Switzerland
24-458: Bustocco and Legnanese (natively büstócu and legnanés ) are two dialects of Western Lombard , spoken respectively in the cities of Busto Arsizio ( Province of Varese ) and Legnano ( Province of Milan ), Lombardy . Although there is little evidence of Ligurian settlements in the area, they are widely thought to have been characterised by the Ligurian substratum . While Legnanese
48-717: A Romance language spoken in Italy . It is widespread in the Lombard provinces of Milan , Monza , Varese , Como , Lecco , Sondrio , a small part of Cremona (except Crema and its neighbours), Lodi and Pavia , and the Piedmont provinces of Novara , Verbano-Cusio-Ossola , the eastern part of the Province of Alessandria ( Tortona ), a small part of Vercelli ( Valsesia ), and Switzerland (the Canton of Ticino and part of
72-731: A quij che n'hann faa on tòrt. E menon minga in de la tentazion, ma liberon del maa, e che 'l sia inscì. Padre nostro che sei nei cieli, sia santificato il tuo Nome, venga il tuo Regno, sia fatta la tua Volontà come in cielo così in terra. Dacci oggi il nostro pane quotidiano, e rimetti a noi i nostri debiti come noi li rimettiamo ai nostri debitori, e non ci indurre in tentazione, ma liberaci dal Male. Così sia/Amen. Pater noster qui es in caelis / sanctificetur nomen tuum / adveniat regnum tuum / fiat voluntas tua sicut in caelo et in terra / panem nostrum cotidianum da nobis hodie / et dimitte nobis debita nostra sicut et nos dimittimus debitoribus nostris / et ne nos inducas in tentationem sed libera nos
96-520: A standard to communicate, but all Western Lombard varieties are mutually intelligible. Western Lombard is relatively homogeneous (much more so than Eastern Lombard ), but it has a number of variations, mainly in relation to the vowels /o/ , /ɔ/ and the development of /ts/ into /s/ . Western Lombard has no official status in Lombardy or anywhere else. The only official language in Lombardy
120-632: A variety of the Tuscan -derived national language, which it is not. Lombard in general, including Milanese, is a sister language of Tuscan, thus also of Italian, rather than a derivative. Typologically , Lombard is a Western Romance language , and more closely resembles other Gallo-Italic languages in Northern Italy (e.g. Piedmontese , Ligurian , Emilian , Romagnol ) as well as others further afield, including Occitan and Romansh . Milanese has an extensive literature, reaching as far back as
144-407: Is Italian . The general lines of diachronics of Western Lombard plural declension are drawn here, with reference to Milanese orthography: Most feminine words end with the inflection -a ; the feminine plural is non-inflected ( la legora / i legor ; la cadrega / i cadregh ). The final vowel keeps its original length (non-final syllables have no difference), which is often long when it
168-570: Is available. Texts include various dictionaries, a few grammars, and a 2020 translation of the Gospels arranged into an account of the life of Christ . Milanese Milanese (endonym in traditional orthography Milanes , Meneghin ) is the central variety of the Western dialect of the Lombard language spoken in Milan , the rest of its metropolitan city , and the northernmost part of
192-937: Is based on the Milanese dialect: The most important orthography in Western Lombard literature is the Classical Milanese orthography . It was used by Carlo Porta (1775–1821) and Delio Tessa (1886–1939). It was perfected by the Circolo Filologico di Milano. Other orthographies are the Ticinese, the Comasca, the Bosina, the Nuaresat, and the Lecchese. An extensive Western Lombard literature
216-479: Is closer to the Milanese dialect , Bustocco is especially considered very similar to the modern Ligurian language , for example for the frequent unstressed [ u ] at the end of masculine nouns and other words is more frequent (e.g. Bustocco gatu "cat", secu "dry", coldu "hot", bücéu "glass", candu "when" = Legnanese gatt , secch , cald , bicér , quand ), as well as
240-413: Is followed by a voiced consonant and short when it is followed by a voiceless consonant. When the stem ends with a particular consonant cluster, there can be the addition of a final -i or of a schwa between consonants (for example: in Milanese sing. scendra , plur. scendr > scender ). For adjectives, the plural form and masculine form are often the same. Most masculine nouns lack inflections, and
264-446: Is in heaven. Give us this day our daily bread, and forgive us our trespasses, as we forgive those who trespass against us; and lead us not into temptation, but deliver us from evil. Pader nòster, che te seet in ciel che 'l sia faa sant el tò nòmm che 'l vegna el tò regn, che 'l sia faa 'l tò vorè, come in ciel, inscì anca in su la terra. Dann incoeu el nòster pan de tucc i dì, e perdonon i nòster peccaa, inscì come anca num ghe perdonom
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#1732772906931288-607: Is often different, one of the most striking examples being orthographic doubled consonants which represent geminates in Italian but a short preceding vowel (if stressed syllable) in Milanese: compare Italian ⟨caro⟩ /ˈkaro/ (dear) and ⟨carro⟩ /ˈkarro/ (cart) with its Milanese cognates ⟨car⟩ /ˈkaːr/ and ⟨carr⟩ /ˈkar/ . Our Father, Who art in heaven, Hallowed be Thy Name; Thy Kingdom come, Thy will be done, on earth as it
312-446: Is the literary classical Milanese orthography ( Ortografia Milanesa Classega ). Classical Milanese orthography is the oldest orthographic convention still in use and it is the one used by all writers of Milanese literature, most famously by Carlo Porta. The trigraph ⟨oeu⟩ (sometimes written ⟨œu⟩ ), used to represent the / ø / phoneme, is considered the most distinctive feature of this standard. Since
336-482: The province of Pavia . Milanese, due to the importance of Milan, the largest city in Lombardy, is often considered one of the most prestigious Lombard variants and the most prestigious one in the Western Lombard area. In Italian-language contexts, Milanese (like most indigenous Romance varieties spoken in Italy other than standard Italian) is often called a dialetto " dialect ". This can be misunderstood to mean
360-468: The 13th century and including the works of important writers such as Bonvesin da la Riva (mid 13th century–1313), Carlo Maria Maggi (1630–1699) Carlo Porta (1775–1821). In addition to the large literary corpus, various dictionaries, a few grammar books and a recent translation of the Gospels are available in the language. The Milanese dialect as commonly defined today is essentially concentrated around Milan and its metropolitan city , reaching into
384-543: The Canton of Graubünden ). After the name of the region involved, land of the former Duchy of Milan , this language is often referred to as Insubric (see Insubria and Insubres ) or Milanese , or, after Clemente Merlo, Cisabduano (literally "of this side of Adda River "). In Italian-speaking contexts, Western Lombard is often incorrectly called a dialect of Italian . Western Lombard and Standard Italian are very different. Some speakers of Lombard varieties may have difficulty understanding one another and require
408-544: The determinate article: singular ell > el , plural elli > ej > i . Masculine words ending in -a are invariable and are proper nouns, words from Ancient Greek or idiomatic words such as pirla , a derogatory term for a person. Western Lombard can be divided into four main varieties: lombardo alpino (spoken in the provinces of Sondrio and of Verbania, Sopraceneri of Canton Ticino and Grigioni in Switzerland), lombardo-prealpino occidentale (spoken in
432-590: The dialect becomes transitional (between Saronno and Rho ), the southern parts ( Binasco and Melegnano ), and the northern parts of the Province of Pavia (north of the line between Bereguardo and Landriano , which includes places such as Trovo and Casorate Primo ). Historically, up to the late 19th century, "Milanese" was also used to define the dialects spoken in Brianza and in the areas of Varese ( Varesòtt ) and Lecco ( Lecches ); less commonly it
456-410: The elimination of some intervocalic consonants (e.g. Bustocco lauà "to work" = Legnanese lavurà ). In both dialects stressed /a/ sounds like a mix between a and o . A comic theatrical group called I Legnanesi uses Legnanese (with simplified grammar and lexicon heavily based on Italian) in its shows. Western Lombard dialect Western Lombard is a group of dialects of Lombard ,
480-656: The latter half of the 20th century, as a consequence of the Italianization of Lombardy with the Lombard language ceasing to be the main language of daily use in Milan, the Classical orthography has been contested and lost ground as Italian speakers often find it counterintuitive. Classical Milanese orthography, which often reflects etymology, has indeed many words closely resembling their Italian cognates, but pronunciation
504-526: The northernmost part of the province of Pavia . Subdialects of Milanese – also known as dialètt arios – are spoken in the western part of the province ( Castano Primo , Turbigo , Abbiategrasso , Magenta ), the eastern part ( Gorgonzola , Cassina de' Pecchi , Cernusco sul Naviglio , Segrate , Bellinzago ), the parts to the north of the Naviglio Martesana ( Carugate , Cassano d'Adda , Inzago , Gessate ), certain areas where
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#1732772906931528-566: The plural masculine is always non-inflected ( el tramvaj / i tramvaj ; el lett / i lett ). When the word stem ends with a particular group of consonants, both singular and plural forms can add a schwa between consonants; otherwise, a final -o (pron. /u/) is added to singular nouns, -i for plurals. Masculine words ending in -in or, less commonly, in -ett , have plurals in -itt ( fiolin / fiolitt ). Those ending in -ll have plurals in -j , ( el sidell / i sidej ; el porscell / i porscej ; el cavall / i cavaj ). The same occurs in
552-497: The provinces of Como, Varese and Lecco, Lugano and its neighbors in Canton Ticino), basso-lombardo occidentale (Pavia and Lodi), and macromilanese (provinces of Milan, Monza, Novara and Valsesia of Vercelli). The boundaries are obviously schematic, since the political division in provinces and municipalities are usually independent from languages spoken. Examples of Western Lombard language are: The following information
576-623: Was also used to cover the whole Western Lombard dialect area, which had in Milanese its most prestigious variety. As Milanese, like the Lombard language as a whole, is not an officially recognized language anywhere, there have been many different orthographic conventions, including pan-Lombard proposals (like the Scriver Lombard orthography), and conventions limited to Western Lombard (the Unified Insubric Orthography ). The de facto standard for Milanese, though,
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