Ottoman victory
51-644: Little War may refer to: Conflicts [ edit ] The Little War in Hungary , a series of conflicts between the Habsburgs and the Ottoman Empire in the 16th century The Little War (Cuba) or Guerra Chiquita (1879–1880), the middle of three conflicts in the Cuban War of Independence The Slovak-Hungarian War or Little War, fought in 1939 between
102-529: A 2008 album by Unwed Sailor Little Wars (film) , a 1982 French-Lebanese war film Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Little War . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Little_War&oldid=1222421979 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
153-572: A conflict known as the "Little War" ( German : Kleinkrieg ). No large armies or sustained campaigns were launched, but authorities on both sides continually struggled with hostile raiders and forays across the poorly-demarcated border. Both sides, however, desired that peace continue. In 1571 the Turks destroyed the Hodejov castle and in 1575 they conquered the Modrý Kameň castle. In 1588 there
204-521: A deep imprint in Hungarian historical memory, and ending in defeat despite the heroic endurance of the defenders. Sultan Suleiman I started his last campaign and he set Szigetvár as his first goal. He besieged the castle of Szigetvár with an army of hundred thousand regular forces, which Zrinski defended with about 2,500 soldiers, resisting the Turkish superiority for 34 days. On September 7, 1566, when
255-592: A few guns to defend Güns ( Kőszeg ). In the siege of Güns , the Grand Vizier of the Ottomans, Ibrahim Pasha , did not realize how well defended Koszeg was. Nonetheless, under the leadership of Croatian Captain Nikola Jurišić , the city fought off every assault. The exact outcome of the battle is unknown since it has two versions that differ depending on the source. In the first version, Nikola Jurišić rejected
306-544: A fort under Ottoman control is a bigger sin than failing to take one. Ali Paşa temporarily lifted the siege and took his men to Babócsa, to rescue the garrison but, on July 23-24, at a battle at the Rinya River, Nikola Zrinski defeated Ali Paşa, who then returned to Szigetvár, which, during his absence, had damaged walls repaired and the garrison reinvigorated. The Ottomans lifted the siege and left Szigetvár - chased and attacked while they fled. The castle, damaged during
357-653: A month and sent a secret letter to prince Selim to take over the throne. The soldiers didn't know that Suleiman died until Selim joined the army in Belgrade. The army supported him to be the successor of Suleiman. Peace was finally concluded in Edirne in 1568 and renewed in 1576, 1584, and 1591. War would not again break out between the Habsburgs and Ottomans until 1593, in the Long Turkish War . However, throughout this period of peace small-scale warfare continued,
408-553: A series of wars on the territory of the Kingdom of Hungary and several adjacent lands in Southeastern Europe from 1526 to 1568. The Habsburgs and the Ottomans engaged in a series of military campaigns against one another in Hungary between 1526 and 1568. While overall the Ottomans had the upper hand, the war failed to produce any decisive result. The Ottoman army remained very powerful in the open field but it often lost
459-411: A significant amount of time besieging the many fortresses of the Hungarian frontier and its communication lines were now dangerously overstretched. At the end of the conflict, Hungary had been split into several different zones of control, between the Ottomans, Habsburgs, and Transylvania , an Ottoman vassal state. The simultaneous war of succession between Habsburg-controlled western "Royal Hungary" and
510-475: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Little War in Hungary [REDACTED] Holy Roman Empire Mediterranean Ottoman–Habsburg War (1540–1547) Ottoman–Habsburg War (1551–1562) Habsburg–Transylvanian War (1556–1567) Ottoman–Habsburg War (1565–1568) The Habsburg monarchy and the Ottoman Empire waged
561-546: The Battle of Gorjani , which was a disaster as big as Mohács , with an Ottoman relief army smashing the Austrians. However, rather than attack Vienna again, Suleiman sent an army of 8,000 light cavalries to attack Otranto in southern Italy the same year. The troops were withdrawn from Italy after an expected French invasion designed to coordinate with Ottoman efforts failed to materialize. Nonetheless, an Ottoman victory at
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#1732765088632612-577: The Holy Roman Emperor Charles V sent Spanish troops to help his brother regularly from 1527 to 1553, support that proved instrumental in Hungary remaining inside Christianity . In the spring of 1551, the Ottomans held the Hungarian border forts of Pécs , Fehérvár , Esztergom, Vác, Nógrád, Hatvan and Szeged. During the conquest campaign in 1551, the Turks were defeated by George the Frater at Timișoara (Temesvár) and Lippa, and
663-604: The Kingdom of Hungary from 1526 to 1570. The Zápolyas ruled over an eastern part of Hungary, and the Habsburg kings ( Ferdinand and Maximilian ) ruled the west. The Habsburgs tried several times to unite all Hungary under their rule, but the Ottoman Empire prevented that by supporting the Eastern Hungarian Kingdom. The exact extent of the Zápolya realm was never settled because both the Habsburgs and
714-603: The Zápolya -ruled pro-Ottoman " Eastern Hungarian Kingdom " is known as the Little War in Hungary . Following Suleiman 's unsuccessful siege of Vienna in 1529, Ferdinand I launched a counter-attack in 1530 to regain the initiative and avenge the destruction brought by Suleiman's 120,000-strong army. Suleiman's response came in 1532 when he led a massive army of over 120,000 troops to besiege Vienna again. Ferdinand withdrew his army, leaving only 700 men with no cannons and
765-439: The voivode was inadequate to provide the task of administering a state. Martinuzzi formed a new administrative structure, and established the court at Gyulafehérvár . The feudal estates lost their power over cases of state. The Saxons were still Habsburg supporters and adopted a passive stance. Péter Haller, the royal magistrate at Szeben, was the only Saxon at the court of Gyulafehérvár. The Székelys had only few advocates in
816-469: The Eastern Hungarian Kingdom became the predecessor of the Principality of Transylvania (1570–1711) . Despite John Sigismund's profession of vassalage to Maximilian, the princes of Transylvania ruled with near complete autonomy, and often paid tribute to the Ottoman Empire. Austria and Turkey contended for supremacy there for nearly two centuries. All reference after 1570 to the king of Hungary refer to
867-670: The First Slovak Republic and Hungary in eastern Slovakia The Little Civil War or Patuleia in Portugal (1846–47) The Little War (Fiji) , an 1876 conflict between the British colonists and the native people in Fiji Other uses [ edit ] Little War Island or Malo Ratno Ostrvo, a Serbian island Little Wars , an early table top war game, invented by author H. G. Wells Little Wars (album) ,
918-538: The Hungarian army of the Upper Lands at the battle of Szécsény [ sk ] . The Ottoman armies advancing in Transdanubia managed to occupy all the surrounding fortresses in the years 1540-1550, so Szigetvár was completely left alone. After the Turkish attack, led by Toygun Paşa, governor of Buda, was repulsed by László Kerecsényi in 1555, the first full-scale siege of the fortress took place in
969-472: The Hungarian plain remained under Zápolya rule; after 1571 it became known as Partium . During the 1540s, the Eastern Hungarian Kingdom included the counties of Máramaros , Szabolcs , Szatmár , Közép-Szolnok , Bihar , Külső-Szolnok , Békés , Csongrád , Arad , Csanád , and the Temesköz . The bigger towns, such as Várad or Lippa, were significant centers of state power, warranting predominance over
1020-592: The Kingdom of Hungary") from 1570 until his death (1571). This treaty, like the earlier Treaty of Nagyvárad , endorsed the principle of a united Hungary. Partium and Transylvania were entrusted to John Sigismund Zápolya, as a vassal of Maximilian. As mentioned above, the Zápolyas had already held the Partium, but now the Habsburgs recognized their lordship. In a sense, John Sigismund traded title for territory. Thus
1071-652: The Ottoman army. In 1553, Ferdinand withdrew Castaldo's troops from Transylvania. In 1554 the sultan launched another attack against Hungary, occupying Salgó and Fülek. In 1556 the nobles of Transylvania recalled John II, and elected him Prince of Transylvania at the Diet of Szászsebes; also again acknowledging him as King. "On this day we have by our common will elected the son of our late King John as our Prince and King, and we will loyally serve his majesty and master now and in times to come." In 1568, freedom of religion
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#17327650886321122-557: The Ottomans in Hungary; a French artillery unit was dispatched in 1543–1544 and attached to the Ottoman Army . In August 1543, the Ottoman succeeded in the siege of Esztergom The siege was followed by the capture of the Hungarian coronation city of Székesfehérvár in September 1543. Other cities that were captured during this campaign were Siklós and Szeged , in order to better protect Buda . However, continuous delay of
1173-502: The Ottomans. He allied instead with Ferdinand, and compelled Isabella to sign the Treaty of Nyírbátor in 1549, which ceded Transylvania to Ferdinand. Isabella opposed the dispossession of her son and informed the sultan immediately. A civil war followed between Isabella's forces and Martinuzzi's pro-Habsburg troops. Martinuzzi's army besieged the royal residence at Gyulafehérvár in 1550 and 1551. A Habsburg army marched into Transylvania and
1224-457: The Sultan was outraged. This marked the end of the peace of Drinapolis (Erdine) in 1547. György Fráter deceived the sultan - in fact, he only wanted to gain time and finally hand over Transylvania, which had been under the rule of the Kingdom of Hungary since 1003, to the Hungarian king, Ferdinand of Habsburg. Due to the Turkish threat, on the instructions of Ferdinand I, in 1550–51, on the site of
1275-518: The Tisza region, under Giovanni Battista Castaldo. Martinuzzi continued his intrigues, sending feudal tribute to the sultan, and was killed by Castaldo in 1551. John II abdicated as king, and together with Isabella left for Poland. The sultan, feeling betrayed, sent his army against Hungary in 1552. Veszprém, Drégely, Szolnok, Lippa, Temesvár, Karánsebes, and Lugos fell in the course of the campaign. Only Eger castle, commanded by István Dobó , withstood
1326-601: The Zápolyas claimed the whole kingdom. A temporary territorial division was made in the Treaty of Nagyvárad in 1538. The Eastern Hungarian Kingdom is considered the predecessor of the Principality of Transylvania (1570–1711) , which was established by the Treaty of Speyer . In 1526, Hungary was defeated by the Ottoman Empire at the Battle of Mohács , and King Louis II of Hungary was killed. The Ottomans withdrew their troops and did not then seek to conquer. Ferdinand of Austria , younger brother of Emperor Charles V , claimed
1377-466: The campaign they occupied Timișoara , Veszprém, Szécsény , Hollókő , Buják , Lippa , Lugos, Karánsebes, Drégely and several smaller fortresses. Pasha Hadim Ali marched from Buda and Vizier Kara Ahmed marched from the West side of Transylvania (Partium). The Habsburg army under Erasmus von Teufel [ de ] made a belated attempt to stop the Ottoman troops at Plášťovce (then Palást ), but
1428-408: The castle captain. He was tasked with maintaining the last important southern border fortress, still in imperial hands, endangering the security of the military and commercial road between Buda and Nándorfehérvár. After a few years of silence, the battle of Szigetvár took place in the late summer of 1566, which ended in the abandonment of Southern Transdanubia, surpassing all its significance and leaving
1479-692: The central parts of the medieval Hungarian kingdom as counties along the Tisza river participated as equals in the Transylvanian Diet at Torda . The Transylvanian Diet thus became the legal successor of the Hungarian Diets. The chancellery and the high court at Buda disappeared during the political chaos of 1540-41 and Transylvania could not be administered by the central organs of the Hungarian Kingdom anymore. The apparatus of
1530-439: The circles around the regent and the queen. King John's supporters usually had no roots within the new confines of the country, however their relatives were found among the senior officials and courtiers in large numbers. The ruling class still expected the reunification of the country, and Martinuzzi always encountered the pressure of this wish and expectation. Martinuzzi and Isabella fell out, and Martinuzzi also turned against
1581-447: The crown by right of his marriage to Louis' sister Anne . But most Hungarian nobles opposed Ferdinand. They supported John Zápolya , former Voivode of Transylvania , the wealthiest landholder in the country. The Hungarian Diet proclaimed him king, but Ferdinand sent an army which drove John from the country by 1528. To counter the Habsburg influence, John formed an alliance with Ottoman Sultan Suleiman I in 1528, and even swore fealty to
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1632-518: The elderly General Wilhelm von Roggendorf was defeated outside of Buda before he could even cross the Danube to take it. The next year Ferdinand besieged Pest but was repulsed. In April 1543 Suleiman launched another campaign in Hungary, bringing back Bran and other forts so that much of Hungary was under Ottoman control. As part of a Franco-Ottoman alliance (see also: Franco-Hungarian alliance and Petar Keglević ), French troops were supplied to
1683-487: The fortresses in the Banat region. Hadim Ali Pasha laid siege to the castle at Veszprém and captured it on 2 June. The army of Ali Pasha – about 10,000 to 12,000 strong – got below Drégely Castle on the morning of 6 July. The fall of Drégely started a chain of defeats of castles of Hont and Nógrád counties . Ottoman troops conquered nine-tenths of the castles in the two counties in short order. During
1734-403: The inner castle was already on fire, Zrinski and his 300 combat soldiers tried to erupt ("Zrinski's charge"), but all of them died a heroic death at the castle gate. During the siege, the medieval round tower was also destroyed. Immediately after the occupation of the castle, the Ottomans began to rebuild the fortress and the settlement. After Suleiman died, Mehmed Sokollu hid it from the army for
1785-518: The naval Battle of Preveza in 1538 gave the Habsburg-led coalition another defeat. In 1541, the Ottomans failed to take the fortress of Szigetvár . However, a humiliating defeat was inflicted on the Habsburgs in the siege of Buda (1541) . John Szapolyai died in 1540 and his son was only a few weeks old. An Austrian attack on Buda followed the news of the death of John, but the appeals of John's widow to Suleiman were not unanswered, and in 1541
1836-540: The northern part of the Kingdom of Hungary, but the defenders led by István Dobó repelled the attacks and defended the Eger Castle. In 1554, the town of Fiľakovo in south-central Slovakia with the castle of the same name was conquered by the Turks and was the seat of a sanjak until 1593, when it was reconquered by the Imperial troops. On 27 March 1562, Hasszán, the sanjak-bey of Fülek (Fiľakovo) castle, defeated
1887-489: The offer to surrender on favorable terms, and in the second version, the city was offered terms for a nominal surrender. In any case, the Ottomans withdrew at the arrival of the August rains. During their retreat, they suffered a defeat at the Battle of Leobersdorf against an imperial army led by Frederick II, Elector Palatine . The Treaty of Constantinople (1533) was signed between Ferdinand and Suleiman. John Szapolyai
1938-528: The old Szolnok earthen castle, Szolnok was surrounded by a new city wall (partly according to the plan of István Dobó ), and its weak castle was fortified. Lőrinc Nyáry was appointed to the forefront. This new strength did not fit into the Turkish plans to keep central Hungary. Suleyman's main goal was to make a bigger gap between the western part of Hungary and the Principality of Transylvania. For all this, Sultan Suleiman sent another conquering army against
1989-439: The politically divided Kingdom of Hungary. The commander-in-chief of his army, Kara Ahmed , who left Constantinople, was the serdar[general] and other commanders were Mehmed Sokollu beglerbey of Rumelia and Hadim Ali pasha r(governor) of Buda. The poorly paid mercenaries of King Ferdinand and the Hungarian population fled the Turkish armies. Several Hungarian castles were left to their fate without protection. Ahmed's army's aim
2040-473: The push toward the west, because of the siege of these fortresses, meant that the Ottomans could not launch any new offensive against Austria. From 1548 to the end of the war, a Habsburg Spanish infantry tercio that had fought in the Schmalkaldic War , led by Maestre de campo Bernardo de Aldana , was detached in Hungary to fight against John Zápolya's supporters on behalf of Ferdinand. In fact,
2091-797: The region's magnates. One of the wealthiest nobles, Péter Petrovics , was the absolute ruler of the Temesköz, but was loyal to the Zápolya family. He cooperated with the regent Martinuzzi. The region from Máramaros County to the Kraszna river was ruled by the Drágffy - Perényi family, Ecsed and Somlyó by the Báthory family, Békés county by the Patócsy, the Maros river valley by the Jaksics family, and
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2142-473: The siege, was rebuilt under the leadership of the captain and with the involvement of the Italian military engineer Pietro Ferrabosco, using the most modern military techniques, as a result of which it became the most modern and strongest border fortress in Hungary by the end of the 1550s, protected by a rampart wall, corner bastions, and moats. After the death of Márk Horváth, in 1561 Nikola IV Zrinski became
2193-489: The sultan in 1529. John controlled Transylvania and the eastern part of the Hungarian plain; Ferdinand held Croatia , the western part of the plain, and Upper Hungary . In 1538, the two sides signed the Treaty of Nagyvárad , which made this division official, and also made Ferdinand heir to John, who was childless. The Nagyvárad agreement lasted only two years, until John I's son was born in 1540, only nine days before John I's death. The infant John II Sigismund Zápolya
2244-522: The summer of 1556. Despite the extraordinary efforts of the Ottomans the castellan in charge of the defense, Marko Horvat Stančić [ hr ], kept the fortress against the multiple attacks led by Ali Pasha, governor of Buda. While Szigetvár was besieged, on July 18, a Habsburg army besieged the Ottoman fort at Babócsa , on the west side of the Rinya River, 45 km west of Szigetvár. The commanders were Hungarian Palatine Tamás Nádasdy and Croatian Ban Nikola IV Zrinski . Ali Paşa knew that for Süleymân, losing
2295-594: The town of Debrecen by the Török family of Enying . Zemplén, Borsod, and Abaúj Counties with their undefined borders were ruled by the Balassa , Losonci , Bebek , and Drugeth families, but they possessed considerable autonomy. The army campaigns of 1543–44 left only one secure road link to Royal Hungary , along the Vág valley, and this further decreased Habsburg support in the kingdom. In August 1544, commissioners from
2346-474: Was a battle near the town of Szikszó , where the Hungarian army defeated the Turks. Eastern Hungarian Kingdom The Eastern Hungarian Kingdom ( Hungarian : keleti Magyar Királyság [ˈkɛlɛti ˈmɒɟɒr ˈkiraːjʃaːg] ) is a modern term coined by some historians to designate the realm of John Zápolya and his son John Sigismund Zápolya , who contested the claims of the House of Habsburg to rule
2397-621: Was completely defeated in a two-day battle of Palást [ sk ] , and 4,000 German and Italian prisoners were deported to Istanbul. The two armies united under Szolnok, then besieged and conquered the Szolnok Castle , and turned against the gate of Upper Hungary, Eger. At the end of the July there was an enormous gap in the Hungarian border castle system. In 1552, Suleiman's united forces (Kara Ahmed pasha, Hadim Ali pasha, and Mehmed Sokollu beglerbey) laid siege of Eger , located in
2448-533: Was crowned by the Hungarian estates a few weeks later. For much of John II's reign, Eastern Hungary was governed by his mother, Isabella , with Bishop George Martinuzzi as regent. They were supported by Sultan Suleiman, who recognized John II as king and his vassal. In 1541, Ferdinand invaded to enforce his claim. Martinuzzi called on Suleiman, who expelled Ferdinand, but took most of central Hungary under direct Ottoman rule as Budin Province . The eastern part of
2499-582: Was formally recognized by John II in the Edict of Torda . In 1570, John II signed the Treaty of Speyer with Ferdinand's successor, Maximilian . John II again renounced his claim as king of Hungary in favor of Maximilian, thus ending the Eastern Hungarian Kingdom. John instead was recognized by Maximilian as " prince of Transylvania and the Partium " ( princeps Transsylvaniae et partium regni Hungariae dominus ; that is, "Prince of Transylvania and Lord of part of
2550-603: Was recognized as King of Hungary as an Ottoman vassal. However, the Ottomans recognized the land under the Habsburgs' rule in Hungary. This treaty did not satisfy John Szapolyai or Ferdinand, whose armies began to skirmish along the borders. Ottoman sanjak-bey of Bosnia, Gazi Husrev-beg used the chance to occupy Požega in early 1537. Ferdinand, under pressure from the local nobility, decided to respond by launching an offensive in Slavonia in 1537 , sending one of his ablest generals to take Osijek . The siege failed and led to
2601-475: Was to acquire the Timisoara region, while Hadim Ali had to occupy the castles of Hont and Nógrád , thus securing the way to the rich mining towns of the highlands. In 1552 two Ottoman armies crossed the border into the Hungarian Kingdom. One of them – led by Hadim Ali Pasha – started a campaign against the western and central part of the country whilst the second army – led by Kara Ahmed Pasha – attacked
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