Lee Hoi-chang ( Korean pronunciation: [i.hø.tɕʰaŋ] ; born June 2, 1935) is a South Korean politician and lawyer who served as the 26th Prime Minister of South Korea from 1993 to 1994. He was a presidential candidate in the 15th , 16th and 17th presidential elections of South Korea. Prior to his presidential campaigns, Lee served as Supreme Court Justice of the Supreme Court of Korea .
23-520: Lee was born to an elite family in Seoheung, Hwanghae (part of what is now North Korea ), but grew up in the South after his father, Lee Hong-gyu, a public prosecutor, was appointed to a new post. Lee studied law at Seoul National University . Lee served as a judge from 1960 to 1980, when he became the country's youngest-ever Supreme Court Justice at the age of 46. In 1988, Lee was appointed Chairman of
46-513: A part of North Korea as well. Disputes between North and South Korean naval vessels often occur in this area.) In 1954, North Korea's Hwanghae Province was divided into North and South Hwanghae Provinces . Hwanghae was bounded by Pyeongan Province (after 1896 South Pyeongan ) on the north, Gangwon Province on the east, Gyeonggi Province on the south, and the Yellow Sea on the west. Eight Provinces of Korea During most of
69-406: Is detailed in the table below. The table below lists the eight provinces in romanized spelling, Hangul and Hanja ; the origin of their names; their capitals, dialects, and regional names; and the 13 provinces that replaced them in 1896. (The capitals and regional names are as of the mid 19th century. Since they were not official, other regional names were also used, but the ones in the table are
92-497: Is itself often used as a shorthand to denote Korea as a whole, or to describe the traditional folk culture of Korea's regions. Thus, one sometimes finds such expressions as: Cf. the four Provinces of Ireland —where reference to the ancient provinces is used to talk of the entire island of Ireland. Except Gyeonggi (see note 3 below), each province took its name from the initial Hanja ( Sino-Korean characters ) of two of its principal cities. The origin of each province's name
115-636: The Joseon dynasty , Korea was divided into eight provinces ( do ; 도 ; 道 ). The eight provinces ' boundaries remained unchanged for about 480 years from 1413 to 1895, and formed a geographic paradigm that is still reflected today in the Korean Peninsula 's administrative divisions, dialects, and regional distinctions. The names of all eight provinces are still preserved today, in one form or another. These eight historical provinces form both North and South Korea, and are not to be confused with
138-547: The National Election Commission . He was chosen to head the Board of Audit and Inspection under President Kim Young-sam in 1993. Lee's anti-corruption campaigns in that office gained him the nickname "Bamboo," a Korean term for an upright person of principle. Later in the same year, he was appointed prime minister , but resigned in 1994. His departure was attributed to a frustration with the exclusion of
161-488: The provinces that make up South Korea or North Korea . In 1413 (the 13th year of the reign of King Jeongjong ), the northeastern boundary of Korea was extended to the Tumen River . The country was reorganized into eight provinces: Chungcheong , Gangwon , Gyeonggi , Gyeongsang , Jeolla , P'unghae (renamed Hwanghae in 1417), P'yŏngan , and Yŏnggil (eventually renamed Hamgyŏng in 1509). For almost 500 years,
184-444: The right of his opponents, Lee criticized foreign aid to North Korea, arguing that such programs were fiscally burdensome and inappropriate while North Korea continued to pursue the development of nuclear weapons. His presidential bid posed a concern to the conservatives who were eager to regain the presidency after a decade of leftist rule, as it was feared Lee's candidacy would divide the conservative vote; however, Lee Myung-Bak won
207-590: The December 2002 elections, Lee subsequently announced his retirement from politics. On November 7, 2007, Lee officially announced his third campaign for the South Korean presidency as an unaligned candidate after quitting the GNP. Launching his campaign late in the race, some two months prior to the election, Lee joined GNP candidate Lee Myung-bak , UNDP contender Chung Dong-young , and Moon Kook-hyun . Running to
230-587: The December elections with 48.7% of the vote, while Lee Hoi-chang came in third, with approximately 15%. After his 2007 election bid, Lee founded the Liberty Forward Party . Lee has been described as a staunch conservative in the context of South Korean politics . His positions include anti-communism , support for free market capitalism , and a hard-line stance against North Korea. Lee repeatedly criticized Kim Dae-jung's " Sunshine Policy " of engagement and détente with North Korea, and argued for
253-416: The ancient kingdoms of Silla and Baekje respectively, due to historic, social, economic, and political differences, some of which have continued into the present day in more muted form. Most of the traditional provinces also had alternative regional names which are still used today (especially Honam , Yeongdong , and Yeongnam ), at least in speech, if not on paper. The term Paldo ("Eight Provinces")
SECTION 10
#1732780889933276-541: The cessation of foreign aid until the North should dismantle its nuclear weapon program . Lee has called for a crackdown on illegal strikes, and for the appointment of more women to government offices. Hwanghae Hwanghae Province ( Hwanghae-do [hwa̠ŋ.ɦɛ.do̞] ) was one of the Eight Provinces of Korea during the Joseon era. Hwanghae was located in the northwest of Korea. The provincial capital
299-423: The district was formed, and where more detailed information on the district is provided): The new system of districts did not last long, however, as one year later, on August 4, 1896, the former eight provinces were restored, with five of them (Chungcheong, Gyeongsang, Jeolla, Hamgyŏng, and P'yŏngan), being divided into north and south halves, to form a total of 13 provinces. This structure remained unchanged through
322-480: The eight-province system remained virtually unchanged. In 1895 (the 32nd year of the reign of King Gojong ), the five-century-old provincial system was abolished. On May 26 of that year—as part of the Gabo Reform —the country was redivided into 23 districts, each named for the city or county that was its capital. (Each district name in the following list links to the article on the province from which
345-732: The entire lifetime of the Korean Empire (1897–1910) and the Japanese Colonial Period (1910–1945). Since the end of World War II and the division of Korea in 1945, special cities and administrative regions and a handful of new provinces have been added in both the South and North . The boundaries between the eight provinces for the most part followed rivers, mountain chains, and other natural boundaries, and consequently corresponded closely to dialect and cultural divisions. Because of this natural fit between
368-511: The frontrunner in the race, although his performance in public polling took a hit amid revelations in September that two of his sons had been excused from mandatory military service for reporting for duty underweight, having each lost 22 pounds since their initial physical examinations. Lee ultimately lost to Kim Dae-Jung in the midst of the Asian economic crisis . Lee again campaigned to win
391-402: The mainland portion of Gyeonggi Province that had been part of Hwanghae before 1945, and the adjacent offshore islands (the largest of which is Baengnyeongdo ). As a result, the mainland portion reverted to North Korean control, while the islands remained a part of South Korea. (Since 1999, North Korea has claimed a more southerly Maritime Military Demarcation Line , which would make the islands
414-565: The office of the prime minister from policymaking, in particular concerning North Korea. In 1996, Lee led the parliamentary campaign of the then-ruling New Korea Party (NKP), which merged with the United Democratic Party to become the Grand National Party (GNP) in 1997. Lee was elected as his party's presidential candidate for the presidential election scheduled for that same year. Lee was initially considered
437-693: The presidency in 2002, running against Roh Moo-hyun of the incumbent Millennium Democratic Party . Although corruption scandals marred the incumbent government, Lee's campaign suffered from the wave of Anti-American sentiment in Korea generated by the Yangju highway incident . Public opinion of Lee, who was widely seen as being both pro-U.S. and the preferred candidate of the George W. Bush Administration in Washington, D.C. , suffered. After losing to Roh by 2% in
460-488: The provincial boundaries and the "real world," most of the provincial boundaries and names have survived in one form or another down to today, and most Koreans are keenly aware of the regional and dialect distinctions that still exist. For example, a regional rivalry (akin to that between the Northeast United States and Southern United States ) exists between Gyeongsang and Jeolla residents, sites of
483-403: The west and Gaeseong ( 개성부 ; 開城府 ; Gaeseong-bu ) in the east, but in 1896, a new system of thirteen provinces was established, and Hwanghae Province was reconstituted. In 1945, Korea was divided into Soviet and American zones of occupation, north and south respectively of the 38th parallel . The southernmost part of Hwanghae (around the towns of Ongjin and Yonan County )
SECTION 20
#1732780889933506-489: Was Haeju . The regional name for the province was Haeseo . In 1395, the province was organized as Punghae ( 풍해도 ; 豐海道 ; Punghae-do ). In 1417, the province was renamed Hwanghae. The name derived from the names of the two principal cities of Hwangju ( 황주 ; 黃州 ) and Haeju (해주 ; 海州 ). In 1895, the province was reorganized into the Districts of Haeju ( 해주부 ; 海州府 ; Haeju-bu ) in
529-552: Was cut off from the rest of the province by the dividing line and joined Gyeonggi Province in the southern half of the country. In 1948, Hwanghae and Gyeonggi Provinces became parts of the new countries of North and South Korea respectively. In 1953, at the end of the Korean War , the Northern Limit Line was established, which marked the maritime boundary between North and South Korea. The line runs between
#932067