complicated symbols taken from medieval philosophical and scientific teachings such as alchemy . The exteriors of cathedrals and other Gothic churches were decorated with sculptures of a variety of fabulous and frightening grotesques or monsters. These included the gargoyle , the chimera , the dragon , the tarasque , and others, taken largely from legend and mythology. They were part of

2352-582: The Biblical figures on the facade of Notre-Dame were beheaded, under the false belief that they were statues of the French Kings. Under Napoleon Bonaparte , the cathedrals were returned to the church, but were left in a lamentable state of repair. In the 13th century, the design of the chateau fort , or castle, was modified, based on the Byzantine and Moslem castles the French knights had seen during

2436-489: The Carmes-Deschaussé (1613–1620) on rue Vaugirard in Paris, and especially the church of St-Gervais-et-St-Protais by Salomon de Brosse (1615–21) with a facade based on the superposition of the three orders of classical architecture, represented the new model. However, the Gothic style remained prominent in new churches. The Church of Saint Eustache in Paris (1532–1640), which rivaled Notre-Dame in size, combined

2520-573: The Chartres– Reims cathedral's north transept illustrates the biblical tale of David and Bathsheba . The Sens Cathedral 's "Coronation of the Virgin" reflects a similar relief cathedral on the Notre Dame in Paris, and was created in a workshop that made minor contributions to Spanish Gothic architecture . Because of the lengthy period of construction of Gothic cathedrals, few were built in

2604-481: The Gothic of their country into four phases: British and American historians use similar periods. French scholars divide the Gothic of their country into four phases: British and American historians use similar periods. The French style was widely copied in other parts of northern Europe, particularly Germany and England. It was gradually supplanted as the dominant French style in the mid-16th century by French Renaissance architecture . French Gothic architecture

Leyland Trucks - Misplaced Pages Continue

2688-438: The Gothic style. Sens Cathedral was soon followed by Senlis Cathedral (begun 1160), and the most prominent of all, Notre-Dame Cathedral in Paris (begun 1160). Their builders abandoned the traditional plans and introduced the new Gothic elements. The builders of Notre Dame went further by introducing the flying buttress, heavy columns of support outside the walls connected by arches to the walls, which received and counterbalanced

2772-560: The Interior Minister, François Guizot , a professor of history at the Sorbonne. In 1833, Prosper Mérimée became its second Inspector, and by far the most energetic and long-lasting. He held the position for twenty-seven years. Under Louis Philippe, French Gothic architecture was officially recognized as a treasure of French culture. Under Mérimée's direction, the first efforts to restore major Gothic monuments began. In 1835,

2856-615: The Popes fled the political chaos and wars enveloping Rome. Given the complicated political situation, it combined the functions of a church, a seat of government and a fortress. In the 15th century, following the Late Gothic or Flamboyant period, some elements of Gothic decoration borrowed from cathedrals began to appear in civil architecture, particularly in the region of Flanders in northern France, and in Paris. The Hôtel de Ville of Compiègne has an imposing Gothic bell tower, featuring

2940-562: The Rayonnant Gothic are the two rose windows on the north and south of the transept of Notre-Dame Cathedral , whereas earlier rose windows, like those of Amiens Cathedral , were framed by stone and occupied only a portion of the wall, these two windows, with a delicate lacelike framework, occupied the entire space between the pillars. The Flamboyant Gothic style appeared beginning about 1350 and lasted until about 1500. Its characteristic features were more exuberant decoration, as

3024-581: The UK. After DAF NV was placed in administration in 1993, Leyland DAF was purchased in a management buyout and rebranded Leyland Trucks. It has been a subsidiary of Paccar since 1998. Leyland Trucks' origins were in Leyland Motors , which became part of the British Leyland (BLMC) conglomerate in 1968. Upon the restructuring of BL's successor company, Rover Group , the truck-making division

3108-411: The architects exceeded their technical skills. One example was Beauvais Cathedral . Its patrons and architects sought to build the tallest church in the world. with a vaulted choir 48 meters high, taller than its nearby competitor, Amiens Cathedral , at 42 meters. Work began in 1225 but the roof of the vault was too heavy for the walls, and partially collapsed in 1272. They thickened the walls and rebuilt

3192-537: The besiegers. The upper walls also had protected protruding balconies, échauguettes and bretèches , from which soldiers could see what was happening at the corners or on the ground below. In addition, the towers and walls were pierced with narrow vertical slits, called meurtrières , through which archers could fire arrows. In later castles, the slits took the form of crosses, so that archers could fire arbalètes , or crossbows , in different directions. Castles were surrounded by deep moats , spanned by

3276-490: The ceiling, both for greater support and decorative effect. Notable examples of Flamboyant Gothic include the western facade of Rouen Cathedral and Sainte-Chapelle de Vincennes in Paris, both built in the 1370s; and the Choir of Mont Saint Michel Abbey (about 1448). The most famous examples of Gothic architecture are found in the Île-de-France and Champagne , but other French regions created their own original versions of

3360-431: The central door of Notre-Dame features a statue of a woman on a throne holding a sceptre in her left hand, and in her right hand, two books, one open (symbol of public knowledge), and the other closed (esoteric knowledge), along with a ladder with seven steps, symbolizing the seven steps alchemists followed in their scientific quest of trying to transform ordinary metal into gold. Another common feature of Gothic cathedrals

3444-538: The central portal traditionally depicted the Last Judgement , the right portal showed the coronation of the Virgin Mary, and the left portal showed the lives of saints who were important in the diocese. Large stained glass windows and rose windows were another defining feature of the Gothic style. Some Gothic windows, like those at Chartres, were cut into the stone walls. Other windows, such as those in

Leyland Trucks - Misplaced Pages Continue

3528-400: The chapel of Sainte-Chapelle , attached to the royal residence on the Palais de la Cité . An elaborate system of exterior columns and arches reduced the walls of the upper chapel to a thin framework for the enormous windows. The weight of each of the masonry gables above the archivolt of the windows also helped the walls to resist the thrust and to distribute the weight. Other landmarks of

3612-412: The chapels of Notre-Dame and Reims, were in stone frames installed into the walls. The most common form was an oculus, a small round window with two lancets, or windows with pointed arches, just below it. The rose window was the most famous type of the Gothic style. They were placed in the transepts and the portals to provide light to the nave. The largest rose windows were ten meters in diameter. They had

3696-400: The church of Saint Séverin in Paris was among the first to undergo restoration, followed in 1836 by Sainte-Chapelle , which had been turned into a storage house for government archives after the Revolution. The restoration of Saint-Chapelle as led by Félix Duban with Jean-Baptiste Antoine Lassus and a young Eugène Viollet-le-Duc . In 1843, Lassus and Viollet-le-Duc won the competition for

3780-415: The church walls, and between the arcades below and the windows above. This allowed for greater height and thinner walls and contributed to the strong impression of verticality given by the newer Cathedrals. The second major innovation of the Gothic style was the flying buttress , which was first used at Notre-Dame Cathedral . This transferred the thrust of the weight of the roof outside the walls, where it

3864-438: The colors became lighter, and the combination of grisaille and pale shades of yellow became more common. Chartres Cathedral and Le Mans Cathedral have some of the finest surviving original windows. The Gothic cathedral was a liber pauperum , literally a "book for the poor", covered with sculpture illustrating biblical stories, for the vast majority of parishioners who were illiterate. These largely illustrated stories from

3948-475: The crossing arch, which transferred the weight to alternating columns and pillars. A new innovation appeared during the High Gothic: the four-part rib vault, which was used in Chartres Cathedral , Amiens Cathedral and Reims Cathedral . The ribs of this vault distributed the weight more equally to the four supporting pillars below and established a closer connection between the nave and the lower portions of

4032-657: The elaborate residences built by the nobility and wealthy bourgeoisie in Paris and other large cities. Examples include the Hôtel Cluny (now the Musée de Cluny – Musée national du Moyen Âge ) in Paris, and particularly the palatial house built by merchant Jacques Cœur in Bourges (1440–1450). Another good example in Paris is the Tour Jean-sans-Peur , a nobleman's townhouse, which features a Gothic watch tower and

4116-607: The historic province of Maine also features a distinctive regional Gothic style. It was begun in 1162 under King Henry II of England and Eleanor of Aquitaine . Its distinctive features, like those of Angevin Gothic, include convex vaults with ribs in decorative designs. Burgundy also had its own version of Gothic, found in Nevers Cathedral (1211–1331), Dijon Cathedral (1280–1325), Chalon Cathedral (1220–1522), and Auxerre Cathedral (13th-16th century). The Burgundian Gothic tended to be more sober and monumental than

4200-565: The influence of the Italian Renaissance . Charles VIII of France and Louis XII of France had both participated in military campaigns in Italy, and had seen the new architecture there. Large numbers of Italian stonemasons had come to Paris to work on the new Pont Notre-Dame (1507–1512) and other construction sites. The Fontaine des Innocents , built by sculptor Jean Goujon to celebrate the entrance of Henry II into Paris in 1549,

4284-402: The interior structure of cathedrals. Early Gothic cathedrals had the walls of the nave built in four levels: a gallery with columns on the ground level; then the tribune , a gallery with windows; then the triforium , a row of smaller windows; and finally the high windows, just below the vaults. During the High Gothic period, with the development of the four-part rib vault and the flying buttress,

SECTION 50

#1732793469462

4368-642: The major economic and political power on the Continent. The period also saw the founding of the University of Paris or Sorbonne . It produced the High Gothic and the Flamboyant Gothic styles, and the construction of some of the most famous cathedrals, including Chartres Cathedral , Reims Cathedral , and Amiens Cathedral . The birthplace of the new style was the Basilica of Saint-Denis in

4452-544: The more ornate northern style, and often included elements of earlier Romanesque churches on the same site, such as the Romanesque crypt beneath the Gothic choir at Auxerre Cathedral . Other Burgundian features included colourful tile roofs in geometric patterns ( Langres Cathedral ). The south of France had its own distinct variation of the Gothic style: the Meriodonal or Southern French Gothic . A prominent example

4536-425: The most prolific neo-Gothic architect in France, constructing Saint-Nicolas de Nantes (1840), Sacré-Coeur de Moulins (1849), Saint-Pierre de Dijon (1850), Saint-Jean-Baptiste de Belleville (1853) and the Église de Cusset (1855). The Saint-Eugene-Sainte-Cécile in Paris by Louis-Auguste Boileau and Adrien-Louis Lasson (1854–1855) was the most innovative example of neo-Gothic; it combined a traditional Gothic design with

4620-400: The nave and collateral aisles, alternating pillars and doubled columns to support the vaults, and flying buttresses. But note, much of the ambulatory is still Romanesque, and all adjacent chapels are younger. One of the builders believed to have worked on that Cathedral, William of Sens , later traveled to England and became the architect who reconstructed the choir of Canterbury Cathedral in

4704-419: The nave of the church, also using rib vaults. It was constructed in four levels; the arcades on the ground floor whose two rows of columns received the ribs of the ceiling vaults; the tribune above it, a gallery which concealed the massive contreforts or buttresses which pressed against the walls; the triforium , another, narrower gallery; and, just below the ceiling, the claire-voie or clerestorey , where

4788-523: The new cathedrals taller, wider, and more full of light. At Chartres, the use of the flying buttresses allowed the elimination of the tribune level, which allowed much higher arcades and nave, and larger windows. The pillars were made of a central column surrounded by four more slender columns, which reached up to support the arches of the vaulted ceiling. The rib vault changed from six to four ribs, simpler and stronger. The flying buttresses at Amiens and Chartes were strengthened by an additional arch and with

4872-586: The new fashion of his patron, Louis XIV, the poet Molière ridiculed the Gothic style in a 1669 poem: "...the insipid taste of Gothic ornamentation, these odious monstrosities of an ignorant age, produced by the torrents of barbarism...". During the French Revolution , Gothic churches were symbols of the old regime and became targets for the Revolutionaries; the cathedrals were nationalized, and stripped of ornament and valuables. The statues of

4956-443: The nobles and wealthy citizens of mostly northern French cities competed to build more and more elaborate churches and cathedrals. It took its name from the sinuous, flame-like designs which ornamented windows. Other new features included the arc en accolade , a window decorated with an arch, stone pinnacles and floral sculpture. It also featured an increase in the number of nervures , or ribs, that supported and decorated each vault of

5040-494: The popular success of the romantic novel Notre-Dame de Paris by Victor Hugo . In 1832, Hugo wrote an article for the Revue des deux Mondes , which declared war against the "massacre of ancient stones" and the "demolishers" of France's past. Louis Philippe declared that restoration of churches and other monuments would be a priority of his regime. In October 1830, the position of Inspector of Historical Monuments had been created by

5124-583: The province of Anjou features vaults with elegant decorative ribs, as well as ornate columns. The style is found in the interior of Angers Cathedral (1032–1523), though many of the Gothic elements of the facade were replaced with Renaissance elements and towers. A fine example of Angevin Gothic is found in the medieval Saint Jean Hospital in Angers, which now contains the Musée Jean-Lurçat, a museum of contemporary tapestries. Poitiers Cathedral in

SECTION 60

#1732793469462

5208-787: The railway station, library and shops nearby. The other areas include Broadfield, Moss Side , Worden Park , Turpin Green and the Wade Hall estate. Having been joined by Clayton Brook, draining the village of the same name to the east, after skirting Lostock Hall , the River Lostock flows south west, past Farington and through the western suburbs of the Leyland, collecting Mill Brook (from Worden Park ) and Hollin's Brook (draining Runshaw Moor), before moving west towards Croston . Notable people who have grown up or lived in Leyland include: French Gothic French scholars divide

5292-574: The rank of their noble occupants; the narrowing openings in the walls were often widened into the windows of bedchambers and ceremonial halls. The tower of the Chateau of Vincennes became a royal residence. In the 19th century, portions of the Gothic walls and towers of the Cité de Carcassonne were restored, with some modification, by Eugène Viollet-le-Duc . He also rebuilt the Château de Pierrefonds (1393–1407), an unfinished medieval castle, making it into

5376-449: The restoration of Notre-Dame de Paris . Over the rest of the 19th century, all of the major Gothic cathedrals of France underwent extensive restoration. French Gothic architecture also experienced a modest revival, largely confined to new churches. Neo-Gothic churches built in Paris included Sainte-Clothilde by Theodore Ballu (1841–1857), and Saint-Laurent, Paris by Simon-Claude-Constant Dufeux (1862–1865). Jean-Baptiste Lassus became

5460-401: The second half of the 13th century until the 1370s, is termed Rayonnant ("Radiant") in both French and English, describing the radiating pattern of the tracery in the stained glass windows, and also describing the tendency toward the use of more and more stained glass and less masonry in the design of the structure, until the walls seemed entirely made of glass. The most celebrated example was

5544-436: The statues on the façade of the cathedral of Notre-Dame de Paris had been beheaded and taken down. Throughout the country, churches and monasteries had been demolished or turned into barns, cafes, schools, or prisons. The first effort to catalogue the remaining monuments was made in 1816 by Alexandre de Laborde, who wrote the first list of "Monuments of France". In 1831, interest in Gothic architecture grew even greater following

5628-577: The style. Normandy at the end of the 12th century saw the construction of several notable Gothic cathedrals and churches. The characteristic features of Norman Gothic were sharply pointed arches, lavish use of decorative molding, and walls pierced with numerous passages. Norman architects and builders were active not only in Normandy, but also across the Channel in England. The high-quality Norman stone

5712-698: The thrust from the rib vaults of the roof. This allowed the builders to construct higher walls and larger windows. The second phase of Gothic in France is called Gothique Classique or Classic Gothic . The similar phase in English is called High Gothic . From the end of the 12th century until the middle of the 13th century, the Gothic style spread from the cathedrals in Île-de-France to appear in other cities of northern France, notably Chartres Cathedral (begun 1200); Bourges Cathedral (1195 to 1230), Reims Cathedral (1211–1275), and Amiens Cathedral (begun 1250); The characteristic Gothic elements were refined to make

5796-405: The town. High schools in Leyland include Balshaw's CE High School near Leyland Cross, St Mary's Catholic High School , Worden Academy , a smaller high school situated to the west of the town and Wellfield Academy near the town centre. To the east of Worden Park is Runshaw College . Leyland is made up by six different areas, the town centre itself counts as the main retail side, with

5880-483: The tribune was eliminated at Chartres and other new cathedrals, allowing taller windows and arcades. By the 15th century, at Rouen Cathedral, the triforium also disappeared, and the walls between the traverses were filled with high windows. Another innovative feature of the French Gothic cathedral was the design of the portal or entry, which by long Christian tradition faced west. The Basilica of St Denis had

5964-495: The upper parts of the choir and the whole nave had to be renewed because of signs of decay; the new upper choir (on the arcades of the Primary Gothic) was built with a triforium with windows. This was the onset of Rayonnant style (see below). The first cathedral constructed in the new style was Sens Cathedral , begun between 1135 and 1140 and consecrated in 1160. It featured a Gothic choir, and six-part rib vaults over

6048-555: The urban district council had built itself a new headquarters on West Paddock, which subsequently became the South Ribble Civic Centre. Leyland railway station is on the West Coast Main Line and is operated by Northern . There is one train an hour between Liverpool Lime Street and Preston . There is also one train an hour from Manchester Victoria / Hazel Grove to Blackpool North . There

6132-461: The vault and in 1569 they completed a tower, 72 meters high, which from 1569 to 1573 made Beauvais Cathedral the tallest structure in the world. However, in 1573, the new tower collapsed, fortunately without any casualties. The church remains today as it was, with the choir, some of the ambulatory, apse, some chapels, but no nave or tower. Beginning in the 1530s, the Flamboyant Gothic style of French religious and civil architecture also began to show

6216-463: The visual message for the illiterate worshippers, symbols of the evil and danger that threatened those who did not follow the teachings of the church. The gargoyle also had a more practical purpose. They were the rain spouts of the Cathedral; rainwater ran from the roof into lead gutters, then down channels on the flying buttresses to the mouths of the gargoyles. The longer the gargoyle, the farther

6300-431: The water from the roof away from the building. At Amiens, the windows of the nave were made larger, and an additional row of clear glass windows (the claire-voie ) flooded the interior with light. The new structural technologies allowed the enlargement of the transepts and the choirs at the east end of the cathedrals, creating the space for a ring of well-lit chapels. The third period of French Gothic architecture, from

6384-511: The water was projected from the walls, protecting the walls and windows from water damage. Multiple numbers were used to distribute the water as widely as possible. Amid all the religious figures, some of the sculptural decoration was devoted to illustrating medieval science and philosophy. The porch of Notre-Dame Cathedral in Paris and of Amiens Cathedral are decorated with similar small carved figures holding circular plaques with symbols of transformation taken from alchemy. The central pillar of

6468-407: The windows were located. The resulting greater height and light differed dramatically from the heaviness of Romanesque architecture. On the facade of the church, Suger introduced another innovation; he used columns in the form of statues of saints to decorate the portal of the church, adding a new element of verticality to the facade. This idea too was soon copied in new cathedrals. Ninety years later,

6552-543: Was 35,578 at the 2011 Census. The name of the town is Anglo-Saxon , meaning "untilled land". Leyland was an area of fields, with Roman roads passing through, from ancient Wigan to Walton-le-Dale . It is mentioned in the Domesday Book (1085). In 1066, King Edward the Confessor presided over the whole of Leyland. The manor was divided into three large ploughlands, which were controlled by local noblemen. In

6636-755: Was a design of a labyrinth , usually found in stone on the floor in a central part of the cathedral. Inspired by the labyrinth in Greek legend constructed by King Minos as the home of the Minotaur , in cathedrals they were known as the "Path of Jerusalem" and symbolized the difficult and often roundabout path that a Christian sometimes had to follow in life to reach the gates of Paradise and salvation. Large labyrinths were originally found in Auxerre Cathedral , Sens Cathedral , Reims Cathedral , and Arras Cathedral , but these removed during various renovations in

6720-515: Was countered by the weight of the buttress. Heavy stone pinnacles were added to the top of the buttresses, to precisely counterbalance the thrust from inside the walls. The buttress allowed a significant reduction in the thickness of the cathedral walls, and permitted the use of larger windows in the interior of the church. In churches such as Sainte Chapelle , due to buttresses, the walls were made almost entirely of stained glass. The development of rib-vaults and buttresses brought gradual changes to

6804-399: Was cut and transported to England for use in English cathedrals. Notable examples of Norman Gothic include Lisieux Cathedral , Fécamp Abbey , the chevet of Abbey of Saint-Étienne, Caen ; Rouen Cathedral ; Coutances Cathedral , the chevet of Le Mans Cathedral ; Bayeux Cathedral ; and the celebrated monastery at Mont-Saint-Michel . The Angevin Gothic style or Plantagenet style in

6888-535: Was divested by way of a merger with DAF Trucks in 1987 to form Leyland DAF , under the ownership of DAF NV . When DAF NV was placed in administration in February 1993, Leyland Trucks emerged as an independent company. Leyland, Lancashire Leyland ( / ˈ l eɪ l ən d / LAY -lənd ) is a town in South Ribble , Lancashire , England, 6 miles (10 km) south of Preston . The population

6972-585: Was the first Renaissance monument in the city. It was soon followed by the new facade of the Cour Carré of the Louvre , also decorated by Jean Goujon . The new Paris Hotel de Ville (1533–1568) was also constructed in an Italianate rather than Gothic style. Most important of all, the new Tuileries Palace by Philippe Delorme , built for Catherine de' Medici , begun in 1564, was inspired by Italian palaces. Religious buildings were slower to change. The Church of

7056-517: Was the result of the emergence in the 12th century of a powerful French state centered in the Île-de-France . During the reign of Louis VI of France (1081–1137), Paris was the principal residence of the Kings of France, Reims the place of coronation, and the Abbey of Saint-Denis became their ceremonial burial place. The Abbot of Saint-Denis, Suger , was a counselor of Louis VI and Louis VII, as well as

#461538