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58-568: This lens mount has also been used by Epson , Ricoh , Minolta , Konica , Cosina Voigtländer , Rollei , Carl Zeiss AG and Rollei Fototechnic on some of their cameras. The Leica M mount was introduced in 1954 at that year's Photokina show, with the Leica M3 as its first camera. The 'M' stands for Messsucher or rangefinder in German. This new camera abandoned the M39 lens mount in favour of

116-604: A printer control language , the Epson Standard Code for Printers (or ESC/P ). It became a de facto industry standard for controlling print formatting during the era of dot matrix printers , whose popularity was initially started by the Epson MX-80. Epson Robots is the robotics design and manufacturing department of Epson. Seiko Epson produces some microcontrollers, such as the S1C63 . In 1980, Epson started

174-479: A cartridge doesn't have enough ink to complete the cleaning, a fuller cartridge must be used. However, users have the choice to swap out a cartridge that is reporting low levels for a fuller cartridge for the cleaning maintenance as needed, and then replace it with the original cartridge to use the remaining ink. The original cartridge does not need to be discarded. Through-the-lens metering In photography , through-the-lens metering ( TTL metering ) refers to

232-528: A complaint with the U.S. International Trade Commission (ITC) in February 2006 against 24 companies that manufactured, imported, or distributed Epson- compatible ink cartridges for resale in the U.S. On March 30, 2007, ITC judge Paul Luckern issued an initial determination that the cartridges in question did infringe upon Epson's patents . He also recommended those companies and others to be barred from manufacturing, importing, or reselling Epson cartridges in

290-705: A division of Seiko Group, produces Seiko timepieces in-house through its subsidiaries as well as delegates the manufacture of some of its high-end watches (Seiko Astron, Grand Seiko, Credor, etc) to Epson. The company makes some of Seiko's highest-grade watches at the Micro Artist Studio inside its Shiojiri Plant in Shiojiri , Nagano . Beside Seiko timepieces, Epson develops, designs, manufactures, markets, and sells watches under its own brands such as Trume, Orient , and Orient Star. In 2004, Epson introduced their R-D1 (the first digital rangefinder camera on

348-399: A feature of cameras whereby the intensity of light reflected from the scene is measured through the lens ; as opposed to using a separate metering window or external hand-held light meter . In some cameras various TTL metering modes can be selected. This information can then be used to set the optimal film or image sensor exposure ( average luminance ), it can also be used to control

406-448: A new bayonet mount. The bayonet mount allowed lenses to be changed more quickly and made the fitting more secure. Other innovations introduced by the M3 included a single window for the viewfinder (for composition ) and the rangefinder (for focusing ). With a double-stroke film advance lever (later models have a single-stroke lever). The M3 was a success and over 220,000 units were sold, by

464-798: A retail environment. Reps were assigned on weekend shifts, typically around 12–20 hours a week. Epson started the Weekend Warrior program with TMG Marketing (now Mosaic Sales Solutions), and later with Keystone Marketing Inc, then returned to Mosaic, and switched again to Campaigners Inc. on June 24, 2007 after the Mosaic contract expired. The sales reps of Campaigners, Inc. are not outsourced; Epson hired rack jobbers to ensure retailers displayed products properly, freeing up its regular sales force to concentrate on profitable sales solutions to value-added resellers and system integrators, leaving "retail" to reps who did not require sales skills. Epson entered

522-786: Is a Japanese multinational electronics company and one of the world's largest manufacturers of printers and information- and imaging-related equipment. Headquartered in Suwa , Nagano , Japan, the company has numerous subsidiaries worldwide and manufactures inkjet , dot matrix , thermal and laser printers for consumer, business and industrial use, scanners , laptop and desktop computers , video projectors , watches , point of sale systems, robots and industrial automation equipment, semiconductor devices , crystal oscillators , sensing systems and other associated electronic components. The company has developed as one of manufacturing and research and development (formerly known as Seikosha ) of

580-721: Is extrapolated from the reflected flash light measured by the metering cells in the roof of the camera and is then applied during the exposure without any possible real-time feedback. There were a few particularly sophisticated film SLRs including the Olympus OM-2 , the Pentax LX , the Nikon F3 , and the Minolta 9000 , where metering cells located at the bottom of the mirror box were used for ambient light metering, depending on model either instead or in addition to metering cells in

638-443: Is not possible any more since a CMOS or CCD chip, used to collect the light, is not reflective enough. There are a few older digital cameras which still use the analog technique, but these are getting rare. The Fujifilm S1 and S3 are the most well known digital cameras to use this technique. Digital TTL works as follows: Before the actual exposure one or more small flashes, called "preflashes", are emitted. The light returning through

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696-601: The Spring Drive watch movement in 1999. The watch business is the root of the company's ultra-precision machining and micromechatronics technologies and still a major business for Seiko Epson, although it accounts for a low percentage of total revenues. Watches made by the company are sold through the Seiko Watch Corporation, a subsidiary of Seiko Group. The watch brand Orient Watch , also known as Orient Star, has been owned by Epson since 2009 and

754-612: The digital Leica M8 being the most notable innovations since then. The lenses for the M mount were also introduced in 1954 and were based on the earlier M39 thread mount. Almost all M mount lenses are Prime lenses . These lenses are divided by Leica based on their maximum aperture number (also known as f-number ). They are distinguished by their names:  • 220,000 produced in Germany  • Around 1,500 produced in Canada  • Introduction of

812-1208: The "red dot"  • Manual exposure only  • 3936 x 2630 max resolution  • 2.5″ inch screen  • 5212 x 3472 max resolution  • 2.5″ inch screen  • 5212 x 3472 max resolution  • 2.5″ inch screen with sapphire crystal LCD glass  • 3″ inch screen  • Capable of capturing Full HD 1080p video  • 5952 x 3976 max resolution  • 3″ inch screen with sapphire crystal LCD glass  • Capable of capturing Full HD 1080p video  • 3″ inch screen  • Wi-Fi capability  • 5952 x 3992 max resolution  • 3″ inch screen  • Wi-Fi capability  • 3″ inch screen  • No removable bottom plate  • 64Gb of internal memory  • 2.5″ inch screen  • 3″ inch screen  • 3″ inch screen  • Capable of capturing Full HD 1080 video  • 2.5″ inch screen  • Black-and-white version of

870-410: The "red dot"  • Versions: Leica MDa, Leica M4-2, Leica M4-P  • First M mount with electronic Through-the-lens metering (TTL)  • Leica M6 (1984–1998)  • Leica M6 TTL (1998–2002): Better viewfinder and electronic flash capability  • Electronic shutter control and semi-automatic mode  • Removal of

928-629: The 1st section of the Tokyo Stock Exchange . Since 2017, the company is a constituent of the Nikkei Stock Average index. Although Seiko Group Corporation ( f/k/a K. Hattori, Hattori Seiko, and Seiko Holdings) and the key members of the Hattori family still hold approximately 10% of the outstanding shares of Seiko Epson, the company is managed and operated completely independently from Seiko Group. Seiko Watch Corporation,

986-513: The M9  • 3″ inch screen with sapphire crystal LCD glass  • Black-and-white version of the M (Typ 240)  • Capable of capturing Full HD 1080 video  • 3" inch screen TFT LCD monitor  • Black-and-white version of the M10  • Dedicated ISO dial with ISO 160 to ISO 100.000  • The only control on

1044-731: The Micro Piezo inkjet technology, which used a piezoelectric crystal in each nozzle and did not heat the ink at the print head while spraying it onto the page, and released the Epson MJ-500 inkjet cartridge for the Epson Stylus 800 printer in March 1993. Shortly after in 1994, Epson released the first 720 dpi colour inkjet printer, the Epson Stylus Color (P860A) utilizing the Micro Piezo head technology. Newer models of

1102-567: The R-D1 up to the full functionality of its successor, being the first digital camera manufacturer to make such an upgrade available for free. In September 2012, Epson introduced a printer called the Expression Premium XP-800 Small-in-One, with the ability to print wirelessly. The Expression brand name has since been used on various models of scanners. In the third quarter of 2012, Epson's global market share in

1160-647: The Stylus series employed Epson's special DURABrite ink and used two hard drives (an HD 850 and an HD 860). In 1994, Epson started to outsource sales representatives to help sell their products in retail stores in the United States. The same year, they started the Epson Weekend Warrior sales program. The purpose of the program was to help improve sales, improve retail sales reps' knowledge of Epson products, and to address Epson customer service in

1218-556: The Suwa Factory was split up and merged into Daiwa Kogyo to form Suwa Seikosha Co., Ltd: the forerunner of the Seiko Epson Corporation. The company has developed many timepiece technologies, such as the world's first portable quartz timer (Seiko QC-951) in 1963, the world's first quartz watch ( Seiko Quartz Astron 35SQ ) in 1969, the first automatic power-generating quartz watch (Seiko Auto-Quartz) in 1988, and

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1276-453: The U.S., said Epson. In 2015, it emerged that Epson printers reported cartridges to be empty when in fact up to 20% of their ink remains. As in 2003, the company responded: The ink reporting and ink cartridges used in Epson's Stylus Pro 9900-series large format printer reports on ink levels and simultaneously protect the health of the printhead . During printhead maintenance or cleanings, if

1334-448: The ability to adjust to changes in lighting during the actual exposure which was useful for specialist applications such as photomicrography and astronomical photography. Leica later used a variation of this system, as did Pentax with their Integrated Direct Metering ( IDM ) in the LX camera. A variation of this "OTF" system was used on early Olympus E-Series digital cameras to fine-tune

1392-406: The advantages of metering with real-time feedback and without preflash. TTL metering systems have been incorporated into other types of cameras as well. Most digital " point-and-shoot cameras " use TTL metering, performed by the imaging sensor itself. In many advanced modern cameras multiple 'segments' are used to acquire the amount of light in different places of the picture. Depending on the mode

1450-452: The amount of light emitted by a flash unit connected to the camera. Through-the-lens metering is most often associated with single-lens reflex (SLR) cameras. In most film and digital SLRs, the light sensor(s) for exposure metering are incorporated into the pentaprism or pentamirror , the mechanism by which a SLR allows the viewfinder to see directly through the lens. As the mirror is flipped up, no light can reach there during exposure,

1508-418: The base of the mirror box measured the light reflected from the subject bouncing off this pattern of blocks. The timing of the release of the second curtain was adjusted in real time during the actual exposure. As the shutter speed increased, the actual light reflecting off the film surface was measured and the timing of the second curtain's release adjusted accordingly. This gave cameras equipped with this system

1566-665: The best selling printer in the United States . In July 1982, Shinshu Seiki officially named itself the Epson Corporation and launched the world's first handheld computer, the HX-20 (HC-20), and in May 1983, the world's first portable colour LCD TV was developed and launched by the company. In November 1985, Suwa Seikosha Co., Ltd. and the Epson Corporation merged to form Seiko Epson Corporation. The company developed

1624-553: The body is via the shutter speed and ISO dials  • No Rear LCD Screen  • The only control on the body is via the shutter speed and ISO dials Mechanical |  Mechanical TTL   |   Electronic Controlled Shutter TTL   Digital types: M = Professional | ME = Entry level | MM = Monochrom | MD = No display MR = Increased resolution   CCD sensor   |   CMOS sensor   | Video capabilities Epson Seiko Epson Corporation , commonly known as Epson ,

1682-551: The cameras using this configuration (e.g. the Minolta 9000) are virtually immune against measurement errors caused by light reaching the metering cells at larger angles, for example with tilt–shift lenses . Metering cells located at the bottom of the mirror box using light reflected off the film are also used in all film SLRs supporting the classical form of real-time TTL flash metering. Some early Pentax DSLRs could use this same configuration for TTL flash metering as well, but since

1740-506: The exposure just before the first curtain was released; for this to work, the first curtain was coated in a neutral grey colour. The process of calculating the correct amount of flash light can also be done 'through the lens'. This is being done in a significantly different way than non-flash 'through the lens' metering. The actual metering itself happens in two different ways, depending on the medium. Digital TTL works differently than analog TTL. The analog version of TTL works as follows: when

1798-450: The film (OTF). In OTF metering used by Olympus, metering was performed in one of two ways — or a combination of both — depending upon the shutter speed in use. In the OM-2's Auto Dynamic Metering ( ADM ) system the first shutter curtain had the lens-facing side coated with a computer generated pattern of white blocks to emulate an average scene. As the mirror flipped-up the metering cell in

Leica M mount - Misplaced Pages Continue

1856-426: The flash fires immediately after the shutter opens), the preflashes and main flash appear as one to the human eye, since there is very little time between them. When using rear-curtain flash (when the flash fires at the end of the exposure) and a slow shutter speed, the distinction between the main flash and the preflashes is more obvious. Some cameras and flash units take more information into account when calculating

1914-516: The former Seiko Group , a name traditionally known for manufacturing Seiko timepieces . Seiko Epson was one of the major companies in the Seiko Group, but is neither a subsidiary nor an affiliate of Seiko Group Corporation. The roots of Seiko Epson Corporation go back to a company called Daiwa Kogyo, Ltd. which was founded in May 1942 by Hisao Yamazaki, a local clock shop owner and former employee of K. Hattori , in Suwa, Nagano . Daiwa Kogyo

1972-399: The incoming light hits the film, a part of it is reflected towards a sensor. This sensor controls the flash. If enough light is captured, the flash is stopped. During early testing of this system by Minolta and Olympus it was found that not all brands and types of film reflect the light to the same amount although the actual difference between brands was less than half a stop. The one exception

2030-573: The latter of which is an enterprise oriented, upgraded version of the BT-200 with stereoscopic cameras. The company also was the first to release consumer smartglasses with transparent optics, which were popular with drone pilots for providing a first-person view while still being able to see the drone in the sky. In 2016, Epson presented the large-format SureColor SC-P10000 ink printer; it prints with inks in ten colours on paper up to 44 inches (1.1 m) wide. To control its printers, Epson introduced

2088-455: The lens is measured and this value is used to calculate the amount of light necessary for the actual exposure. Multiple pre-flashes can be used to improve the flash output. Canon referred to this as Evaluative TTL (E-TTL) and later improved the system with E-TTL II . The first form of digital TTL by Nikon, called "D-TTL", was used in a few early models. Since then, the superior "i-TTL" system has been used. When using front-curtain flash (when

2146-522: The market), which supports the Leica M mount and Leica M39 mount lenses with an adapter ring. Because its sensor is smaller than that of the standard 35 mm film frame, lenses mounted on the R-D1 have a field of view 1.53 times as wide as that of the standard 35 mm camera. In 2006, the R-D1 was replaced by the R-D1s, a cheaper version with identical hardware. Epson has released a firmware patch to bring

2204-424: The necessary amount of exposure needs to be determined before the actual exposure. Consequently, these light sensors could traditionally be used for ambient light TTL metering only. In newer SLRs as well as in almost all DSLRs, they can also be utilized for preflash TTL metering, where the metering is carried out before the mirror flips up using a small preflash of known intensity and the necessary amount of flash light

2262-417: The necessary flash output, including the distance of the subject to the lens. This improves the lighting when a subject is placed in front of a background. If the lens is focused on the subject, the flash will be controlled to allow for proper exposure on the subject, thus leaving the background underexposed. Alternatively, if the lens is focused on the background, the background will be properly exposed, leaving

2320-577: The personal computer market in 1983 with the QX-10 , a CP/M -compatible Z80 machine. By 1986, the company had shifted to the growing PC market with the Equity line. EPSON manufactured and sold NEC PC-9801 clones in Japan. Epson withdrew from the international PC market in 1996. The company still produces and sells PCs in Japan as of 2024. In June 2003, the company became public following their listing on

2378-500: The photographer has selected, this information is then used to correctly set the exposure. With a simple spot meter, a single spot on the picture is selected. The camera sets the exposure in order to get that particular spot properly exposed. On some modern SLR systems the spot metering area or zone can be coupled to the actual focusing area selected offering more flexibility and less need to use exposure lock systems. With multiple segment metering (also known as matrix or honeycomb metering),

Leica M mount - Misplaced Pages Continue

2436-402: The production of robots. In July 2003, a Netherlands -based consumer association advised its 640,000 members to boycott Epson inkjet printers. The organisation alleged that Epson customers were unfairly charged for ink they could never use. Later that month, however, the group retracted its call for a nationwide boycott and issued a statement conceding that residual ink left in Epson cartridges

2494-434: The read out of the image sensor itself for exposure metering in these modes. This also applies to Sony's SLT digital cameras, which use the image sensor for exposure metering all the time. As of 2012, no digital SLR or SLT camera on the market supported any form of real-time TTL flash metering using the image sensor. However, it can be expected that such methods will be introduced as image sensor technology progresses, given

2552-440: The reflectance properties of image sensors differ significantly from those of film, this method proved to be unreliable in practice. Therefore, digital SLR cameras typically don't support any real-time TTL flash metering and must use preflash metering instead. The ambient and flash light metering is then carried out by a metering module located in the roof of the camera (see above). Digital SLRs supporting live view or video will use

2610-417: The roof of the camera. Depending on model, the light was reflected down there either by a secondary mirror behind the half-transparent main mirror, a special reflective coating of the first shutter curtain, the surface of the film itself, or combinations thereof. One of the advantages of this approach is that the measuring result requires no adjustments when changing focusing screens or viewfinders. Also, some of

2668-668: The sale of printers, copiers and multifunction devices amounted to 15.20 percent. In September 2015, Epson debuted the ET-4550 printer, which enables the user to pour ink into separate inkwells from ink bottles instead of cartridges. Epson is also involved in the smartglasses market. Since 2016, the company has three different models: the Moverio BT-100, the Moverio BT-200, and the Moverio Pro BT-2000,

2726-621: The same year, Epson America Inc. was established to sell printers for Shinshu Seiki Co. In June 1978, the TX-80 (TP-80) , an eighty-column dot matrix printer , was released to the market and was mainly used as a system printer for the Commodore PET computer. After two years of further development, an improved model, the MX-80 (MP-80), was launched in October 1980. It was soon advertised as

2784-605: The subject in the foreground typically overexposed. This technique requires both a camera capable of calculating the distance information, as well as the lens being capable of communicating the focal distance to the body. Nikon refers to this technique as "3D matrix metering", although different camera manufacturers use different terms for this technique. Canon incorporated this technique in E-TTL II. More advanced TTL flash techniques include off-camera flash lighting, where one or more flash units are located at different locations around

2842-420: The subject. In this case a 'commander' unit (which can be integrated in the camera body) is used to control all of the remote units. The commander unit usually controls the remote flashes by using flashes of visible or infrared light, although TTL-capable radio triggering systems are available. The photographer can normally vary the light ratios between the different flashes. The technique of using preflashes to get

2900-534: The time production ended in 1966. It remains the best-selling M mount camera ever made. The M3 uses 135 film (or 35 mm film), with the canister being loaded behind a detachable bottom plate. The M3 was followed by many other M mount cameras, released over 40 years, with many of the basic concepts remaining in these designs. With the introduction of the Through-the-lens metering (TTL) in the Leica M5 and

2958-527: The values of the different segments are combined and weighted to set the correct exposure. Implementations of these metering modes vary between cameras and manufacturers, making it difficult to predict how a scene will be exposed when switching cameras. The first camera to feature through-the-lens light metering was by Japanese company Nikon , with a prototype rangefinder camera, the SPX. The camera used Nikon 'S' type rangefinder lenses. The Japanese company Pentax

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3016-519: The world's first mini-printer, the EP-101 ("EP" for Electronic Printer), which was soon incorporated into many calculators. In June 1975, the name Epson was coined for the next generation of printers based on the EP-101, which was released to the public. The Epson name was coined by joining the initials EP (Electronic Printer) and the word son , making "Epson" mean "Electronic Printer's Son". In April of

3074-475: Was Polaroid's instant slide film which had a black surface and could not be used in TTL flash mode. Nevertheless, for most applications analogue TTL flash exposure metering was more advanced and accurate than systems used previously and permitted far more flexibility - with bounced flash exposures in particular being more accurate than manually calculated equivalents. With digital, this way of direct reflection metering

3132-478: Was fully integrated into the company in 2017. In 1961, Suwa Seikosha established a company called Shinshu Seiki Co. as a subsidiary to supply precision parts for Seiko watches. When Seiko was selected to be the official time keeper for the 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, a printing timer was required to time events, and Shinshu Seiki started developing an electronic printer. In September 1968, Shinshu Seiki launched

3190-453: Was necessary for the printers to function properly. Epson designed ink to be left in the cartridges (having done so ever since the introduction of piezoelectric print heads) due to the way the capping mechanism worked. If the capping mechanism dries out, then the heads risk getting clogged, necessitating expensive repairs. The reason that the Dutch consumer association retracted their statement

3248-585: Was supported by an investment from the Hattori family (founder of the Seiko Group) and began as a manufacturer of watch parts for Daini Seikosha (currently Seiko Instruments ). The company started operation in a 230-square-metre (2,500 sq ft) renovated miso storehouse with 22 employees. In 1943, Daini Seikosha established a factory in Suwa for manufacturing Seiko watches with Daiwa Kogyo. In 1959,

3306-592: Was that, as pointed out, Epson had made a statement regarding how many pages (at usually a 5% coverage of an A4 sheet of paper ) each cartridge could sustain for printing. Nonetheless, Epson America, Inc. settled a class action lawsuit brought before the Los Angeles Superior Court . It did not admit guilt, but agreed to refund $ 45 to anyone who purchased an Epson inkjet printer after April 8, 1999 (at least $ 20 of which must be used at Epson's e-Store). According to IDG News Service , Epson filed

3364-583: Was the first manufacturer to show an early prototype 35 mm behind-the-lens metering SLR camera , which was named the Pentax Spotmatic . The camera was shown at the 1960 photokina show. The first TTL light metering SLR was the 1963 Topcon RE Super , which had the CdS metering cell placed behind the reflex mirror. In the 1970s Olympus marketed the OM-2 camera, which measured the exposure directly off

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