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48-519: Lepuropetalon is a genus of flowering plants in the family Celastraceae . Before it was placed in the family when it was defined by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group 's APG III system in 2009, it had been placed with Parnassia in the family Parnassiaceae , now usually treated as a segregate of Celastraceae. When their most recent revision of Angiosperm classification was published in 2016, it retained its position in

96-589: A collector had sent from Chile . At about the same time, John Torrey in New York received some material from Louisiana . John Torrey and Asa Gray wrote about Lepuropetalon in 1840. Alvan Wentworth Chapman wrote of it in 1860, 1884, and 1897, in the three editions of Flora of the Southern United States . Lepuropetalon was mentioned in several other publications in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, but it remained little known and it

144-409: A few tiny leaves, the whole plant being less than 5 mm high and 5mm across. The stems, leaves, and flowers are conspicuously dotted with epidermal sacs of tannin that tend to be arranged in lines. These are golden-brown or slightly reddish in color. The stems are rather thick and slightly angled. The leaves are alternate or subopposite in arrangement, sessile , long, and wide at the end like

192-651: A later homonym of a validly published name is a nomen illegitimum or nom. illeg. ; for a full list refer to the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants and the work cited above by Hawksworth, 2010. In place of the "valid taxon" in zoology, the nearest equivalent in botany is " correct name " or "current name" which can, again, differ or change with alternative taxonomic treatments or new information that results in previously accepted genera being combined or split. Prokaryote and virus codes of nomenclature also exist which serve as

240-628: A long time and redescribed as new by a range of subsequent workers, or if a range of genera previously considered separate taxa have subsequently been consolidated into one. For example, the World Register of Marine Species presently lists 8 genus-level synonyms for the sperm whale genus Physeter Linnaeus, 1758, and 13 for the bivalve genus Pecten O.F. Müller, 1776. Within the same kingdom, one generic name can apply to one genus only. However, many names have been assigned (usually unintentionally) to two or more different genera. For example,

288-409: A reference for designating currently accepted genus names as opposed to others which may be either reduced to synonymy, or, in the case of prokaryotes, relegated to a status of "names without standing in prokaryotic nomenclature". An available (zoological) or validly published (botanical) name that has been historically applied to a genus but is not regarded as the accepted (current/valid) name for

336-414: A spoon or spatula. The flowers are solitary on the ends of stems, immediately above the leaves, and usually face upward. They are large compared to the rest of the plant, 2 to 3mm in diameter with male and female parts both present and functional. The calyx consists of five broad, often unequal sepals that are joined in the lower part to form a floral cup that encloses the lower half of the ovary and

384-427: A taxon; however, the names published in suppressed works are made unavailable via the relevant Opinion dealing with the work in question. In botany, similar concepts exist but with different labels. The botanical equivalent of zoology's "available name" is a validly published name . An invalidly published name is a nomen invalidum or nom. inval. ; a rejected name is a nomen rejiciendum or nom. rej. ;

432-455: A total of c. 520,000 published names (including synonyms) as at end 2019, increasing at some 2,500 published generic names per year. "Official" registers of taxon names at all ranks, including genera, exist for a few groups only such as viruses and prokaryotes, while for others there are compendia with no "official" standing such as Index Fungorum for fungi, Index Nominum Algarum and AlgaeBase for algae, Index Nominum Genericorum and

480-464: Is a response to increasing day length, yet no experiments have confirmed it. Flowering is in March and early April. Seed maturity follows quickly. Few plants survive beyond the end of April. Lepuropetalon spathulatum is a diminutive winter annual. In favorable conditions, it forms a hemispherical tuft, up to 2 cm tall and wide, rarely larger. It often consists of no more than a single flower above

528-518: Is common along the edges of soil-filled depressions on top of rocks. It is often seen in cemeteries and clearings for power lines. Because it is common in habitats that are maintained by humans but not subject to intensive cultivation, it is probably more abundant now than it was in the past. In the United States and Mexico , the seeds germinate in January. It has been suggested that this

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576-612: Is discouraged by both the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature and the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants , there are some five thousand such names in use in more than one kingdom. For instance, A list of generic homonyms (with their authorities), including both available (validly published) and selected unavailable names, has been compiled by the Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera (IRMNG). The type genus forms

624-460: Is somewhat arbitrary. Although all species within a genus are supposed to be "similar", there are no objective criteria for grouping species into genera. There is much debate among zoologists about whether enormous, species-rich genera should be maintained, as it is extremely difficult to come up with identification keys or even character sets that distinguish all species. Hence, many taxonomists argue in favor of breaking down large genera. For instance,

672-474: Is the type species , and the generic name is permanently associated with the type specimen of its type species. Should the specimen turn out to be assignable to another genus, the generic name linked to it becomes a junior synonym and the remaining taxa in the former genus need to be reassessed. In zoological usage, taxonomic names, including those of genera, are classified as "available" or "unavailable". Available names are those published in accordance with

720-445: Is thickened along its fissures to form five ribs. The sepals persist beyond the maturity of the fruit . The petals are scale -like, white and barely visible, on the rim of the floral cup between the sepals, or sometimes absent. They die but remain, along with the sepals. The five stamens are short and opposite the sepals. Initially, they are turned inward and dump their pollen on the ovary. Eventually, they are bent outward by

768-621: The International Code of Zoological Nomenclature ; the earliest such name for any taxon (for example, a genus) should then be selected as the " valid " (i.e., current or accepted) name for the taxon in question. Consequently, there will be more available names than valid names at any point in time; which names are currently in use depending on the judgement of taxonomists in either combining taxa described under multiple names, or splitting taxa which may bring available names previously treated as synonyms back into use. "Unavailable" names in zoology comprise names that either were not published according to

816-824: The International Plant Names Index for plants in general, and ferns through angiosperms, respectively, and Nomenclator Zoologicus and the Index to Organism Names for zoological names. Totals for both "all names" and estimates for "accepted names" as held in the Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera (IRMNG) are broken down further in the publication by Rees et al., 2020 cited above. The accepted names estimates are as follows, broken down by kingdom: The cited ranges of uncertainty arise because IRMNG lists "uncertain" names (not researched therein) in addition to known "accepted" names;

864-585: The carbon dioxide fixing enzyme RuBisCO . This study found Saxifragaceae sensu lato to be polyphyletic with Lepuropetalon , Parnassia , and several others unrelated to the core of the family. Saxifragaceae is now defined much more narrowly than it was in 1993, and now comprises about 30 genera. As Lepuropetalon and its sister Parnassia were being tossed out of Saxifragales , they were landing in Celastrales . The first very large DNA sequence comparison for flowering plants included both of them and

912-458: The herbaria created by Elliott and Muhlenberg are still preserved, but the specimens of Lepuropetalon are lost from both of them. In 1817, Stephen Elliott published one of the booklets that would be combined in 1821 to become volume I of the work for which he is still remembered, A Sketch of the Botany of South Carolina and Georgia . In this book, he mentions Pyxidanthera spatulata , but gives

960-419: The nomenclature codes , which allow each species a single unique name that, for animals (including protists ), plants (also including algae and fungi ) and prokaryotes ( bacteria and archaea ), is Latin and binomial in form; this contrasts with common or vernacular names , which are non-standardized, can be non-unique, and typically also vary by country and language of usage. Except for viruses ,

1008-404: The platypus belongs to the genus Ornithorhynchus although George Shaw named it Platypus in 1799 (these two names are thus synonyms ) . However, the name Platypus had already been given to a group of ambrosia beetles by Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Herbst in 1793. A name that means two different things is a homonym . Since beetles and platypuses are both members of the kingdom Animalia,

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1056-426: The specific epithet the more conventional Latin spelling of "spathulatum". He departed from Muhlenberg's classification, however, by placing the plant in its own genus, which he named Lepuropetalon . Elliott gave a very brief Latin description which he translated as He then gave a detailed description of the plant and mentions that it had also been collected by William Baldwin . Elliott wrote no etymology for

1104-603: The Plants of North America ). Muhlenberg named the plant Pyxidanthera spatulata , but it is now known that Lepuropetalon is not related to Pyxidanthera , the latter being a member of the family Diapensiaceae in the order Ericales . Muhlenberg's name is, in any case, considered a nomen nudum because his description can not be used to identify the plant. Muhlenberg's information on this plant, and probably some specimens as well, almost certainly came from his friend and correspondent, Stephen Elliott of South Carolina . Parts of

1152-545: The United States. In the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, Lepuropetalon was placed in various families by different authors, but it was usually placed with Parnassia in Saxifragaceae or segregated with Parnassia to form the family Parnassiaceae . In 1993, a phylogeny of Saxifragaceae was published, based on DNA sequences of the chloroplast gene rbcL , which codes for the large subunit of

1200-484: The area mentioned above, it is also found in Uruguay and central Chile . It is one of the smallest of terrestrial flowering plants and some consider it to be the smallest. Due its small size, petiteplant has been used as a common name. Because it is so easily overlooked, it is probably much more abundant than records indicate. It is found in moist areas, usually in soils that are sandy or derived from granite . It

1248-422: The area that is receptive to pollen extends downward along the fissures where the carpels are joined. The fruit is a capsule . The seeds are numerous and cylindrical, .15 to .2mm long, reddish when immature, and nearly black when ripe. Lepuropetalon spathulatum entered the botanical literature in 1813 with the publication by Henry Muhlenberg of Catalogus Plantarum Americae Septentrionalis ( Catalog of

1296-442: The base for higher taxonomic ranks, such as the family name Canidae ("Canids") based on Canis . However, this does not typically ascend more than one or two levels: the order to which dogs and wolves belong is Carnivora ("Carnivores"). The numbers of either accepted, or all published genus names is not known precisely; Rees et al., 2020 estimate that approximately 310,000 accepted names (valid taxa) may exist, out of

1344-449: The expansion of the ovary. The anthers are yellow, erect, and subglobular. The five staminodes are opposite the petals and dilated at the ends. The gynoecium is unilocular and composed of three fused carpels . The ovules are numerous and attached near the margins of the carpels. The three stigmas are separate or initially joined at the base, but soon separating with growth of the ovary. The stigmas are commissural , meaning that

1392-534: The family Celastraceae. Lepuropetalon has only one species , Lepuropetalon spathulatum . It is a winter annual that is most abundant in eastern Texas and western Louisiana . From there, it occurs sporadically southward into Mexico , and eastward through the Atlantic and Gulf coastal plain , and rarely in the Piedmont Plateau , to North Carolina . It has a disjunct distribution . In addition to

1440-405: The flower, but are also sometimes long enough to protrude from the corolla. Sometimes, the staminodes are modified to produce nectar , as in the witch hazel ( Hamamelis ) . Staminodes can be a critical characteristic for differentiating between species, for instance in the orchid genus Paphiopedilum , and among the penstemons . In the case of cannas , the petals are inconsequential and

1488-446: The form "author, year" in zoology, and "standard abbreviated author name" in botany. Thus in the examples above, the genus Canis would be cited in full as " Canis Linnaeus, 1758" (zoological usage), while Hibiscus , also first established by Linnaeus but in 1753, is simply " Hibiscus L." (botanical usage). Each genus should have a designated type , although in practice there is a backlog of older names without one. In zoology, this

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1536-737: The generic name (or its abbreviated form) still forms the leading portion of the scientific name, for example, Canis lupus lupus for the Eurasian wolf subspecies, or as a botanical example, Hibiscus arnottianus ssp. immaculatus . Also, as visible in the above examples, the Latinised portions of the scientific names of genera and their included species (and infraspecies, where applicable) are, by convention, written in italics . The scientific names of virus species are descriptive, not binomial in form, and may or may not incorporate an indication of their containing genus; for example,

1584-633: The largest component, with 23,236 ± 5,379 accepted genus names, of which 20,845 ± 4,494 are angiosperms (superclass Angiospermae). By comparison, the 2018 annual edition of the Catalogue of Life (estimated >90% complete, for extant species in the main) contains currently 175,363 "accepted" genus names for 1,744,204 living and 59,284 extinct species, also including genus names only (no species) for some groups. The number of species in genera varies considerably among taxonomic groups. For instance, among (non-avian) reptiles , which have about 1180 genera,

1632-417: The lizard genus Anolis has been suggested to be broken down into 8 or so different genera which would bring its ~400 species to smaller, more manageable subsets. Staminode In botany , a staminode is an often rudimentary, sterile or abortive stamen , which means that it does not produce pollen . Staminodes are frequently inconspicuous and stamen-like, usually occurring at the inner whorl of

1680-403: The most (>300) have only 1 species, ~360 have between 2 and 4 species, 260 have 5–10 species, ~200 have 11–50 species, and only 27 genera have more than 50 species. However, some insect genera such as the bee genera Lasioglossum and Andrena have over 1000 species each. The largest flowering plant genus, Astragalus , contains over 3,000 species. Which species are assigned to a genus

1728-428: The name could not be used for both. Johann Friedrich Blumenbach published the replacement name Ornithorhynchus in 1800. However, a genus in one kingdom is allowed to bear a scientific name that is in use as a generic name (or the name of a taxon in another rank) in a kingdom that is governed by a different nomenclature code. Names with the same form but applying to different taxa are called "homonyms". Although this

1776-618: The name, and subsequent authors have differed on its interpretation. All agree that the name is of Greek derivation and that "petalon" is the Greek term for "petal or leaf". However, some say that the first part is derived from lepyron , "a husk or shell", referring to the inclusion of the petals within the calyx, while others say that it is from lepro , meaning "scaly", and referring to the scale-like petals. In 1833, William Jackson Hooker in England described Lepuropetalon from material that

1824-541: The provisions of the ICZN Code, e.g., incorrect original or subsequent spellings, names published only in a thesis, and generic names published after 1930 with no type species indicated. According to "Glossary" section of the zoological Code, suppressed names (per published "Opinions" of the International Commission of Zoological Nomenclature) remain available but cannot be used as the valid name for

1872-470: The same kind as other (analogous) genera. The term "genus" comes from Latin genus , a noun form cognate with gignere ('to bear; to give birth to'). The Swedish taxonomist Carl Linnaeus popularized its use in his 1753 Species Plantarum , but the French botanist Joseph Pitton de Tournefort (1656–1708) is considered "the founder of the modern concept of genera". The scientific name (or

1920-408: The scientific epithet) of a genus is also called the generic name ; in modern style guides and science, it is always capitalised. It plays a fundamental role in binomial nomenclature , the system of naming organisms , where it is combined with the scientific name of a species : see Botanical name and Specific name (zoology) . The rules for the scientific names of organisms are laid down in

1968-497: The specific name particular to the wolf. A botanical example would be Hibiscus arnottianus , a particular species of the genus Hibiscus native to Hawaii. The specific name is written in lower-case and may be followed by subspecies names in zoology or a variety of infraspecific names in botany . When the generic name is already known from context, it may be shortened to its initial letter, for example, C. lupus in place of Canis lupus . Where species are further subdivided,

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2016-412: The standard format for a species name comprises the generic name, indicating the genus to which the species belongs, followed by the specific epithet, which (within that genus) is unique to the species. For example, the gray wolf 's scientific name is Canis lupus , with Canis ( Latin for 'dog') being the generic name shared by the wolf's close relatives and lupus (Latin for 'wolf') being

2064-403: The taxon is termed a synonym ; some authors also include unavailable names in lists of synonyms as well as available names, such as misspellings, names previously published without fulfilling all of the requirements of the relevant nomenclatural code, and rejected or suppressed names. A particular genus name may have zero to many synonyms, the latter case generally if the genus has been known for

2112-576: The values quoted are the mean of "accepted" names alone (all "uncertain" names treated as unaccepted) and "accepted + uncertain" names (all "uncertain" names treated as accepted), with the associated range of uncertainty indicating these two extremes. Within Animalia, the largest phylum is Arthropoda , with 151,697 ± 33,160 accepted genus names, of which 114,387 ± 27,654 are insects (class Insecta). Within Plantae, Tracheophyta (vascular plants) make up

2160-429: The virus species " Salmonid herpesvirus 1 ", " Salmonid herpesvirus 2 " and " Salmonid herpesvirus 3 " are all within the genus Salmonivirus ; however, the genus to which the species with the formal names " Everglades virus " and " Ross River virus " are assigned is Alphavirus . As with scientific names at other ranks, in all groups other than viruses, names of genera may be cited with their authorities, typically in

2208-531: Was based on rbcL. The phylogeny produced by this study placed Lepuropetalon and Parnassia together, but only four members of Celastrales were sampled and the authors could not calculate statistical support for their clades . In 2000, an rbcL phylogeny of eudicots again put Lepuropetalon and Parnassia together, but with only weak statistical support. In 2001, in a study that used much more DNA, Lepuropetalon again grouped with Parnassia , but with strong statistical support (98% bootstrap percentage). This

2256-595: Was confirmed in 2006 in the first study to sample all of the major clades in Celastrales. Genus The composition of a genus is determined by taxonomists . The standards for genus classification are not strictly codified, so different authorities often produce different classifications for genera. There are some general practices used, however, including the idea that a newly defined genus should fulfill these three criteria to be descriptively useful: Moreover, genera should be composed of phylogenetic units of

2304-467: Was seldom collected for herbaria. There are about 90 known collections of it before 1970. In the 1970s, interest in Lepuropetalon increased and by 1987, when Ward and Gholson wrote of it, there had been 263 collections. Collectors at that time observed that once one learned what sort of areas to look in, Lepuropetalon was easily found. Ward and Gholson provide a detailed map of its distribution in

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