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39-555: The existence of the current was first suggested by William Saville-Kent in 1897. Saville-Kent noted the presence of warm tropical water offshore in the Houtman Abrolhos , making the water there in winter much warmer than inshore at the adjacent coast. The existence of the current was confirmed over the years, but not characterised and named until Cresswell and Golding did so in the 1980s. The West Australian Current and Southern Australian Countercurrent, which are produced by

78-438: A blanket, had knife wounds on his chest and hands, and his throat was slashed so deeply that he was almost decapitated . Francis's nursemaid, Elizabeth Gough, was initially arrested. However, Gough was released when the suspicions of Detective Inspector Jack Whicher of Scotland Yard moved to the boy's 16-year-old half-sister, Constance. She was arrested on 16 July but released without trial owing to public opinion against

117-458: A lack of evidence of Kent's making of any mosaics and the fact that "none of the true crime writers on this topic ... say where this information is sourced from" – as the myth of the mosaics. Constance immigrated to Australia early in 1886 and joined her brother William in Tasmania , where he worked as a government adviser on fisheries. She changed her name to Ruth Emilie Kaye and trained as

156-456: A light to see by during the act of murder. The murder was not a spontaneous act, it seems, but one of revenge, and it was suggested that Constance had at certain times been mentally unbalanced. There was much speculation at the time that Constance's confession was false. Many supposed that her father, a known adulterer , was having an affair with Elizabeth Gough and murdered the child in a fit of rage after coitus interruptus . The theory fitted

195-824: A member of the Zoological Society of London and in 1873 of the Linnean Society . In 1870, Saville-Kent received a grant from the Royal Society to conduct a dredging survey off Portugal. He worked at the Brighton Aquarium (1872–1873), then at the Manchester Aquarium (1873–1876). He went on to work for various other aquariums, before returning to Brighton in 1879. Saville-Kent married in 1872, but his wife died three years later. He remarried in 1876. On

234-992: A nurse at The Alfred Hospital in Prahran , Melbourne , Victoria , before being appointed sister-in-charge of the Female Lazaret at the Coast Hospital , Little Bay , in Sydney , New South Wales . From 1898 to 1909, she worked at the Parramatta Industrial School for Girls . She lived in the New South Wales town of Mittagong for a year, and was then made matron of the Pierce Memorial Nurses' Home at East Maitland , serving there from 1911 until she retired in 1932. Constance Kent died on 10 April 1944, aged 100, in

273-600: A nurse and for twenty years was matron of a nurses' home in East Maitland, New South Wales . She died at the age of 100. Constance Kent was born in Sidmouth , Devon , England, on 6 February 1844, the fifth daughter and ninth child of Samuel Saville (or Savill) Kent (1801–1872), an Inspector of Factories for the Home Office , and his first wife, Mary Ann (1808–1852), daughter of prosperous coachmaker and expert on

312-659: A nurse. Saville-Kent was a pioneer of the concept of sustainable fisheries. While at the Brighton Aquarium he witnessed a lobster lay eggs and charted the growth and development of the offspring. His goal was to see lobster and other commercial species of fish farmed as a sustainable resource. Saville-Kent died in 1908, in Bournemouth. He is buried in All Saints' churchyard, Milford on Sea . Constance Kent Constance Emily Kent (1844–1944)

351-464: A pattern with the senior Kent, who had romanced the family nanny, Mary Drewe Pratt, while his first wife Mary Ann Kent (Constance's mother) was dying, and subsequently married Pratt (Francis's mother). Many were suspicious of the senior Kent from the start, including the novelist Charles Dickens . However, in her book The Suspicions of Mr Whicher or The Murder at Road Hill House (2008), author Kate Summerscale concluded that if Constance's confession

390-484: A question which is put to him for the purposes of justice, on the ground that his answer would reveal something that he had known in confession. He is compelled to answer such a question, and the law of England does not even extend the privilege of refusing to answer to Roman Catholic clergymen in dealing with a person of their own persuasion. Lord Westbury stated that it appeared that an order for committal for contempt of court had in fact been made against Wagner. If that

429-402: A result of her research, Summerscale comes to the conclusion that no matter whether the murder of Francis was committed by Constance or William alone, or by both of them, it was an act of revenge against their father for turning his attention to the children of his second marriage, of whom Francis was his reported favourite. At Devizes Assize Court , Constance Kent pleaded guilty, and her plea

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468-602: Is shallow for a major current system, by global standards, being about 300 m deep, and lies on top of a northwards countercurrent called the Leeuwin Undercurrent. Because of the Leeuwin Current, the continental shelf waters of Western Australia are warmer in winter and cooler in summer than the corresponding regions off the other continents. The Leeuwin Current is also responsible for the presence of

507-518: Is so, it was not enforced. On the same occasion, Lord Chelmsford , a previous Lord Chancellor, stated that the law was clear that Wagner had no privilege at all to withhold facts which came to his knowledge in confession. Lord Westmeath said that there had been two recent cases, one being the case of a priest in Scotland, who, on refusing to give evidence, had been committed to prison. As to this case, Lord Westmeath stated that, upon an application for

546-615: Is very different from the cooler, equatorward flowing currents found along coasts at equivalent latitudes such as the southwest African Coast (the Benguela Current ); the long Chile-Peru Coast (the Humboldt Current ), where upwelling of cool nutrient-rich waters from below the surface results in some of the most productive fisheries; the California Current , which brings foggy conditions to San Francisco; or

585-523: The Book of Common Prayer in the service for the visitation of the sick, and, thus, had been sanctioned by the Act of Uniformity . Phillpotts was supported by Edward Lowth Badeley who wrote a pamphlet on the question of priest–penitent privilege. From the bishop's reply to Lord Westbury's answer to his letter, it is apparent that Lord Westbury had expressed the opinion that the 113th canon of 1603 simply meant that

624-473: The Great Australian Bight . The current frequently breaks out to sea, forming both clockwise and anti-clockwise eddies. Its strength varies through the year; it is weakest during the summer months (winter in the northern hemisphere) from November to March when the winds tend to blow strongly from the south west northwards. The greatest flow is in the autumn and winter (March to November) when

663-557: The Portland Vase , Thomas Windus of Stamford Hill , London . Sometime during the night of 29—30 June 1860, Francis Saville Kent, who was almost four years old, disappeared from his father's residence, Road Hill House, in the village of Rode (spelt "Road" at the time), then in Wiltshire . Francis's body was later found in the vault of a privy-house on the property. The child, still dressed in his nightshirt and wrapped in

702-558: The West Wind Drift on the southern Indian Ocean and at Tasmania, respectively, flow in the opposite direction, producing one of the most interesting oceanic current systems in the world. The ‘core’ of the Leeuwin Current can generally be detected as a peak in the surface temperature with a strong temperature decrease further offshore. The surface temperature difference across the Current is about 1 °C at North West Cape , 2° to 3° at Fremantle and can be over 4° off Albany in

741-418: The "clergyman must not ex mero motu and voluntarily and without legal obligation reveal what is communicated to him in confession". He appears, also, to have expressed an opinion that the public was not at the time in a temper to bear any alteration of the rule compelling the disclosure of such evidence. Constance Kent was sentenced to death , but this was commuted to life in prison owing to her youth at

780-587: The accusations of a working-class detective against a young lady of breeding. After the investigation collapsed, the Kent family moved to Wrexham and sent Constance to a finishing school in Dinan , France . Constance was prosecuted for the murder five years later, in 1865. She had made a statement confessing her guilt to an Anglo-Catholic clergyman, Arthur Wagner , and expressed to him her resolution to give herself up to justice. Wagner assisted her in carrying out

819-679: The assumption that sacramental confession was known to the Church of England . Questions were asked in both Houses of Parliament . In the House of Lords , Lord Westbury , the Lord Chancellor , in reply to the Marquess of Westmeath , stated that: ...there can be no doubt that in a suit or criminal proceeding a clergyman of the Church of England is not privileged so as to decline to answer

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858-478: The cool Canary current of North Africa. William Saville-Kent William Saville-Kent (10 July 1845 – 11 October 1908) was an English marine biologist and author. Born in the town of Sidmouth in Devon, South West England on 10 July 1845, William Saville-Kent was the son of Samuel Saville Kent (7 July 1800 – 5 February 1872) and Mary Ann Windus (b. 1808 – May 1852), who was Samuel's first wife. William

897-540: The effects of local gossip and disapproval,” as a consequence of him being a “known adulterer.” Samuel's salacious reputation caused the family to move fairly often. Saville-Kent's childhood was marred by several unfortunate events. First was the death of his mother, Mary Ann Windus, who died suddenly in May 1852. This was followed a few years later by the murder of his half-brother, Francis Saville-Kent, which led to national media coverage and great family upheaval; then, came

936-427: The family and servants were asleep, she had opened the shutters and window in the drawing room , taken Francis from his room wrapped in a blanket that she had taken from between sheet and counterpane in his cot (leaving both these undisturbed or readjusted), left the residence and then killed him in the privy-house with a razor stolen from her father. It had been necessary to hide matches in the privy-house beforehand for

975-623: The most southerly true corals at the Abrolhos Islands and the transport of tropical marine species down the west coast and across into the Great Australian Bight. The Leeuwin Current is influenced by El Niño conditions, characterised by slightly lower sea temperatures along the Western Australian coast and a weaker Leeuwin Current, with corresponding effects upon rainfall patterns. The Leeuwin Current

1014-498: The opposing winds are weakest. Evaporation from the Leeuwin current during this period contributes greatly to the rainfall in the southwest region of Western Australia . Typically the Leeuwin Current's speed and its eddies are about 1 knot (50 cm/s), although speeds of 2 knots (1 m/s) are common, and the highest speed ever recorded by a drifting satellite-tracked buoy was 3.5 knots (6.5 km/h). The Leeuwin Current

1053-615: The priest's release being made to the Home Secretary , Sir George Grey , the latter had replied that if he were to remit the sentence without an admission of error on the part of the Catholic priest and without an assurance on his part that he would not again in a similar case adopt the same course, he (the Home Secretary) would be giving a sanction to the assumption of a privilege by ministers of every denomination which, he

1092-432: The recommendation of Huxley, in 1884 Saville-Kent became Inspector of Fisheries in Tasmania . In 1889, he became Commissioner of Fisheries for Queensland , and in 1892, Commissioner of Fisheries for Western Australia , a position he held until 1895. During this time he experimented with culturing pearls on Thursday Island ; his experiments were successful, and modern-day spherical cultured pearls are primarily

1131-421: The resolution, and he gave evidence of this statement before the magistrates but prefaced his evidence by a declaration that he must withhold any further information on the ground that it had been received under the seal of "sacramental confession" . He was but lightly pressed by the magistrates, as the prisoner was not contesting the charge. The substance of Constance's confession was that, after waiting until

1170-663: The result of discoveries he made. These discoveries were later patented by Dr.  Tokichi Nishikawa of Japan, who had heard of Saville-Kent's techniques. Later, Saville-Kent went on to chair the Royal Society of Queensland from 1889 to 1890. His book documentation of the Great Barrier Reef was the pioneering publication, attracted worldwide attention, and was for decades the definitive work on this landform. His sister Constance had joined him in Australia in 1886, changing her name to Ruth Emilie Kaye and training as

1209-429: The subsequent conviction of his elder sister, Constance , as a result of her confessing to the murder five years later. The Scotland Yard detective Inspector Jack Whicher —who was responsible for the murder investigation of Saville-Kent's half-brother—had also suspected that William was an accomplice , as Constance and William shared a close sibling relationship. Constance had initially been detained and questioned, but

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1248-504: The time and her confession. She served twenty years in a number of gaols, including Millbank Prison , and was released in 1885, at the age of 41. During her time in prison, Constance purportedly produced mosaics for a number of churches, including work for the crypt of St. Paul's cathedral . However, Noeline Kyle, in her book A Greater Guilt , discusses the work Constance was engaged in while incarcerated, including cooking, cleaning and laundry work, and what Kyle describes – in light of

1287-403: Was accepted, so that Wagner was not again called. The position that he assumed before the magistrates caused much public debate in the press. There was considerable expression of public indignation that it should have been suggested that he could have any right as against the state to withhold evidence on the ground that he had put forward. The indignation seems to have been largely directed against

1326-541: Was advised, they could not claim. The second case was R v Hay . Lord Westbury's statement in the House of Lords drew a protest from Henry Phillpotts , the Bishop of Exeter , who wrote to him a letter strongly maintaining the privilege which had been claimed by Wagner. The bishop argued that the canon law on the subject had been accepted without gainsaying or opposition from any temporal court, that it had been confirmed by

1365-497: Was an English woman who confessed to the murder of her half-brother, Francis Saville Kent, in 1860, when she was aged 16 and he aged three. The case led to high-level pronouncements that there was no longer any ancient priest-penitent privilege in England and Wales . Kent's death sentence was commuted to life imprisonment, and she was released after serving twenty years. In later life, she changed her name to Ruth Emilie Kaye , became

1404-420: Was indeed false and merely an act to shield another person, it was for the benefit of not her father but her brother, William Saville-Kent , with whom she shared a very close sibling relationship, which was further deepened by her father turning his paternal attentions away from the children of his first marriage to the children he had with his second wife. William was indeed suspected during the investigations but

1443-430: Was never charged. Summerscale suggests that if William was not the culprit solely responsible for Francis's death, he was at least an accomplice to Constance. Constance never recanted her confession, even after her father's and her brother's deaths. She also kept her silence about the motive for the murder. In all of her statements, she emphasised and insisted that she bore no hatred nor jealousy toward her half-brother. As

1482-600: Was released as a result of her high social status. However, no charges were ever made against William. Constance was sentenced to life in prison, which at the time was twenty years. Saville-Kent was educated at King's College London , and then at the Royal School of Mines under T. H. Huxley . He held various jobs in Britain, including at the British Museum from 1866 to 1872. In 1869, he became

1521-615: Was the youngest of ten children from his father's first marriage. Samuel was employed as a "Factory Commissioner" for the Home Office , and inspected factories to ensure that they were properly implementing the worker safety measures regulated in the Factory Acts of 1833 . As the acts sought to alleviate the harm done to children that were caused by unregulated working conditions in the factories, Samuel's “duties required him to inspect factories that employed women and children.” Despite having “ambitions for promotion,” Samuel “suffered from

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