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90-575: Lizzie Andrew Borden (July 19, 1860 – June 1, 1927) was an American woman who was tried and acquitted of the August 4, 1892 axe murders of her father and stepmother in Fall River, Massachusetts . No one else was charged in the murders, and, despite ostracism from other residents, Borden spent the remainder of her life in Fall River. She died of pneumonia at the age of 66, just days before

180-656: A trial by combat , in which the winner of a physical fight was deemed righteous in their cause. Mutton Lamb and mutton , collectively sheep meat (or sheepmeat) is one of the most common meats around the world, taken from the domestic sheep , Ovis aries , and generally divided into lamb , from sheep in their first year, hogget , from sheep in their second, and mutton , from older sheep. Generally, "hogget" and "sheep meat" are not used by consumers outside Norway, New Zealand, South Africa, Scotland, and Australia. Hogget has become more common in England, particularly in

270-456: A " mistrial ". A judge may declare a mistrial due to: Either side may submit a motion for a mistrial; on occasion, the presiding judge may declare one on a motion of their own. If a mistrial is declared, the case at hand may be retried at the discretion of the plaintiff or prosecution, as long as double jeopardy does not bar that party from doing so. Some other kinds of processes for resolving conflicts are also expressed as trials. For example,

360-493: A 1952 Broadway musical with a number titled "Lizzie Borden" which depicts the crimes, as well as Agnes de Mille 's ballet Fall River Legend (1948) and the Jack Beeson opera Lizzie Borden (1965), both works being based on Borden and the murders of her father and stepmother. Other plays based on Borden include Blood Relations (1980), a Canadian production written by Sharon Pollock that recounts events leading up to

450-538: A civil capacity. The rules of civil procedure provide rules for civil trials. Although administrative hearings are not ordinarily considered trials, they retain many elements found in more "formal" trial settings. When the dispute goes to a judicial setting, it is called an administrative trial, to revise the administrative hearing, depending on the jurisdiction. The types of disputes handled in these hearings are governed by administrative law and auxiliarily by civil trial law. Labor law (also known as employment law)

540-498: A cordial relationship; she believed that Abby had married her father for his wealth. Bridget Sullivan (whom they called Maggie), the Bordens' 25-year-old live-in maid, who had immigrated to the U.S. from Ireland , testified that Lizzie and Emma rarely ate meals with their parents. In May 1892, Andrew killed multiple pigeons in his barn with a hatchet , believing they were attracting local children to hunt them. Lizzie had recently built

630-411: A form of jury to offer advice to the magistrate or judge at the conclusion of the trial, their role is subordinate. Further, because a professional has been in charge of all aspects of the case to the conclusion of the trial, there are fewer opportunities to appeal the conviction alleging some procedural error. A judge may cancel a trial prior to the return of a verdict; legal parlance designates this as

720-562: A housekeeper and a coachman. Because Abby was ruled to have died before Andrew, her estate went first to Andrew and then, at his death, passed to his daughters as part of his estate. A considerable settlement , however, was paid to settle claims by Abby's family. Despite the acquittal, Lizzie was ostracized by Fall River society. Her name was again brought into the public eye when she was accused of shoplifting in Providence , Rhode Island , in 1897. In 1905, shortly after an argument over

810-440: A landmark in publicity and public interest in the history of American legal proceedings. Although acquitted at trial, Lizzie remained the prime suspect in her father's and stepmother's murders. Writer Victoria Lincoln proposed in 1967 that she might have committed the murders while in a fugue state . Another prominent suggestion was that she was physically and sexually abused by her father, which drove her to kill him. There

900-615: A large amount of jewelry. She left $ 30,000 (equivalent to $ 706,000 in 2023) to the Fall River Animal Rescue League and $ 500 ($ 12,000 in 2023) in trust for perpetual care of her father's grave. Her closest friend and a cousin each received $ 6,000 ($ 141,000 today)—substantial sums at the time of the estate's distribution in 1927—and numerous friends and family members each received between $ 1,000 ($ 24,000 in 2023) and $ 5,000 ($ 118,000 in 2023). Scholar Ann Schofield notes that "Borden's story has tended to take one or

990-515: A messenger had delivered Abby a summons to visit a sick friend. Sullivan stated that she had then removed Andrew's boots and helped him into his slippers before he lay down on the sofa for a nap, a detail contradicted by the crime-scene photos , which show Andrew wearing boots. She testified that she was in her third-floor room, resting from cleaning windows, when just before 11:10 am she heard Lizzie call from downstairs, "Maggie, come quick! Father's dead. Somebody came in and killed him." Andrew

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1080-419: A neighbor, Mrs. Churchill, were half-way up the stairs, their eyes level with the floor, when they looked into the guest room and saw Abby lying face down on the floor. Most of the officers who interviewed Lizzie reported that they disliked her "attitude"; some said she was too calm and poised. Despite her behavior and changing alibis , she was not checked for bloodstains. Police did search her room, but it

1170-455: A pair of oxen and visit his niece in Fall River, planning to return to the Borden home for lunch at noon. Andrew left for his morning walk sometime after 9 am. Although the cleaning of the guest room was one of Lizzie and Emma's regular chores, Abby went upstairs sometime between 9:00 am and 10:30 am to make the bed. According to the forensic investigation, Abby was facing her killer at

1260-577: A party that Lizbeth had given for actress Nance O'Neil , Emma moved out of the house and never saw her sister again. Lizzie was ill in her last year following the removal of her gallbladder ; she died of pneumonia on June 1, 1927, in Fall River at age 66. Funeral details were not published and few attended. Nine days later, Emma died from chronic nephritis in a nursing home in Newmarket , New Hampshire , having moved to this location in 1923 both for health reasons and to avoid renewed attention following

1350-476: A pastoral culture. In Northern Europe , mutton and lamb feature in many traditional dishes, including those of Iceland , Norway and Western Europe , including those of the United Kingdom , particularly in the western and northern uplands , Scotland and Wales . Mutton used to be an important part of Hungarian cuisine due to strong pastoral traditions but began to be increasingly looked down on with

1440-555: A roost for the pigeons, and it has been commonly recounted that she was upset over his killing of them, though the veracity of this has been disputed. A family argument in July 1892 prompted both sisters to take extended vacations in New Bedford . After returning to Fall River, a week before the murders, Lizzie chose to stay in a local rooming house for four days before returning to the Borden residence. Tension had been growing within

1530-554: A sample of producing nations, but many other significant producers in the 50–120 kt range are not given. Meat from sheep features prominently in the cuisines of several Mediterranean cultures including Greece , Croatia , Turkey , North Africa , Jordan , and the Middle East , as well as in the cuisines of Iran and Afghanistan . In Greece, for example, it is an integral component of many meals and of religious feasts such as Easter, like avgolemono and magiritsa . It

1620-510: A stronger flavour than lamb because they contain a higher concentration of species-characteristic fatty acids and are preferred by some. Mutton and hogget also tend to be tougher than lamb (because of connective tissue maturation ) and are therefore better suited to casserole -style cooking, as in Lancashire hotpot , for example. Lamb is often sorted into three kinds of meat: forequarter , loin , and hindquarter . The forequarter includes

1710-434: A trial held before a jury. Because the state is attempting to use its power to deprive the accused of life, liberty, or property, the rights of the accused afforded to criminal defendants are typically broad. The rules of criminal procedure provide rules for criminal trials. A civil trial is generally held to settle lawsuits or civil claims—non-criminal disputes. In some countries, the government can both sue and be sued in

1800-474: A tune to sell newspapers. Others attribute it to the ubiquitous, but anonymous, " Mother Goose ". In reality, Lizzie's stepmother suffered eighteen or 19 blows; her father suffered eleven blows. The rhyme has a less well-known second verse: Andrew Borden now is dead, Lizzie hit him on the head. Up in heaven he will sing, on the gallows she will swing. Lizzie Borden has been depicted in music, radio, film, theater, and television, often in association with

1890-399: Is John Morse, Lizzie's maternal uncle, who rarely met with the family after his sister died but had slept in the house the night before the murders; according to law enforcement, he had provided an "absurdly perfect and over-detailed alibi for the death of Abby Borden". Morse was considered a suspect by police for a period. A man named William Borden, suspected to be Andrew's illegitimate son,

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1980-533: Is a tradition in Western Kentucky. The area was strong in the wool trade, which gave them plenty of older sheep that needed to be put to use. Thin strips of fatty mutton can be cut into a substitute for bacon called macon . Lamb tongue is popular in Middle Eastern cuisine both as a cold cut and in preparations like stews. Approximate zones of the usual UK cuts of lamb: According to

2070-535: Is a whole leg; saddle of lamb is the two loins with the hip. Leg and saddle are usually roasted , though the leg is sometimes boiled . Forequarter meat of sheep, as of other mammals, includes more connective tissue than some other cuts , and, if not from a young lamb, is best cooked slowly using either a moist method, such as braising or stewing , or by slow roasting or American barbecuing . It is, in some countries, sold already chopped or diced. Lamb shank definitions vary, but generally include: Mutton barbeque

2160-400: Is also generally not deemed a trial, because such proceedings are usually restricted to a review of the evidence presented before the trial court , and do not permit the introduction of new evidence. A criminal trial is designed to resolve accusations brought (usually by a government ) against a person accused of a crime . In common law systems, most criminal defendants are entitled to

2250-730: Is also popular in the Basque culture, both in the Basque country of Europe and in shepherding parts of the Western United States (where shepherds of Basque descent have been active since the 1850s). In the United States, the Navajo have incorporated mutton and lamb into their traditional cuisine since the introduction of sheep by Spanish explorers and settlers in the 17th century, replacing wild turkey and venison and creating

2340-451: Is eaten in many countries. It is the most common form of offal eaten in the UK, traditionally used in the family favourite (and pub grub staple) of liver with onions, potentially also with bacon and mashed potatoes. It is a major ingredient, along with the lungs and heart (the pluck), in the traditional Scottish dish of haggis . Lamb testicles or lamb fries are a delicacy in many parts of

2430-448: Is little evidence to support this, but incest is not a topic that would have been discussed at the time, and the methods for collecting physical evidence would have been quite different in 1892. This belief was intimated in local papers at the time of the murders, and was revisited by scholar Marcia Carlisle in a 1992 essay. Mystery author Evan Hunter , better known as Ed McBain, in his 1984 novel Lizzie , suggested that Lizzie committed

2520-474: Is meat from a sheep over two years old, and has less tender flesh. In general, the darker the colour, the older the animal. In the early 1900s, mutton was widely consumed in the United States, but mutton consumption has declined since World War II . As of 2010 , most sheep meat in the United States comes from animals in between 12 and 14 months old, and is called "lamb"; the term "hogget" is not used. Federal statutes and regulations dealing with food labeling in

2610-435: Is the body of laws, administrative rulings, and precedents which address the legal rights of, and restrictions on, working people and their organizations. Collective labour law relates to the tripartite relationship between employee, employer, and union. Individual labour law concerns employees' rights at work also through the contract for work. Employment standards are social norms (in some cases also technical standards) for

2700-606: The European Union with the PGI mark. Throughout central Italy , including Sardinia, pastoralism was the main source of meat. Since ancient times, abbacchio has been one of the staple foods of the Lazio region, especially for rural communities, whose consumption at the table was considerable. The tradition of consuming abbacchio spread in ancient times where mainly adult sheep were slaughtered. The slaughter of abbacchio

2790-535: The OECD - FAO Agricultural Outlook for 2016, the top consumers of sheep meat in 2015 were as follows: EU countries are not individually surveyed in this list. Among EU nations, Greece is the per capita leader in consumption at 12.3 kg, while the UK's annual per capita lamb consumption is 4.7 kg. Outside of the OECD, the largest per capita consumer overall is Mongolia , with 45.1 kg. The table below gives

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2880-631: The United States Constitution requires that, following the impeachment of the president, a judge, or another federal officer by the House of Representatives , the subject of the impeachment may only be removed from office by an impeachment trial in the Senate . In earlier times, disputes were often settled through a trial by ordeal , where parties would have to endure physical suffering in order to prove their righteousness; or through

2970-461: The Borden family in the months before the murders, especially over Andrew's gifts of real estate to various branches of Abby's family. After their stepmother's sister received a house, the sisters demanded and received a rental property, the home they had lived in until their mother died, which they purchased from their father for $ 1. A few weeks before the murders, they sold the property back to their father for $ 5,000 ($ 170,993 in 2023). The night before

3060-539: The Indian subcontinent has been in decline for over 40 years and has survived at marginal levels in mountainous regions, based on wild-sheep breeds, and mainly for wool production. The meat of a lamb is taken from the animal between one month and one year old, with a carcass weight of between 5.5 and 30 kg (12 and 66 lb). This meat generally is more tender than that from older sheep and appears more often on tables in some Western countries . Hogget and mutton have

3150-482: The North (Lancashire and Yorkshire) often in association with rare breed and organic farming. In South Asian and Caribbean cuisine, "mutton" often means goat meat . At various times and places, "mutton" or "goat mutton" has occasionally been used to mean goat meat. Lamb is the most expensive of the three types, and in recent decades, sheep meat has increasingly only been retailed as "lamb", sometimes stretching

3240-463: The US than in many European, Central American and Asian cuisines; for example, average per-capita consumption of lamb in the United States is only 400 grams (14 oz) per year. In Australia , the leg of lamb roast is considered to be the national dish . Commonly served on a Sunday or any other special occasion, it can be done in a kettle BBQ or a conventional oven. Typical preparation involves covering

3330-458: The United States permit all sheep products to be marketed as "lamb." USDA grades for lamb are only partly a function of the animal's age. Animals up to 20 months old may meet the quality of the "USDA prime" grade depending on other factors, while "USDA choice" lamb can be of any age. "Spring lamb" is defined by the USDA as having been slaughtered between March and October. In Romanesco dialect ,

3420-674: The United States. She was involved in religious organizations, such as the Christian Endeavor Society , for which she served as secretary-treasurer, and contemporary social movements, such as the Woman's Christian Temperance Union . She was also a member of the Ladies' Fruit and Flower Mission. Three years after the death of Lizzie's mother, Andrew married Abby Durfee Gray (1828–1892). Lizzie later stated that she called her stepmother "Mrs. Borden" and demurred on whether they had

3510-770: The accepted distinctions given above. The stronger-tasting mutton is now hard to find in many areas, despite the efforts of the Mutton Renaissance Campaign in the UK. In Australia, the term prime lamb is often used to refer to lambs raised for meat. Other languages, such as French , Spanish , and Italian , make similar or even more detailed distinctions among sheep meats by age and sometimes by sex and diet—for example, lechazo in Spanish refers to meat from milk-fed (unweaned) lambs. The definitions for lamb, hogget and mutton vary considerably between countries. Younger lambs are smaller and more tender. Mutton

3600-443: The barn and was not in the house for "twenty minutes or possibly a half an hour". Hyman Lubinsky testified for the defense that he saw Lizzie leaving the barn at 11:03 am and Charles Gardner confirmed the time. At 11:10 am, Lizzie called Sullivan downstairs, told her Andrew had been murdered and ordered her not to enter the room; instead, Lizzie sent her to get a doctor. Both victims' heads had been removed during autopsy, and

3690-623: The country, on the northern island of Hokkaido and in the northeastern Tohoku regions, a hot-pot dish called jingisukan (i.e. "Genghis Khan") is popular. In that dish, thin-sliced lamb is cooked over a convex skillet alongside various vegetables and mushrooms in front of the diners, then dipped in soy-sauce-based dipping sauces and eaten. It was so named because lamb is popular in Mongolia (see "Sheep meat consumption" above). Lamb's liver , known as lamb's fry in New Zealand and Australia,

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3780-532: The death of her older sister, Emma. The Borden murders and trial received widespread publicity in the United States, and have remained a topic in American popular culture depicted in numerous films, theatrical productions, literary works, and folk rhymes around the Fall River area. Lizzie Andrew Borden was born on July 19, 1860, in Fall River , Massachusetts , to Sarah Anthony Borden ( née Morse; 1823–1863) and Andrew Jackson Borden (1822–1892). Her father, who

3870-536: The door, so he knocked. Sullivan went to unlock the door; finding it jammed, she uttered a curse. She would later testify that she heard Lizzie laughing immediately after this; she did not see Lizzie, but stated that the laughter was coming from the top of the stairs. This was considered significant as Abby was already dead by this time, and her body would have been visible to anyone on the home's second floor. Lizzie later denied being upstairs and testified that her father had asked her where Abby was, to which she replied that

3960-442: The evidence has been collected and the investigation is completed. Thus, most of the factual uncertainties will already be resolved, and the examining magistrate or judge will already have resolved that there is prima facie of guilt. Critics argue that the examining magistrate or judge has too much power with the responsibilities of both investigating and adjudicating on the merits of the case. Although lay assessors do sit as

4050-425: The facts and interpretations of the law in a deliberately biased way. The intention is that through a process of argument and counter-argument, examination-in-chief and cross-examination , each side will test the truthfulness, relevancy, and sufficiency of the opponent's evidence and arguments. To maintain fairness, there is a presumption of innocence , and the burden of proof lies on the prosecution. Critics of

4140-540: The hatchet somewhere afterwards. In her later years, Lizzie was rumored to be a lesbian , but there was no such speculation about Sullivan, who later married a man she met while working as a maid in Butte , Montana . Sullivan died in Butte in 1948. Allegedly, she gave a death-bed confession to her sister in which she stated that she had changed her testimony on the stand in order to protect Lizzie. Another significant suspect

4230-438: The head, unlike that on the other bladed tools, appeared to have been deliberately applied to make it look as if it had been in the basement for some time. However, none of these tools were removed from the house. Because of the mysterious illness that had stricken the household before the murders, the family's milk and the victims' stomachs (removed during autopsies performed in the Borden dining room) were tested for poison; none

4320-449: The islands, and served with either rice or lontong . A version of lamb and bamboo shoot curry is the specialty of Minang cuisine, although similar dishes can be found in Thai cuisine . In Mexico , lamb is the meat of choice for barbacoa , in which the lamb is roasted or steamed wrapped in maguey leaves underground. In Japan , although lamb is not traditionally consumed in most of

4410-406: The leg of lamb with butter, pushing rosemary sprigs into incisions cut in the leg, and sprinkling rosemary leaves on top. The lamb is then roasted for two hours at 180 °C (350 °F) and typically served with carrots and potato (also roasted), green vegetables and gravy. In Indonesia , lamb is popularly served as lamb satay and lamb curry . Both dishes are cooked with various spices from

4500-415: The minimum socially acceptable conditions under which employees or contractors are allowed to work. Government agencies (such as the former US Employment Standards Administration) enforce labour law (legislature, regulatory, or judicial). In common law systems, an adversarial or accusatory approach is used to adjudicate guilt or innocence . The assumption is that the truth is more likely to emerge from

4590-451: The morning in question, such as saying she was in the kitchen reading a magazine when her father arrived home, then saying she was in the dining room doing some ironing, and then saying she was coming down the stairs. The district attorney was very aggressive and confrontational. On August 11, Lizzie was served with a warrant of arrest and jailed. The inquest testimony, the basis for the modern debate regarding Lizzie's guilt or innocence,

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4680-436: The murders after being caught in a tryst with Sullivan. McBain elaborated on his speculation in a 1999 interview, speculating that Abby had caught the two together and had reacted with horror and disgust, and that Lizzie had killed Abby with a candlestick. She made a confession to Andrew when he returned home but killed him in a rage with a hatchet when he reacted exactly as Abby had. He further speculated that Sullivan disposed of

4770-433: The murders of which she was acquitted. Among the earlier portrayals on stage was John Colton and Carleton Miles's 1933 play Nine Pine Street , in which Lillian Gish played Effie Holden, a character who is based on Borden. The play was not a success and ran for only twenty-eight performances. In 1947 Lillian de la Torre wrote a one-act play, Goodbye, Miss Lizzie Borden . Other retellings include New Faces of 1952 ,

4860-428: The murders, John Vinnicum Morse, Lizzie and Emma's maternal uncle, visited and was invited to stay for a few days to discuss business matters with Andrew, leading to speculation that their conversation, particularly about property transfer, may have aggravated an already tense situation. For several days before the murders, the entire household had been violently ill. A family friend later speculated that mutton left on

4950-721: The murders, which was made into a television movie in Calgary . Lizzie Borden , another musical adaptation, was also made starring Tony nominee Alison Fraser. A March 24, 1957, episode of Omnibus presented two different adaptations of the Lizzie Borden story: the first a play, "The Trial of Lizzie Borden", with Katharine Bard as Lizzie; the second a production of the Fall River Legend ballet with Nora Kaye as "The Accused". In 1959, The Legend of Lizzie by Reginald Lawrence attracted praise for Anne Meacham in

5040-476: The neck, shoulder, front legs, and the ribs up to the shoulder blade. The hindquarter includes the rear legs and hip. The loin includes the ribs between the two. Lamb chops are cut from the rib, loin, and shoulder areas. The rib chops include a rib bone; the loin chops include only a chine bone. Shoulder chops are usually considered inferior to loin chops; both kinds of chops are usually grilled . Breast of lamb (baby chops) can be cooked in an oven. Leg of lamb

5130-411: The night in the attic guest room, contrary to later accounts that he slept in the murder-site guest room. Police were stationed around the house on the night of August 4, during which an officer said he had seen Lizzie enter the cellar with Russell, carrying a kerosene lamp and a slop pail. He stated he saw both women exit the cellar, after which Lizzie returned alone; though he was unable to see what she

5220-463: The offspring of the sheep who is still suckling or recently weaned is called abbacchio , while the offspring of the sheep almost a year old who has already been shorn twice is called agnello ( lit.   ' lamb ' ). This distinction exists only in the Romanesco dialect. Abbacchio is consumed throughout central Italy as an Easter and Christmas dish. It is a product protected by

5310-452: The open contest between the prosecution and the defense in presenting the evidence and opposing legal arguments, with a judge acting as a neutral referee and as the arbiter of the law. In several jurisdictions in more serious cases, there is a jury to determine the facts, although some common law jurisdictions have abolished the jury trial. This polarizes the issues, with each competitor acting in its own self-interest, and so presenting

5400-409: The other of two fictional forms: the tragic romance and the feminist quest ...  As the story of Lizzie Borden has been created and re-created through rhyme and fiction it has taken on the qualities of a popular American myth or legend that effectively links the present to the past." The Borden house became a museum, and operates a bed and breakfast with 1890s styling. Pieces of evidence used in

5490-522: The police officers' questions were at times strange and contradictory. Initially she reported hearing a groan, or a scraping noise or a distress call, before entering the house. Two hours later she told police she had heard nothing and entered the house not realizing that anything was wrong. When asked where her stepmother was, she recounted Abby receiving a note asking her to visit a sick friend. She also stated that she thought Abby had returned and asked if someone could go upstairs and look for her. Sullivan and

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5580-479: The publication of another book about the murders. The Borden sisters, neither of whom had ever married, were buried side by side in the family plot in Oak Grove Cemetery . At the time of her death, Borden was worth over $ 250,000 (equivalent to $ 5,884,000 in 2023). She owned a house on the corner of French Street and Belmont Street , several office buildings, shares in several utilities, two cars and

5670-464: The residence to kill her parents before returning to Fairhaven in time to receive the telegram informing her of the murders. After the trial , the Borden sisters moved into a large, modern house in The Hill neighborhood in Fall River. Around this time, Lizzie began using the name Lizbeth A. Borden. At their new house, which Lizbeth dubbed "Maplecroft", they had a staff that included live-in maids,

5760-466: The responsibility for supervising the investigation by the police into whether a crime has been committed falls on an examining magistrate or judge who then conducts the trial. The assumption is that the truth is more likely to emerge from an impartial and exhaustive investigation, both before and during the trial itself. The examining magistrate or judge acts as an inquisitor who directs the fact-gathering process by questioning witnesses , interrogating

5850-547: The skulls were admitted as evidence during the trial and presented on June 5, 1893. Upon seeing them in the courtroom, Lizzie fainted. Evidence was excluded that she had sought to purchase prussic acid (hydrogen cyanide), purportedly for cleaning a sealskin cloak, from the local druggist on the day before the murders. The judge ruled that the incident was too remote in time to have any connection. The presiding Associate Justice, Justin Dewey, who had been appointed by Robinson when he

5940-519: The spread of urbanisation. Mutton is also popular in Australia . Lamb and mutton are very popular in Central Asia and in certain parts of China , where other red meats may be eschewed for religious or economic reasons. Barbecued mutton is also a specialty in some areas of the United States (chiefly Owensboro, Kentucky ) and Canada. However, meat from sheep is generally consumed far less in

6030-436: The stove to use in meals over several days was the cause. Abby had feared poison, given that Andrew had not been a popular man in Fall River. Morse arrived in the evening of August 3 and slept in the guest room that night. After breakfast the next morning, at which Andrew, Abby, Morse, and Sullivan were present, Andrew and Morse went to the sitting room, where they chatted for nearly an hour. Morse left around 8:48 am to buy

6120-447: The suspect, and collecting other evidence. The lawyers who represent the interests of the state and the accused have a limited role to offer legal arguments and alternative interpretations to the facts that emerge during the process. All the interested parties are expected to cooperate in the investigation by answering the magistrate or judge's questions and, when asked, supplying all relevant evidence. The trial only takes place after all

6210-409: The system argue that the desire to win is more important than the search for truth. Further, the results are likely to be affected by structural inequalities . Those defendants with resources can afford to hire the best lawyers . Some trials are—or were—of a more summary nature, as certain questions of evidence were taken as resolved (see handhabend and backberend ). In civil law legal systems,

6300-404: The time of the attack. She was first struck on the side of the head with a hatchet , which cut her just above the ear, causing her to turn and fall face down on the floor, creating contusions on her nose and forehead. Her killer then struck her multiple times, delivering seventeen more direct hits to the back of her head, killing her. When Andrew returned at around 10:30 am, his key failed to open

6390-433: The title role, but still closed after just two performances. Trial Where the trial is held before a group of members of the community, it is called a jury trial . Where the trial is held solely before a judge, it is called a bench trial . Hearings before administrative bodies may have many of the features of a trial before a court, but are typically not referred to as trials. An appeal (appellate proceeding)

6480-409: The trial, and press coverage of it, was the hatchet-head found in the basement, which was not convincingly demonstrated by the prosecution to be the murder weapon. Prosecutors argued that the killer had removed the handle because it would have been covered in blood. One officer testified that a hatchet handle was found near the hatchet-head, but another officer contradicted this. Though no bloody clothing

6570-505: The trial, including the hatchet-head, are preserved at the Fall River Historical Society. The case was memorialized in a popular skipping-rope rhyme , sung to the tune of the then-popular song " Ta-ra-ra Boom-de-ay ." Lizzie Borden took an axe and gave her mother forty whacks. When she saw what she had done, she gave her father forty-one. Folklore says that the rhyme was made up by an anonymous writer as

6660-468: The victim was Bertha Manchester, who was found hacked to death in her kitchen. The similarities between the Manchester and Borden murders were striking and noted by jurors. Jose Correa de Mello, a Portuguese immigrant, was later convicted of Manchester's murder in 1894, and was determined not to have been in the vicinity of Fall River at the time of the Borden murders. A prominent point of discussion in

6750-473: The wealthiest residents of Fall River, including Andrew's cousins, generally lived in the more fashionable neighborhood, "The Hill", which was farther from the industrial areas of the city. Lizzie and her older sister, Emma Lenora Borden (1851–1927), had a relatively religious upbringing and attended Central Congregational Church . As a young woman, Lizzie was very involved in church activities, including teaching Sunday school to children of recent immigrants to

6840-496: Was indicted on December 2. Lizzie's trial took place in New Bedford starting on June 5, 1893. Prosecuting attorneys were Hosea M. Knowlton and future United States Supreme Court Justice William H. Moody ; defending were Andrew V. Jennings, Melvin O. Adams , and former Massachusetts governor George D. Robinson . Five days before the trial's commencement, on June 1, another axe-murder occurred in Fall River. This time

6930-404: Was a cursory inspection; at the trial they admitted to not doing a proper search because Lizzie was not feeling well. They were subsequently criticized for their lack of diligence. In the basement, police found two hatchets, two axes , and a hatchet-head with a broken handle. The hatchet-head was suspected of being the murder weapon as the break in the handle appeared fresh and the ash and dust on

7020-551: Was also president of the Union Savings Bank and a director of the Durfee Safe Deposit and Trust Co. At the time of his murder, his estate was valued at $ 300,000 ($ 10,000,000 in 2024). Despite his wealth, Andrew was known for his frugality . For instance, the Borden residence lacked indoor plumbing even though it was a common feature for the wealthy at that time. The house stood in an affluent area, but

7110-419: Was doing, he stated it appeared she was bent over the sink. On August 5, Morse left the Borden residence and was mobbed by hundreds of people; police had to escort him back to the house. The following day, police conducted a more thorough search of the house, inspecting the sisters' clothing and confiscating the broken-handled hatchet head. That evening a police officer and the mayor visited the house, and Lizzie

7200-549: Was eaten during work in the countryside, while abbacchio was consumed only during the Easter holidays. The term "mutton" is applied to goat meat in most countries on the Indian subcontinent, and the goat population has been rising. For example, mutton curry is always made from goat meat. It is estimated that over a third of the goat population is slaughtered every year and sold as mutton. The domestic sheep population in India and

7290-529: Was forbidden except during the Easter and Christmas periods, and until June. Over the centuries, given the importance of the food, around 100 recipes for preparing lamb have been developed in Lazio. Given the importance of abbacchio in social life, historical events dedicated to abbacchio are still organized in the Lazio region today, i.e. sagre , country festivals and popular events. In ancient times, sheep

7380-539: Was found at the scene, Russell testified that on August 8, 1892, she had witnessed Lizzie burn a dress in the kitchen stove, saying it had been ruined when she brushed against wet paint. During the course of the trial, the defense never attempted to challenge this statement. Lizzie's presence at the home was also a point of dispute during the trial; according to testimony, Sullivan entered the second floor at around 10:58 am and left Lizzie and her father downstairs. Lizzie told several people that at this time, she went into

7470-411: Was found. Residents suspected Lizzie of purchasing " hydrocyanic acid in a diluted form" from the local druggist. Her defense was that she inquired about the acid in order to clean her furs, despite the local medical examiner's testimony that it did not have antiseptic properties. Lizzie and Emma's friend, Alice Russell, decided to stay with the sisters the night following the murders while Morse spent

7560-454: Was governor, delivered a lengthy summary that supported the defense as his charge to the jury before it was sent to deliberate on June 20, 1893. After an hour and a half of deliberation, the jury acquitted Lizzie Borden of the murders. Upon exiting the courthouse, she told reporters she was "the happiest woman in the world". The trial has been compared to the later trials of Bruno Hauptmann , Ethel and Julius Rosenberg , and O.J. Simpson , as

7650-424: Was informed that she was a suspect in the murders. The next morning, Russell entered the kitchen to find Borden tearing up a dress. She explained that she was planning to put it on the fire because it was covered in paint. It was never determined whether it was the dress she had been wearing on the day of the murders. Lizzie appeared at the inquest hearing on August 8. Her request to have her family attorney present

7740-678: Was later ruled inadmissible at her trial in June 1893. Contemporaneous newspaper articles noted that Lizzie possessed a "stolid demeanor" and "bit her lips, flushed, and bent toward attorney Adams;" it was also reported that the testimony provided in the inquest had "caused a change of opinion among her friends who have heretofore strongly maintained her innocence." The inquest received significant press attention nationwide, including an extensive three-page write-up in The Boston Globe . A grand jury began hearing evidence on November 7, and Borden

7830-428: Was noted as a possible suspect by author Arnold Brown, who surmised that William had tried and failed to extort money from his alleged father. Author Leonard Rebello, after extensive research on William, proved he was not Andrew's son. Although Emma had an alibi at Fairhaven , about 15 miles (24 km) from Fall River, crime writer Frank Spiering proposed in his 1984 book Lizzie that she might have secretly visited

7920-411: Was of English and Welsh descent, grew up in very modest surroundings and struggled financially as a young man, despite being the descendant of wealthy and influential local residents. Andrew eventually prospered in the manufacture and sale of furniture and caskets , then became a successful property developer . He was a director of several textile mills and owned considerable commercial property. He

8010-400: Was refused under a state statute providing that an inquest must be held in private. She had been prescribed regular doses of morphine to calm her nerves, and it is possible that her testimony was affected by this. Her behavior was erratic, and she often refused to answer a question even if the answer would be beneficial to her. She often contradicted herself and provided alternating accounts of

8100-486: Was slumped on a couch in the downstairs sitting room, struck ten or eleven times with a hatchet -like weapon. One of his eyes had been split cleanly in two, suggesting that he had been asleep when attacked. His still-bleeding wounds suggested a very recent attack. Dr. Bowen, the family's physician, arrived from his home across the street and pronounced both victims dead. Detectives estimated that Andrew's death had occurred at approximately 11:00 am. Lizzie's initial answers to

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