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103-536: The term Gabo ( 갑오 ; 甲午 ) comes from the name of the year 1894 in the traditional sexagenary cycle . The disarray and blatant corruption in the Korean government, particularly in the three main areas of revenues – land tax , military service, and the state granary system – weighed heavily on the Korean peasantry. Of special note is the corruption of the local functionaries ( Hyangi ) who could purchase an appointment as administrators and cloak their predations on

206-761: A sloop-of-war , USS  Concord . During this period, while in port in Russian Kronstadt , Perry was offered a commission in the Imperial Russian Navy , which he declined. He spent 1833 to 1837 as second officer of the New York Navy Yard, later the Brooklyn Navy Yard , gaining a promotion to captain at the end of this tour. Perry had an ardent interest in and saw the need for naval education, supporting an apprentice system to train new seamen, and helped establish

309-805: A statue of Perry in Touro Park. It was designed by John Quincy Adams Ward , erected in 1869, and dedicated by his daughter. He was buried in Newport's Island Cemetery , near his parents and brother. There are also exhibits and research collections concerning his life at the Naval War College Museum and at the Newport Historical Society . Perry Street in Trenton, New Jersey is named in his honor. The U.S. Navy's Oliver Hazard Perry -class frigates (purchased in

412-581: A Korean independence faction known as the Progressive Party (Kaehwadang) as well as Conservative faction. While the former sought Japan's support, the latter sought China's support. On 4 December 1884, the Korean independence group, assisted by the Japanese , attempted a coup ( Kapsin Chongbyon ; Coup d'État of 1884) and established a pro-Japanese government under the reigning king, dedicated to

515-578: A cannon bursting, killing several men and wounding Rodgers, Perry and others. Perry transferred to USS  United States , commanded by Stephen Decatur , and saw little fighting in the war afterwards, since the ship was trapped in port at New London, Connecticut . Following the signing of the Treaty of Ghent which ended the war, Perry served on various vessels in the Mediterranean Sea . Perry served under Commodore William Bainbridge during

618-580: A date in this format. This use of the cycle for days is attested throughout the Zhou dynasty and remained common into the Han period for all documentary purposes that required dates specified to the day. Almost all the dates in the Spring and Autumn Annals , a chronological list of events from 722 to 481 BC, use this system in combination with regnal years and months ( lunations ) to record dates. Eclipses recorded in

721-642: A descendant of Mayflower passengers, both of whom were signers of the Mayflower Compact , Elder William Brewster , the Pilgrim colonist leader and spiritual elder of the Plymouth Colony, and George Soule , through Susannah Barber Perry. In 1809, Perry received a midshipman's warrant in the Navy and was initially assigned to USS  Revenge , under the command of his elder brother. He

824-568: A new law, Hongbeom 14jo (홍범 14조, "Exemplary Rules" 14 articles), which proclaimed the severance of the subordinate relationship with China, abolition of nepotism in government, and restructuring of government offices and their duties. With this law as the foundation, 213 new articles were created. The names of Uijeongbu and its subsidiaries were changed to the modern naegak (내각, cabinet) and bu (부, department). Administrative districts were reorganized to 23 bu (부, region) and 337 gun (군, district). New financial bureaus were installed throughout

927-570: A plot against 43-year-old Queen Min (later given the title Empress Myeongseong ), and on 8 October 1895, she was assassinated by Japanese agents. In 2001, Russian reports on the assassination were found in the archives of the Foreign Ministry of the Russian Federation. The documents included the testimony of King Gojong , several witnesses of the assassination, and Karl Ivanovich Weber 's report to Aleksey Lobanov-Rostovsky ,

1030-589: A report on the expedition in three volumes, titled Narrative of the Expedition of an American Squadron to the China Seas and Japan . He was promoted to rear admiral on the retired list when his health began to fail, as a reward for his service in the Far East. Living in his adopted home of New York City, Perry's health began to fail as he suffered from cirrhosis of the liver from heavy drinking. Perry

1133-489: A role in contemporary Chinese astrology and fortune telling . There are some parallels in this with Tamil calendar . Each term in the sexagenary cycle consists of two Chinese characters, the first being one of the ten Heavenly Stems of the Shang-era week and the second being one of the twelve Earthly Branches representing the years of Jupiter 's duodecennial orbital cycle. The first term jiǎzǐ ( 甲子 ) combines

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1236-584: A series of Seonbi scholars mobilized volunteers to fight against the external foreign influence on the government. This also led to the uprising of the Eulmi temporary armies aimed at avenging the assassination of Queen Min. Spurred greatly by the assassination of the queen and subsequent unrest, the government, then led by a new progressive cabinet headed by Kim Hong-jip and Yu Kil-chun , carried out reforms from October 1895 to February 1896. A special reform body, Gunguk Gimucheo ( 군국기무처 , Deliberative Council),

1339-588: A sexagenary grid diagram is annotated in three places to mark notable events. For example, the first year of the reign of Qin Shi Huang ( 秦始皇 ), 246 BC, is noted on the diagram next to the position of the 60-cycle term yǐmǎo ( 乙卯 , 52 of 60), corresponding to that year. Use of the cycle to record years became widespread for administrative time-keeping during the Western Han dynasty (202 BC – 8 AD). The count of years has continued uninterrupted ever since:

1442-527: A year rather than the full year promised, and with ten ships and 1,600 men. American leadership designed the show of force to "command fear" and "astound the Orientals." After initial resistance, Perry was permitted to land at Kanagawa , near the site of present-day Yokohama on March 8. The Convention of Kanagawa was signed on March 31. Perry signed as American plenipotentiary , and Hayashi Akira , also known by his title of Daigaku-no-kami , signed for

1545-474: A year, the earliest use of branches to indicate a twelve-fold division of a year was in the 2nd century BC. They were coordinated with the orientations of the Big Dipper , ( 建子月 : jiànzǐyuè , 建丑月 : jiànchǒuyuè , etc.). There are two systems of placing these months, the lunar one and the solar one. One system follows the ordinary Chinese lunar calendar and connects the names of the months directly to

1648-588: Is above 10, subtract 10 until the result is between 1 and 10. If the sum for the branches' N is above 12, subtract 12 until the result is between 1 and 12. For any date before October 15, 1582, use the Julian century column to find the row for that century's N. For dates after October 15, 1582, use the Gregorian century column to find the century's N. When looking at dates in January and February of leap years, use

1751-534: Is thought that the intimidation that the Japanese felt at the time could have influenced these portraits. Some portraits of Perry depict him as a tengu . However, the portraits of his crewmen are normal. When Perry returned to the United States after signing the Convention of Kanagawa , he brought with him diplomatic gifts, including art, pottery, textiles, musical instruments, and other artifacts now in

1854-620: Is traditionally explained by reference to pairing the stems and branches according to their yin and yang properties. This combination of two sub-cycles to generate a larger cycle and its use to record time have parallels in other calendrical systems, notably the Akan calendar . The sexagenary cycle is attested as a method of recording days from the earliest written records in China, records of divination on oracle bones , beginning c.  1100 BC . Almost every oracle bone inscription includes

1957-515: The Uijeongbu . The gwageo system was abolished and replaced by a Japanese bureaucratic system. The administration of financial affairs were centralized, the taxation system redressed, a new monetary system allowed the use of Japanese currency, and the measurement system was changed to that of Japan. Other social reforms were addressed as well; discrimination based on the class system, slavery, underage marriage were banned, and widows were granted

2060-501: The ganzhi or stems-and-branches is a cycle of sixty terms, each corresponding to one year, thus a total of sixty years for one cycle, historically used for recording time in China and the rest of the East Asian cultural sphere and Southeast Asia. It appears as a means of recording days in the first Chinese written texts, the oracle bones of the late second millennium BC Shang dynasty . Its use to record years began around

2163-603: The Christian religion on what they perceived as backward Asian nations. The Japanese were forewarned by the Dutch of Perry's voyage but were unwilling to change their 250-year-old policy of national seclusion . There was considerable internal debate in Japan on how best to meet this potential threat to Japan's economic and political sovereignty. On November 24, 1852, Perry embarked from Norfolk, Virginia , for Japan, in command of

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2266-484: The Donghak Peasant Revolution in 1894 provided a seminal pretext for direct military intervention by Japan in the affairs of Korea. Seeking redressal of long-standing hardship and corruption, disparate factions among the Korean peasant population coalesced into a militant force and revolted against the Korean administration. In April 1894, the Korean government asked for Chinese assistance in ending

2369-701: The East India Squadron in pursuit of a Japanese trade treaty. He chose the paddle-wheeled steam frigate Mississippi as his flagship and made port calls at Madeira (December 11–15), Saint Helena (January 10–11), Cape Town (January 24 – February 3), Mauritius (February 18–28), Ceylon (March 10–15), Singapore (March 25–29), Macao and Hong Kong (April 7–28). In Hong Kong he met with American-born Sinologist Samuel Wells Williams , who provided Chinese language translations of his official letters, and where he rendezvoused with Plymouth . He continued to Shanghai (May 4–17), where he met with

2472-533: The First Battle of Tabasco , and took part in the capture of Tampico on November 14, 1846. Perry had to return to Norfolk, Virginia , to make repairs and was there when the amphibious landings at Veracruz took place. His return to the U.S. gave his superiors the chance to give him orders to succeed Commodore Conner in command of the Home Squadron. Perry returned to the fleet, and his ship supported

2575-671: The Home Squadron had come to an end. However, the coming of the Mexican–American War persuaded the authorities not to change commanders in the face of the war. Perry, who eventually succeeded Conner, was made second-in-command and captained USS  Mississippi . Perry captured the Mexican city of Frontera , demonstrated against Tabasco , being defeated in San Juan Bautista by Colonel Juan Bautista Traconis in

2678-669: The Independence Club (독립협회, 獨立協會) in 1896. They claimed that Korea should negotiate with Western powers, particularly Russia, to counterbalance the growing influence of Japan and Russia. This club had contributed to the construction of Independence Gate , and they held regular meetings at the Jongno streets, demanding democratic reforms as Korea became a constitutional monarchy, and an end to Japanese and Russian influence in Korean affairs. In October 1897, King Gojong decided to return to his other palace, Deoksugung , and proclaimed

2781-560: The New Jersey coast. In June 1840, Perry received the title of commodore , when the Secretary of the Navy appointed him commandant of New York Navy Yard. The United States Navy did not have ranks higher than captain until 1857, so the title of commodore carried considerable importance. Officially, an officer would revert to his permanent rank after the squadron command assignment had ended, although in practice officers who received

2884-528: The Ryukyu Kingdom would be open to trade with the United States. Continuing on to the Ogasawara islands in mid-June, Perry met with the local inhabitants and purchased a plot of land. Perry reached Uraga at the entrance to Edo Bay in Japan on July 8, 1853. His actions at this crucial juncture were informed by a careful study of Japan's previous contacts with Western ships and what he knew about

2987-749: The Second Barbary War . He then served in African waters aboard USS Cyane during its patrol off Liberia from 1819 to 1820. After that cruise, Perry was sent to suppress piracy and the slave trade in the West Indies . From 1821 to 1825, Perry placed in commission and commanded USS  Shark , a schooner with 12 guns. He deployed to the West Africa Station to support the American and British joint patrols to suppress

3090-591: The de facto regent and inaugurated far-ranging reform to strengthen the central administration. Among his targeted reforms was addressing the inherited rule by a few elite ruling families by the adoption of a merit system for official appointments. In addition, Seowon (private academies), which threatened to develop a parallel system to the corrupt government and enjoyed special privileges and large land-holdings, were repressed through taxes despite bitter opposition from Confucian scholars. The decision to rebuild palace buildings and finance it through additional levies on

3193-576: The starboard side of the ship. The original flag was brought from the U.S. Naval Academy Museum to Japan for the Japan surrender ceremony and was displayed on that occasion at the request of Douglas MacArthur , who was a blood-relative of Perry. Today, the flag is preserved and on display at the Naval Academy Museum in Annapolis, Maryland . In the museum, the flag is displayed the 'wrong' way round. However, photographs show that at

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3296-748: The 13th century) also used the sexagenary cycle known as Lak-Ni. This traditional method of numbering days and years no longer has any significant role in modern Chinese time-keeping or the official calendar. However, the sexagenary cycle is used in the names of many historical events, such as the Chinese Xinhai Revolution , the Japanese Boshin War , the Korean Imjin War and the Vietnamese Famine of Ất Dậu , Tết Mậu Thân . It also continues to have

3399-607: The Americans would destroy them. He also fired blank shots from his 73 cannon, which he claimed was in celebration of the American Independence Day . Perry's ships were equipped with new Paixhans shell guns , cannons capable of wreaking great explosive destruction with every shell. He also ordered his ship boats to commence survey operations of the coastline and surrounding waters over the objections of local officials. Meanwhile, shōgun Tokugawa Ieyoshi

3502-590: The Annals demonstrate that continuity in the sexagenary day-count was unbroken from that period onwards. It is likely that this unbroken continuity went back still further to the first appearance of the sexagenary cycle during the Shang period. The use of the sexagenary cycle for recording years is much more recent. The earliest discovered documents showing this usage are among the silk manuscripts recovered from Mawangdui tomb 3 , sealed in 168 BC. In one of these documents,

3605-556: The Chinese Qing Dynasty, leading to the proclamation of full independence of Joseon Korea in 1895. At the same time, Japan suppressed the Donghak Revolution with Korean government forces. Though the revolt had ended, issues and complaints of the Korean peasant population remained un-addressed. The reforms were largely accomplished in three stages, according to the changing members of the reform council and

3708-706: The Donghak Peasant Revolt. In response, Japanese leaders, citing a violation of Convention of Tientsin as a pretext, decided upon military intervention to challenge China. China requested Japan to withdraw her troops; Japan refused and proposed that the Qing and Japan co-ordinate to reform the Korean government. The Qing refused. On 3 May 1894, 1,500 Qing dynasty forces appeared in Incheon . The same day, 6,000 Japanese forces also landed in Incheon leading to

3811-645: The Dutch-born American diplomat, Anton L. C. Portman, who translated his official letters into the Dutch language , and where he rendezvoused with Susquehanna . Perry then switched his flag to Susquehanna and made call at Naha on Great Lewchew Island (Ryukyu, now Okinawa ) from May 17–26. Ignoring the claims of Satsuma Domain to the islands, he demanded an audience with the Ryukyuan King Shō Tai at Shuri Castle and secured promises that

3914-543: The Empress and her allies. Motivated by resentment of the preferential treatment given to newly trained troops, Daewongun's forces, or "old military", killed Japanese training cadre and attacked the Japanese legation . Japanese diplomats, policemen, students and some Min clan members were also killed during the incident. Daewongun was restored to power briefly, only to be forcibly taken to China by Chinese troops dispatched to Seoul to prevent further disorder. In August 1882,

4017-574: The Foreign Minister of Russia. Weber was the chargé d'affaires at the Russian legation in Seoul at that time. According to a Russian eyewitness, Seredin-Sabatin (Середин-Cабатин), an employee of the Korean king, a group of Japanese agents entered Gyeongbokgung , killed Queen Min and desecrated her body in the north wing of the palace. When he heard the news, Heungseon Daewongun returned to

4120-434: The Japanese hierarchical culture. As he arrived, Perry ordered his ships to steam past Japanese lines towards the capital of Edo and turn their guns towards the town of Uraga. Perry refused Japanese demands to leave or to proceed to Nagasaki , the only Japanese port open to foreigners. Perry attempted to intimidate the Japanese by presenting them a white flag and a letter which told them that in case they chose to fight,

4223-412: The Japanese side. The celebratory events for the signing ceremony included a Kabuki play from the Japanese side and, from the American side, U.S. military band music and blackface minstrelsy. Perry departed, mistakenly believing the agreement had been made with imperial representatives, not understanding the true position of the shōgun , the de facto ruler of Japan. Perry then visited Hakodate on

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4326-488: The Japanese-Korean Treaty of Amity ( Nitchō-shūkōjōki ( 日朝修好条規 ) , Korean :  강화도조약 ; Hanja :  江華島條約 ; RR :  Ganghwado joyak ) was signed. It was designed to open up Korea to Japanese trade, and the rights granted to Japan under the treaty were similar to those granted to European powers in Japan following the visit of Commodore Matthew Perry in 1854. However,

4429-686: The Mexican–American War. Commander Franklin Buchanan was captain of Susquehanna . Joel Abbot , Perry's second in command, was captain of Macedonian . Commander Henry A. Adams was chief of staff with the title "Captain of the Fleet". Major Jacob Zeilin , future commandant of the United States Marine Corps, was the ranking Marine officer and was stationed on Mississippi . Perry returned on February 13, 1854, after only half

4532-814: The Naval Efficiency Board. He died awaiting further orders on March 4, 1858, in New York City , of rheumatic fever that had spread to the heart, compounded by complications of gout and alcoholism . Initially interred in a vault on the grounds of St. Mark's Church in-the-Bowery , in New York City, Perry's remains were moved to the Island Cemetery in Newport, Rhode Island , on March 21, 1866, along with those of his daughter, Anna, who died in 1839. In 1873, an elaborate monument

4635-552: The Sino-Japanese War. Japan deposed the Korean government and installed a new government which demanded the Qing leave, and began a programme of reform. Japan won the First Sino-Japanese War , and China signed the Treaty of Shimonoseki in 1895. Among its many stipulations, the treaty recognized "the full and complete independence and autonomy of Korea," thus ending Korea's tributary relationship with

4738-452: The Treaty of Chemulpo ( Japan–Korea Treaty of 1882 ) indemnified the families of the Japanese victims, paid reparation to the Japanese government in the amount of 500,000 yen and allowed a company of Japanese guards to be stationed at the Japanese legation in Seoul. The struggle between Heungseon Daewongun's followers and those of Empress Myeongseong was further complicated by competition from

4841-407: The United States in 1854. Perry was interested in the education of naval officers and assisted in the development of an apprentice system that helped establish the curriculum at the United States Naval Academy . With the advent of the steam engine , he became a leading advocate of modernizing the U.S. Navy and came to be considered "The Father of the Steam Navy" in the United States. Matthew Perry

4944-465: The Yangban, though commonly in the more urban areas. Arguably of greater influence were the religious teachings of Choe Je-u , (최제우, 崔濟愚, 1824–1864) called Donghak or "Eastern Learning" which became especially popular in rural areas. Themes of exclusionism (of foreign influences), nationalism , salvation, and social consciousness were promoted to allow illiterate farmers to understand the concepts and accept them more readily. Choi, like many Koreans,

5047-539: The area. On March 25, 1822, Perry sailed Shark to Key West and planted the U.S. flag, physically claiming the Florida Keys as United States territory. Perry renamed Cayo Hueso "Thompson's Island" for the Secretary of the Navy Smith Thompson and the harbor "Port Rodgers" for the president of the Board of Navy Commissioners . Neither name stuck however. From 1826 to 1827, Perry acted as fleet captain for Commodore Rodgers. In 1828, Perry returned to Charleston, South Carolina , for shore duty. In 1830, he took command of

5150-449: The assassination of Queen Myeongseong in 1895. After King Gojong and the Crown Prince fled for refuge to the Russian legation in 1896, this opposition resulted in the murders of Kim Hong-jip and other cabinet members, and the reformations came to an end. The Gabo Reform was similar to the Meiji Restoration in Japan and produced the following sweeping changes and declarations: After the Royal Refuge, some Korean activists established

5253-407: The beach at Kurihama where he was allowed to land on July 14, 1853. After presenting the letter to attending delegates, Perry departed for Hong Kong, promising to return the following year for the Japanese reply. On his way back to Japan, Perry anchored off Keelung in Formosa, known today as Taiwan , for ten days. Perry and crewmembers landed on Formosa and investigated the potential of mining

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5356-444: The bold & italic Feb and Jan . Algorithm for mental calculation Commodore Matthew Perry Matthew Calbraith Perry (April 10, 1794 – March 4, 1858) was a United States Navy officer who commanded ships in several wars, including the War of 1812 and the Mexican–American War . He played a leading role in the Perry Expedition that ended Japan's isolationism and the Convention of Kanagawa between Japan and

5459-400: The calendar was transmitted to Japan in 553. But it was not until the Suiko era that the calendar was used for politics. The year 604, when the Japanese officially adopted the Chinese calendar , was the first year of the cycle. The Korean ( 환갑; 還甲 hwangap ) and Japanese tradition ( 還暦 kanreki ) of celebrating the 60th birthday (literally 'return of calendar') reflects the influence of

5562-406: The central solar term ( 中氣 ; zhōngqì ). The jiànzǐyuè (( 建 ) 子月 ) is the month containing the winter solstice (i.e. the 冬至 Dōngzhì ) zhōngqì . The jiànchǒuyuè (( 建 ) 丑月 ) is the month of the following zhōngqì , which is Dàhán ( 大寒 ), while the jiànyínyuè (( 建 ) 寅月 ) is that of the Yǔshuǐ ( 雨水 ) zhōngqì , etc. Intercalary months have the same branch as the preceding month. In

5665-415: The city. In 1847, Perry was elected as an honorary member of the New York Society of the Cincinnati in recognition of his achievements during the Mexican War. In 1852, Perry was assigned a mission by American President Millard Fillmore to force the opening of Japanese ports to American trade, through the use of gunboat diplomacy if necessary. The growing commerce between the United States and China,

5768-569: The coal deposits in that area. He emphasized in his reports that Formosa provided a convenient, mid-way trade location. Perry's reports noted that the island was very defensible and could serve as a base for exploration in a similar way that Cuba had done for the Spanish in the Americas. Occupying Formosa could help the United States counter European monopolization of the major trade routes. The United States government failed to respond to Perry's proposal to claim sovereignty over Formosa. To command his fleet, Perry chose officers with whom he had served in

5871-417: The collection of the Smithsonian Institution . Pacific Overtures is a musical set in Japan beginning in 1853 and follows the difficult westernization of Japan, told from the point of view of the Japanese. A replica of Perry's U.S. flag is on display on board the USS  Missouri memorial in Pearl Harbor , Hawaii , attached to the bulkhead just inboard of the Japanese surrender signing site on

5974-405: The corresponding sexagenary year in the dates before the Lunar New Year would require the Gregorian year to be decreased by 1. As for example, the year 2697 BC (or −2696, using the astronomical year count), traditionally the first year of the reign of the legendary Yellow Emperor , was the first year (甲子; jiǎzǐ ) of a cycle. 2700 years later in 4 AD, the duration equivalent to 45 60-year cycles,

6077-473: The curriculum for the United States Naval Academy. He was a vocal proponent of modernizing the Navy. Once promoted to captain, he oversaw construction of the Navy's second steam frigate USS  Fulton , which he commanded after its completion. He was called "The Father of the Steam Navy", and he organized America's first corps of naval engineers. Perry conducted the first U.S. naval gunnery school while commanding Fulton from 1839 to 1841 off Sandy Hook on

6180-406: The cycle first started to be used for indicating years during the Han dynasty, but it also can be used to indicate earlier years retroactively. Since it repeats, by itself it cannot specify a year without some other information, but it is frequently used with the Chinese era name ( 年号, 年號 ; niánhào ) to specify a year. The year starts with the new year of whoever is using the calendar. In China,

6283-430: The cyclic year normally changes on the Chinese Lunar New Year . In Japan until recently it was the Japanese lunar new year, which was sometimes different from the Chinese; now it is January 1. So when calculating the cyclic year of a date in the Gregorian year, one has to consider what their "new year" is. Hence, the following calculation deals with the Chinese dates after the Lunar New Year in that Gregorian year; to find

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6386-452: The farmers with an aura of officialdom. Yangban families, formerly well-respected for their status as a noble class, were increasingly seen as little more than commoners who were unwilling to meet their responsibilities to their communities. Faced with increasing corruption in the government, brigandage of the disenfranchised (such as the mounted fire brigands, or Hwajok , and the boat-borne water brigands or Sujok ) as well as abuse by

6489-400: The first heavenly stem with the first earthly branch. The second term yǐchǒu ( 乙丑 ) combines the second stem with the second branch. This pattern continues until both cycles conclude simultaneously with guǐhài ( 癸亥 ), after which it begins again at jiǎzǐ . This termination at ten and twelve's least common multiple leaves half of the combinations—such as jiǎchǒu ( 甲丑 )—unused; this

6592-402: The first method, the equivalent sexagenary year for 2012 AD is the 29th year (壬辰; rénchén ), as (2012–3) mod 60 = 29 (i.e., the remainder of (2012–3) divided by 60 is 29). Using the second, the equivalent sexagenary year for 221 BC is the 17th year (庚辰; gēngchén ), as 60- [(221+2) mod 60] = 17 (i.e., 60 minus the remainder of (221+2) divided by 60 is 17). Step-by-step example to determine

6695-399: The first month was jiànzǐyuè (during the Zhou dynasty ) or jiànchǒuyuè (traditionally during the Shang dynasty ) as well. For astrological purposes stems are also necessary, and the months are named using the sexagenary cycle following a five-year cycle starting in a jiǎ ( 甲 ; 1st) or jǐ ( 己 ; 6th) year. The first month of the jiǎ or jǐ year is a bǐngyín ( 丙寅 ; 3rd) month,

6798-433: The founding of the Korean Empire . During this period, the Korean government conducted a westernization policy. It was not an enduring reform, however, and the Independence Club was dissolved on 25 December 1898 as Emperor Gojong officially announced a prohibition on unofficial congresses. + [REDACTED] Media related to Gabo Reform at Wikimedia Commons Sexagenary cycle The sexagenary cycle , also known as

6901-435: The independence of Korea from Chinese suzerainty. However, this proved to be short-lived as conservative Korean officials requested the help of Chinese forces stationed in Korea. The coup was put down by Chinese troops, and a Korean mob killed both Japanese officers and Japanese residents in retaliation. Some leaders of the independence faction, including Kim Okgyun , fled to Japan, while others were executed. The outbreak of

7004-427: The involvement of Japan. The first reforms took place from July to October 1894, based on the original reform bill presented by the Japanese ambassador, Ōtori Keisuke ( 大鳥圭介 ). Previously, the reform bill had been refused by the Joseon court and Qing dynasty . As Japan was focused more on the Sino-Japanese War, many of the first reforms reflected the desired reforms of the progressive council members and some of

7107-422: The middle of the 3rd century BC. The cycle and its variations have been an important part of the traditional calendrical systems in Chinese-influenced Asian states and territories, particularly those of Japan , Korea , and Vietnam , with the old Chinese system still in use in Taiwan , and in Mainland China . In India, the Ahom people (descendants of the Dai people of Yunnan who migrated to Assam in

7210-434: The military, many poor villagers sought to pool their resources such as land, tools, and production skills in order to survive. Despite the government abolishing slavery and burning the records in 1801, increasing numbers of peasants and farmers become involved in "mutual assistance associations". Institutions such as the Catholic and Protestant missions, with the egalitarian nature of their teachings garnered followings among

7313-466: The nation to overlook tax affairs, military, and police systems were overhauled and modernized, judicial systems were changed with new courthouse and judiciary laws. The second reform measures were halted when Park Yung-hio , who had been at the center of the reform efforts, fled to Japan after being accused of conspiracy to treason by those who were against the reformations that were taking place. The Japanese minister to Korea, Miura Gorō , orchestrated

7416-420: The next one is a dīngmǎo ( 丁卯 ; 4th) month, etc., and the last month of the year is a dīngchǒu ( 丁丑 , 14th) month. The next year will start with a wùyín ( 戊寅 ; 15th) month, etc. following the cycle. The 5th year will end with a yǐchǒu ( 乙丑 ; 2nd) month. The following month, the start of a jǐ or jiǎ year, will hence again be a bǐngyín (3rd) month again. The beginning and end of the (solar) months in

7519-638: The northern island of Hokkaido and Shimoda , the two ports which the treaty stipulated would be opened to visits by American ships. A handscroll with pictorial record from the Japanese side of US Commodore Matthew Perry's second visit to Japan in 1854 is retained in the British Museum in London. When Perry returned to the United States, Congress voted to grant him a reward of $ 20,000, equivalent to $ 520,000 in 2023, in appreciation of his work in Japan. He used part of this money to prepare and publish

7622-407: The other system ( 節月 ; jiéyuè ) the "month" lasts for the period of two solar terms (two 氣策 qìcì ). The zǐyuè ( 子月 ) is the period starting with Dàxuě ( 大雪 ), i.e. the solar term before the winter solstice. The chǒuyuè ( 丑月 ) starts with Xiǎohán ( 小寒 ), the term before Dàhán ( 大寒 ), while the yínyuè ( 寅月 ) starts with Lìchūn ( 立春 ), the term before Yǔshuǐ ( 雨水 ), etc. Thus in

7725-577: The peasants into a cohesive structure. Arrested in 1863 following the Chinju Uprising led by Yu Kye-cheun, Choi was charged with "misleading the people and sowing discord in society". Choi was beheaded in 1864, sending many of his followers into hiding in the mountains and leaving the Korean populace to continue to suffer. King Gojong (r. 1864–1910), enthroned at the age of twelve, succeeded King Cheolchong (r. 1849 – 1863). King Gojong's father, Heungseon Daewongun (Yi Ha-Ung; 1820–1898), ruled as

7828-519: The population caused Heungseon Daewongun 's attempted reforms to antagonize the three largest constituencies supporting the government: the ruling elite, the Confucian scholars, and the general population. Heungseon Daewongun was impeached in 1873 and forced into retirement by the supporters of Empress Myeongseong . On 27 February 1876, the Japan–Korea Treaty of 1876 , also known in Japan as

7931-486: The presence of American whalers in waters offshore Japan, and the increasing monopolization of potential coaling stations by European powers in Asia were all contributing factors. Shipwrecked foreign sailors were either imprisoned or executed, and the safe return of such persons was one demand. The Americans were also driven by concepts of manifest destiny and the desire to impose the benefits of western civilization and

8034-402: The reforms demanded by the peasants of the Donghak Peasant Revolution did not go unheard. The deliberate Council passed 210 reform bills by Kim Hong-jip . At the first stage of reform, there was little interference from Japan. Two-hundred and ten articles were established, most notable was the restructuring of central government by reducing the king's responsibilities and placing more power in

8137-556: The right to remarry. These reforms would legally change the traditional feudal system that had been followed for hundreds of years. The second state of reform took place from December 1894 to July 1895. Japan closed down the Gunguk Gimucheo in December 1894 as the outcome of the Sino-Japanese War was leaning to their favor and set up a new coalition cabinet consisting of Kim Hong-jip and Park Yung-hio . The cabinet presented

8240-639: The royal palace the same day. On 11 February 1896, King Gojong and the crown prince moved from Gyeongbokgung to the Russian legation in Jeong-dong , Seoul, from where they governed for about one year, an event known as the Korea royal refuge at the Russian legation . After returning to the royal palace, the royal family was still guarded by Russian guards. In the midst of disarray in Joseon politics at this time,

8343-753: The sexagenary cycle as a count of years. The Tibetan calendar also counts years using a 60-year cycle based on 12 animals and 5 elements, but while the first year of the Chinese cycle is always jiǎzǐ (the year of the Wood Rat ), the first year of the Tibetan cycle is dīngmǎo ( 丁卯 ; year 4 on the Chinese cycle, year of the Fire Rabbit ). *The names of several animals can be translated into English in several different ways. The Vietnamese Earthly Branches use cat instead of Rabbit . As mentioned above,

8446-508: The shaping of Japanese history. 90% of school children in Japan can identify him. Woodblock paintings of Matthew Perry closely resemble his actual appearance, depicting a physically large, clean shaven, jowly man. The portraits portray him with blue eyeballs, rather than blue irises. Westerners in this period were commonly thought of as "blue-eyed barbarians", however, in Japanese culture, blue eyeballs were also associated with ferocious or threatening figures, such as monsters or renegades. It

8549-529: The siege of Veracruz from the sea. After the fall of Veracruz, Winfield Scott moved inland, and Perry moved against the remaining Mexican port cities. Perry assembled the Mosquito Fleet and captured Tuxpan in April 1847. In June 1847 he attacked Tabasco personally, leading a 1,173-man landing force ashore and attacking the city of San Juan Bautista from land, defeating the Mexican forces and taking

8652-458: The sign for 1967: Step-by-step example to determine the cyclic year of first year of the reign of Qin Shi Huang (246 BC): Start from the AD year (1967), take directly the remainder mod 60, and look into column AD of the table "Sexagenary years" (just above). Remainder is therefore 47 and the AD column says 'Fire Goat ' as it should be. For a BC year: discard the minus sign, take the remainder of

8755-425: The signing ceremony, this flag was displayed properly, on its starboard side, with the stars in the upper right corner, as are all flags on vessels, known as ensigns. The cloth of this historic flag was so fragile that the conservator at the museum directed that a protective backing be sewn on it, which accounts for its currently being displayed 'port' side round. Japan erected a monument to Perry on July 14, 1901, at

8858-605: The slave trade . In 1815, the Spanish governor in Havana deeded the island of Key West to Juan Pablo Salas of St. Augustine in Spanish Florida . After Florida was transferred to the United States, Salas sold Key West to American businessman John W. Simonton for $ 2,000 in 1821. Simonton lobbied Washington to establish a naval base on Key West, both to take advantage of its strategic location and to bring law and order to

8961-431: The solar system a month starts anywhere from about 15 days before to 15 days after its lunar counterpart. The branch names are not usual month names; the main use of the branches for months is astrological. However, the names are sometimes used to indicate historically which (lunar) month was the first month of the year in ancient times. For example, since the Han dynasty , the first month has been jiànyínyuè , but earlier

9064-495: The spot where the commodore first landed. The monument survived World War II and is now the centerpiece of a small seaside park called Perry Park at Yokosuka, Japan. Within the park there is a small museum dedicated to the events of 1854. Matthew C. Perry Elementary and High School can be found on Marine Corps Air Station, Iwakuni . At his birthplace in Newport, there is a memorial plaque in Trinity Church, Newport and

9167-463: The table below are the approximate dates of current solar terms; they vary slightly from year to year depending on the leap days of the Gregorian calendar. Month of Mao ( 卯月 ) The table above allows one to find the stem & branch for any given date. For both the stem and the branch, find the N for the row for the century, year, month, and day, then add them together. If the sum for the stems' N

9270-737: The title of commodore retained the title for life, as did Perry. During his tenure in Brooklyn, he lived in Quarters A in Vinegar Hill , a building which still stands today. In 1843, Perry took command of the Africa Squadron , whose duty was to interdict the slave trade under the Webster-Ashburton Treaty , and continued in this endeavor to 1844. In 1845, Commodore David Conner 's length of service in command of

9373-569: The treaty ended Korea's status as a protectorate of China, forced open three Korean ports to Japanese trade, granted extraterritorial rights to Japanese citizens, and was an unequal treaty signed under duress of the Unyo Incident of 1875 ( gunboat diplomacy ). Daewongun remained opposed to any concessions to Japan or the Western Europeans, helped organize the mutiny of 1882 Imo Incident , an anti-Japanese outbreak against

9476-506: The year 1984 began the present cycle (a 甲子 — jiǎzǐ year), and 2044 will begin another. Note that in China the new year , when the sexagenary count increments, is not January 1, but rather the lunar new year of the traditional Chinese calendar . For example, the jichou 己丑 year (coinciding roughly with 2009) began on January 26, 2009. (However, for astrology, the year begins with the first solar term "Lìchūn" ( 立春 ), which occurs near February 4.) In Japan, according to Nihon shoki ,

9579-497: The year mod 60 and look into column BC. Applied to year -246, this gives: When doing these conversions, year 246 BC cannot be treated as −246 AD due to the lack of a year 0 in the Gregorian AD/BC system. The following tables show recent years (in the Gregorian calendar) and their corresponding years in the cycles: The branches are used marginally to indicate months. Despite there being twelve branches and twelve months in

9682-668: Was a member of the Perry family , a son of Sarah Wallace ( née Alexander) (1768–1830) and Navy Captain Christopher Raymond Perry (1761–1818). He was born April 10, 1794, in South Kingstown, Rhode Island . His siblings included Oliver Hazard Perry , Raymond Henry Jones Perry, Sarah Wallace Perry, Anna Marie Perry (mother of George Washington Rodgers ), James Alexander Perry, Nathaniel Hazard Perry, and Jane Tweedy Perry (who married William Butler ). His mother

9785-584: Was alarmed by the intrusion of Christianity and the Anglo-French occupation of Beijing during the Second Opium War . He believed that the best way to counter foreign influence in Korea was to introduce democratic and human rights reforms internally. Nationalism and social reform struck a chord among the peasant guerrillas, and Donghak spread all across Korea. Progressive revolutionaries organized

9888-399: Was also the starting year of a 60-year cycle. Similarly 1980 years later, 1984 was the start of a new cycle. Thus, to find out the Gregorian year's equivalent in the sexagenary cycle use the appropriate method below. The result will produce a number between 0 and 59, corresponding to the year order in the cycle; if the remainder is 0, it corresponds to the 60th year of a cycle. Thus, using

9991-580: Was born in County Down , Ireland and was a descendant of an uncle of William Wallace , the Scottish knight and landowner. His paternal grandparents were James Freeman Perry, a surgeon, and Mercy Hazard, a descendant of Governor Thomas Prence , a co-founder of Eastham, Massachusetts , who was a political leader in both the Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay colonies , and governor of Plymouth ; and

10094-424: Was created to establish rules. Their policies resulted in the official discarding of the lunar calendar in favor of the modern Gregorian solar calendar , the official designation of regnal years independent of the Chinese tradition, the creation of a postal service , the introduction of primary schools and a new educational system and the renewal of the military system. The most controversial reform at this time

10197-400: Was ill and incapacitated, which resulted in governmental indecision on how to handle the unprecedented threat to the nation's capital. On July 11, Rōjū Abe Masahiro bided his time, deciding that simply accepting a letter from the Americans would not constitute a violation of Japanese sovereignty. The decision was conveyed to Uraga, and Perry was asked to move his fleet slightly southwest to

10300-431: Was known to have been an alcoholic, which compounded the health complications leading to his death. He also suffered severe arthritis that left him in frequent pain, and on occasion precluded him from his duties. Perry spent his last years preparing for the publication of his account of the Japan expedition, announcing its completion on December 28, 1857. Two days later he was detached from his last post, an assignment to

10403-476: Was placed by Perry's widow over his grave in Newport. Perry was married to Jane Slidell Perry (1797–1864), sister of United States Senator John Slidell (1793–1871), in New York on December 24, 1814, and they had ten children: In 1819, Perry joined the masonic Holland Lodge No. 8 in New York City , New York . Perry was a key agent in both the making and recording of Japanese history, as well as in

10506-498: Was the proclamation of the "Short Hair Act" ( Korean :  단발령 ; Hanja :  斷髮令 ), i.e. cutting off the traditional Korean male sangtu and reformation of traditional attire. It triggered many protests among the people, most notably the conservative scholars, who were already disillusioned by the pro-Japanese cabinet. They had created the Righteous Army and had actively protested nationwide, escalating after

10609-517: Was then assigned to USS  President , where he served as an aide to Commodore John Rodgers . President attacked a British Royal Navy warship, HMS  Little Belt in the lead-up to the War of 1812 . Perry continued aboard President during the War of 1812 and was present at the engagement with HMS  Belvidera . Rodgers fired the first shot of the war at Belvidera . A later shot resulted in

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