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54-499: (Redirected from Liberty Magazine ) Liberty magazine may refer to: Liberty (1881–1908) , a political magazine published from 1881 to 1908 by Benjamin Tucker Liberty (general interest magazine) , published from 1924 to 1950 Liberty (libertarian magazine) , published from 1987 to 2010, transitioned to online-only starting in 2011 Liberty (Adventist magazine) ,

108-463: A humanist perspective, as she believed that life began at conception. Anarchist advocacy for birth control increased following World War I , as the practice was banned in countries like France and the United States, which anarchist feminists criticised a means to continue increasing the population in order to wage war. Anarchist feminist direct action for birth control continued even after

162-526: A " New Woman " also formed part of the foundation for third-wave anarcha-feminism, which encouraged women to practice equality rather than to demand it. In Bolivia , the Mujeres Creando carried out direct actions that challenged poverty and traditional gender roles . In the United States, anarcha-feminists within the anarcho-punk scene spurred the development of the Riot grrrl subculture. With

216-575: A " sisterhood " based on their shared experiences. During this period, feminists rediscovered the work of first-wave anarchist feminists like Emma Goldman and before long the women's liberation movement began to reshape the anarchist movement. Many second-wave feminists came to consider anarchism to be the "logically consistent expression of feminism", due to its synthesis of the struggle for individual liberty with that for social equality . Peggy Kornegger claimed that feminists had already been "unconscious anarchists in both theory and practice" and were

270-430: A "critical social force" of free expression , She extended this to a public defense of gay rights, with some scholars even speculating about her own sexuality. On the other hand, free love was opposed by Lucy Parsons , who criticised it as being inconsistent with anarchism and for its increased risks of pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections , instead arguing for a form of " monogamy without marriage". From

324-456: A broader hostility to anarchism but also due to difficulties in distinguishing between the tendency of anarcha-feminism and the broader philosophy of anarchism. Bottici argued that the risk of economic reductionism that appears in Marxist feminism , in which women's oppression is understood solely in economic terms, "has ... always been alien to anarcha-feminism"; as such, she argues, anarchism

378-404: A chain video store that was distributing snuff films and paedophilic pornography . By the 1980s, the feminist sex wars had caused a divide within second-wave feminism, which fragmented into multiple different tendencies, while many former feminists moved into academic careerism . The beginnings of the anti-globalization movement spurred the development of a new wave, with reflections on

432-490: A political current at a time when gender inequality was systematically enforced and women were excluded from public life. Their existence was confined to the traditional gender roles of mothers and wives, within the construct of the nuclear family . In particular, working-class women were both politically and economically disenfranchised, which drove them closer to socialism and political militancy . They began to agitate for reproductive rights and free love , which formed

486-496: A religious liberty magazine published by the Seventh-day Adventist Church See also [ edit ] Liberty (newspaper) Liberty (disambiguation) [REDACTED] Index of articles associated with the same name This set index article includes a list of related items that share the same name (or similar names). If an internal link incorrectly led you here, you may wish to change

540-1394: A series on Anarchism [REDACTED] Glossary History Outline Schools of thought Feminist Green Primitivist Social ecology Total liberation Individualist Egoist Market Naturist Philosophical Mutualist National- Postcolonial African Black Queer Religious Christian Jewish Social Collectivist Parecon Communist Magonism Without adjectives Methodology Counter-economics Illegalism Insurrectionary Pacifist Platformism Relationship Syndicalist Synthesis Theory Practice Anarchy Anarchist Black Cross Anarchist criminology Anationalism Anti-authoritarianism Anti-capitalism Anti-militarism Affinity group Autonomous social center Black bloc Classless society Class struggle Consensus decision-making Conscientious objector Critique of work Decentralization Deep ecology Direct action Free love Freethought Horizontalidad Individualism Law Mutual aid Participatory politics Permanent autonomous zone Prefigurative politics Proletarian internationalism Propaganda of

594-2551: A series on Libertarian socialism [REDACTED] Political concepts Anti-authoritarianism Class conflict Decentralization Egalitarian community Free association Mutual aid Revolutionary spontaneity Workers' control Economics Anti-capitalism Co-operative economics Decentralized planning Economic democracy Industrial democracy Participatory economics Socialization Socialist economics Worker cooperative Workers' self-management People Albert Andrews Bakunin Berkman Bookchin Camus Castoriadis Chomsky Cole Déjacque Foot Fotopoulos Fourier Guérin Kropotkin Lefort Makhno Marcos Margall Morris Marcuse Negri Öcalan Pallis Pankhurst Pannekoek Proudhon Rocker Russell Rühle Philosophies and tendencies Anarchist tendencies Social anarchism Communist Collectivist Individualist anarchism Market Mutualism Anarcho-syndicalism Marxist tendencies Autonomism Chaulieu–Montal tendency Communization Council communism Situationism Western Marxism Other tendencies Democratic confederalism Guild socialism Libertarian municipalism Utopian socialism Neozapatismo History International Workingmen's Association Revolutions of 1917–1923 Makhnovshchina Korean People's Association in Manchuria Spanish Revolution of 1936 New Left New social movements Zapatista uprising MAREZ Rojava Revolution AANES Related topics Communism Libertarianism Social democracy Socialism Democratic socialism Eco-socialism Syndicalism [REDACTED] Anarchism portal [REDACTED] Libertarianism portal [REDACTED] Socialism portal [REDACTED] Politics portal v t e Liberty

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648-447: Is better suited than Marxism for an alliance with feminism. Anarcha-feminism has a diverse range of thought, but is generally characterised by the principles of women's autonomy , free love and intersectionality . Anarcha-feminists are committed to women's empowerment in social and political life, opposing capitalism and the state as key instruments of institutional discrimination against women. Anarcha-feminism expanded on

702-2730: Is theft! " Radical cheerleading Radical environmentalism Self-managed social center Symbolism Economics Communization Cooperative Cost the limit of price Decentralized planned economy Free association General strike Gift economy Give-away shop Labour voucher Market socialism Mutual bank Mutual credit Social ownership Wage slavery Workers' self-management By region Africa Albania Algeria Andorra Argentina Armenia Australia Austria Azerbaijan Bangladesh Belarus Belgium Bolivia Bosnia and Herzegovina Brazil Bulgaria Canada Chile China Colombia Costa Rica Croatia Cuba Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Dominican Republic East Timor Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Estonia Finland France French Guiana Georgia Germany Greece Guatemala Hong Kong Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Iran Ireland Israel Italy Japan Korea Latvia Malaysia Mexico Monaco Mongolia Morocco Netherlands New Zealand Nicaragua Nigeria Norway Panama Paraguay Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Puerto Rico Romania Russia Serbia Singapore South Africa Spain Sweden Switzerland Syria Taiwan Tunisia Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom United States Uruguay Venezuela Vietnam Lists Anarcho-punk bands Books Fictional characters Films Jewish anarchists Musicians Periodicals Related topics Anti-corporatism Anti-consumerism Anti-fascism Anti-globalization Anti-statism Anti-war movement Autarchism Autonomism Communism Definition of anarchism and libertarianism Dual Power Labour movement Left communism Left-libertarianism Libertarianism Libertarian socialism Marxism Relationship between Friedrich Nietzsche and Max Stirner Situationist International Socialism Spontaneous order [REDACTED] Anarchism portal [REDACTED] Politics portal v t e Part of

756-650: The Independent Labour Party . Anarchist feminist critiques of the family and authoritarianism went into remission, only to be reformulated when a new wave of feminism emerged. By the late 1960s, second-wave feminism had emerged from the New Left , as part of a broad wave of anti-oppression activism that included the civil rights movement and culminated with the protests of 1968 . Drawing from socialist feminism, this second-wave sought to encourage solidarity between women, bringing them together into

810-534: The Spanish Revolution of 1936 by Lucía Sánchez Saornil , Mercè Comaposada and Amparo Poch y Gascón , the Mujeres Libres implemented programmes of women's education that taught women technical skills and increased female literacy. Sánchez Saornil herself wrote poetry that called for women to take action against their oppression, which attracted Emma Goldman to visit Spain and participate in

864-539: The patriarchy and the state as two expressions of the same system of oppression , and concluded that the destruction of all forms of patriarchy would necessarily include the abolition of the state. Emma Goldman herself took an intersectional analysis of the state which saw it as an instrument of sexual repression , and thus rejected the strategy of reformism . As such, the first-wave of anarchist feminists criticised calls for women's suffrage , considering them to be insufficient for achieving gender equality. He Zhen

918-644: The Chinese anarcha-feminist journal Natural Justice , He Zhen also criticised what she saw as "men's pursuit of self distinction in the name of women's liberation". Anarcha-feminists generally concluded that male hostility to feminism proved them unreliable to the cause for women's rights, and began to organise their own movement to address their own needs. First-wave feminists established women's groups as flat organizations that used consensus decision-making , reflecting an "unconscious libertarian consciousness". Anarchist women's groups were established throughout

972-1456: The IWA Paris Commune Hague Congress Cantonal rebellion Haymarket affair International Conference of Rome Trial of the Thirty International Conference of Rome Ferrer movement Strandza Commune Congress of Amsterdam Tragic Week High Treason Incident Manifesto of the Sixteen German Revolution of 1918–1919 Bavarian Soviet Republic 1919 United States bombings Biennio Rosso Kronstadt rebellion Makhnovshchina Amakasu Incident Spanish Revolution of 1936 Barcelona May Days Red inverted triangle Labadie Collection Provo May 1968 LIP Kate Sharpley Library Australian Anarchist Centenary Carnival Against Capital 1999 Seattle WTO protests Really Really Free Market Occupy movement Culture A las Barricadas Anarchist bookfair Anarcho-punk Arts DIY ethic Escuela Moderna Films Freeganism Infoshop Independent Media Center The Internationale Jewish anarchism Lifestylism May Day " No gods, no masters " Popular education " Property

1026-543: The Italian anarchists, Jewish anarchists rarely formed specific women's groups, with anarchists of the journal Fraye Arbeter Shtime declaring themselves to all be feminists. One of the most notable libertarian women's groups was the Mujeres Libres , an anarchist feminist organisation that aimed for women's liberation from their "triple enslavement" by ignorance, exploitation and discrimination. Founded during

1080-1282: The Libertarian Labyrinth Individual Liberty a collection of many of Tucker's publications from Liberty Comprehensive Index to Liberty Benjamin Tucker, Liberty, and Individualist Anarchism by Wendy McElroy Benjamin R Tucker & the Champions of Liberty: A Centenary Anthology edited by Michael E. Coughlin, Charles H. Hamilton and Mark A. Sullivan The English Individualists As They Appear In Liberty by Carl Watner Benjamin Tucker and His Periodical, Liberty by Carl Watner Liberty and Taxation by Benjamin Tucker Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liberty_(anarchist_periodical)&oldid=1241015659 " Categories : 1881 establishments in Massachusetts 1908 disestablishments in Massachusetts Anarchist periodicals Anarchist periodicals published in

1134-720: The Russian police chief Fyodor Trepov ; Germaine Berton 's murder of the French far-right politician Marius Plateau ; and Kanno Sugako 's plot to assassinate the Japanese Emperor Meiji . The rise of anarchist feminism provoked an anti-feminist reaction among many of the men of the anarchist movement, who deemphasised the struggle for women's rights as secondary to the class struggle . In turn, La Voz de la Mujer denounced these men as "false anarchists" who prioritised their own liberation over that of women. In

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1188-719: The United States Biweekly magazines published in the United States Defunct political magazines published in the United States Individualist anarchist publications Magazines disestablished in 1908 Magazines established in 1881 Magazines published in Boston Hidden categories: Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Pages using sidebar with

1242-478: The United States, largely by Italian immigrant women, with the goal of pursuing "women's emancipation" through mutual aid and self-organization . In Paterson, New Jersey , the Gruppo Emancipazione della Donna formed women's theater and music clubs, and publicised works of anarchist feminism that linked the struggle against the patriarchy with the struggle against the patria . In contrast to

1296-437: The basis for an anarchist feminism. The earliest proponents of anarchism were initially reluctant to approach the subject of feminism: Pierre-Joseph Proudhon was openly hostile to feminist demands of gender equality and upheld traditional family values ; Peter Kropotkin thought that feminist goals should be subordinated to the class struggle ; and Benjamin Tucker opposed the demand of " equal pay for equal work ". It

1350-516: The child parameter Anarcha-feminism Anarcha-feminism , also known as anarchist feminism or anarcho-feminism , is a system of analysis which combines the principles and power analysis of anarchist theory with feminism . It closely resembles intersectional feminism . Anarcha-feminism generally posits that patriarchy and traditional gender roles as manifestations of involuntary coercive hierarchy should be replaced by decentralized free association . Anarcha-feminists believe that

1404-1678: The deed Refusal of work Revolution Rewilding Sabotage Security culture Self-ownership Social ecology Sociocracy Somatherapy Spontaneous order Squatting Temporary autonomous zone Union of egoists Voluntary association Workers' council People Alston Armand Ba Bakunin Berkman Bonanno Bookchin Bourdin Chomsky Cleyre Day Durruti Ellul Ervin Faure Fauset MacDonald Ferrer Feyerabend Giovanni Godwin Goldman González Prada Graeber Guillaume He-Yin Kanno Kōtoku Kropotkin Landauer Liu Magón Makhno Maksimov Malatesta Mett Michel Most Parsons Pi i Margall Pouget Proudhon Raichō Reclus Rocker Santillán Spooner Stirner Thoreau Tolstoy Tucker Volin Ward Warren Yarchuk Zerzan Issues Animal rights Capitalism Education Love and sex Nationalism Religion Violence History French Revolution Revolutions of 1848 Spanish Regional Federation of

1458-413: The development of postfeminism , taking concern with the objectification of women by market forces and characterised by its use of social networking . The fourth wave of anarchist feminism was particularly influenced by postmodern feminism . In a 2017 article, Chiara Bottici argued that anarcha-feminism has been the subject of insufficient discussion in public debate and in academia, due in part to

1512-435: The earlier second-wave and the influence of postcolonial feminism leading to an integration of identity politics into the framework of anarchist feminism. The emergence of a third-wave of anarcha-feminism brought with it a new focus on intersectionality , as anarcha-feminists came together to address the intersecting issues of poverty , racism and reproductive rights , among many others. The early feminist conception of

1566-709: The editorial boards of magazines (such as Mother Earth ), in the publication of books, and as public speakers. Specifically feminist publications were also circulated, including Germinal , El Oprimido and La Voz de la Mujer , in which anarchist women defended a revolutionary form of feminism. As a way to counter the Culture of Domesticity , which upheld the private property of the nuclear family, anarchist women like Charlotte Wilson opened their homes into "quasi-public spaces" for political meetings and communal meals. Anarchist women even took part in violent direct actions , including Vera Zasulich 's attempted assassination of

1620-424: The feminist historian Judy Greenway elaborated five different methodologies of anarcha-feminist historiography: Greenway concluded that a complete anarcha-feminist historiography needed to actively challenge hierarchical biases within dominant historiographies, rather than merely reincorporating erased aspects of history or focusing excessively on one or two individuals. The fourth wave of feminism emerged through

1674-455: The forefront of advocacy for sex workers' rights since the late-19th century, when anarchist women in Germany and France campaigned for the decriminalisation of sex work . Louise Michel blamed capitalism for creating the economic conditions that drove women towards sex work, which she claimed could only be brought to an end by means of a social revolution . Itō Noe likewise argued that

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1728-520: The globe, brought by immigrants to and from Europe. The anarchist press started to publish feminist analyses on gender equality and critiques of marriage, the nuclear family and prostitution . Through Errico Malatesta 's La Questione Sociale , Teresa Mañé's pamphlets on female education and gender inequality received widespread publication. Anarchist feminism was further taken up by the American anarchists Voltairine de Cleyre and Emma Goldman ,

1782-439: The groundwork for the development of intersectionality . Since the third-wave, intersectionality has formed one of the core concepts of anarchist feminism, which has used it as a method to develop a feminist ethics of self-organization against all forms of oppression . Groups within the activist network No one is illegal (NOII) have since engaged in an anti-racist anarcha-feminism as part of their anti-border advocacy, which

1836-501: The inception of anarcha-feminism as a current, anarchist feminists have engaged with other struggles that intersect with women's issues, participating in a number of different anti-racist and anti-colonial movements. A specifically anti-racist anarcha-feminism was pioneered during the 1970s by Roxanne Dunbar-Ortiz and her organization Cell 16 . In 1976, a statement produced by the Combahee River Collective lay

1890-468: The institution of marriage , as they considered it to be inherently oppressive towards women due to its lack of consent. Their critiques of marriage led them to advocate for and practice free love , which they held to be a remedy to women's social alienation . With its basis in freely-given consent, free love provided room for women to reconstruct their sexuality in a way that centered their own agency and autonomy. Emma Goldman herself saw sexuality as

1944-581: The institution of private property was roundly critiqued by anarcho-communists such as Emma Goldman , it was upheld as a means of women's economic emancipation by Voltairine de Cleyre . Anarchist feminists such as Itō Noe have upheld the ideal of a " New Woman ", encouraging women to assert their own individuality and develop independent thought. Emma Goldman conceived of a revolution that takes place within individual minds, as well as in society. Goldman advocated for women to exercise their autonomy by overcoming their own "internal tyrants", whether that be

1998-498: The institutions of marriage and the nuclear family began to attract many feminists towards anarchism. The subsequent synthesis of anarchism and feminism, although not explicitly labelled as such at the time, later came to be known as anarcha-feminism. During the 1880s, a current of anarchist feminism was first developed by the Catalan activists Teresa Mañé and Teresa Claramunt . By the 1890s, anarchist feminism had spread across

2052-606: The late 19th century, anarchist women were among the earliest to take up the call for reproductive rights, as part of the anarchist feminist opposition to the nuclear family. Anarchist feminists have distributed information about and resources for birth control, for which many were put in jail. While working as a midwife during the 1890s, Emma Goldman became a prominent advocate of women's reproductive rights, calling for women's rights to practice family planning and publicly rallying support for Margaret Sanger . In contrast, other anarchist feminists such as Itō Noe opposed abortion from

2106-678: The latter of whom came to be considered a "founding mother" of anarcha-feminism. Lucy Parsons also established the Working Women's Union in Chicago and ensured women's participation in the Industrial Workers of the World as one of its founding members. In England, the anarchist Charlotte Wilson became an advocate for " equal pay for equal work " and promoted women's education. Anarchist women took prominent positions within

2160-1070: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liberty_(magazine)&oldid=1186447826 " Category : Set index articles Hidden categories: Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata All set index articles Liberty (1881%E2%80%931908) (Redirected from Liberty (1881–1908) ) 19th-century US anarchist periodical Liberty [REDACTED] [REDACTED] First issue of Liberty (August 6, 1881) Type Political philosophy Format Biweekly newspaper Editor Benjamin Tucker Founded 1881  ( 1881 ) Political alignment Anarchism , Libertarian Socialism , Mutualism Language English Ceased publication 1908 ; 116 years ago  ( 1908 ) Headquarters Boston , Massachusetts Part of

2214-689: The only activist tendency to be "practic[ing] what anarchism preaches". The pervasive environment of sexism within many sections of the New Left gave an impulse to the establishment of women's groups as part of a strategy of feminist separatism , which led to the coining and adoption of the term "anarcha-feminist" by anarchist women. Second-wave anarchist feminists developed their own affinity groups according to cooperative, decentralist and federalist principles, as an alterative to both patriarchal and structureless organisations . The anarcha-feminist drive to reckon with these hierarchical forms of organisation

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2268-459: The opinions of their family members or traditional Social norms . According to Martha Hewitt, the anarcha-feminist conception of revolution is "as process, transformative praxis of thought, feeling, and collective social activity." In the 1993 book The Politics of Individualism , the anarcha-feminist L. Susan Brown developed what she called an "existential individualism", which upheld individual autonomy and voluntary cooperation . During

2322-467: The partial legalisation of abortion, as "feminist outlaw" groups like the Jane Collective provided food and medical care for women without access to safe methods of birth control. Anarchist feminists have also participated in the movement for reproductive justice , which has prioritised bodily autonomy and the reproductive self-determination of women of color. Anarcha-feminists have been at

2376-464: The principle that "the personal is political", developing a critique of everyday life that aims to erode social and political power , in pursuit of a society where each individual had control over "[their] own life, and no others". Anarcha-feminists considered the nuclear family to be the root of all gender inequality , and thus that equality could only be achieved through the extension of personal autonomy and economic independence to women. Although

2430-517: The root cause of women taking up sex work was poverty, and that instead of campaigning to abolish sex work, people should address the root causes of poverty. Emma Goldman also publicly criticised sex work abolitionists for using male legal systems to criminalise women, which she held to be a form of class discrimination . Following the second-wave of feminism, sex worker advocacy was taken up by anarchist feminists that themselves engaged in sex work. Grisélidis Réal organised sex workers and carried out

2484-422: The struggle against patriarchy is an essential part of class conflict and the anarchist struggle against the state and capitalism . In essence, the philosophy sees anarchist struggle as a necessary component of feminist struggle and vice versa. L. Susan Brown claims that "as anarchism is a political philosophy that opposes all relationships of power, it is inherently feminist". Anarchism first emerged as

2538-401: The traditional anarchist principles of anti-statism , anti-clericalism and anti-capitalism , demonstrating their role in institutional discrimination such as sexism , racism and homophobia . In her 1895 essay entitled Sex Slavery , Voltairine de Cleyre claimed that sexism was caused by the institutional authoritarianism upheld by the clergy and the state . Anarcha-feminists see

2592-477: The turn of the 21st century, there was a concerted effort to rethink approaches to anarcha-feminist histories, placing value in collective , open and non-hierarchical methods of gathering and exchanging knowledge. Collective research projects were carried out by groups such as the Dark Star Collective, which in 2002 published an anthology of anarcha-feminist works titled Quiet Rumours . In 2010,

2646-580: The work of the Mujeres Libres as an advocate. But the anarchist feminism of the time, focused more on developing small activist groups than creating a mass movement , lacked a precise strategy for achieving women's rights, so little action in that way was taken. During the early 20th century, anarchist feminism was progressively supplanted by socialist feminism , which took a reformist approach towards achieving women's suffrage . By this time Charlotte Wilson had herself abandoned anarchist activism, becoming involved in women's suffrage advocacy and later joining

2700-778: Was a 19th-century anarchist market socialist and libertarian socialist periodical published in the United States by Benjamin Tucker from August 1881 to April 1908. See also [ edit ] Individualist anarchism Individualist anarchism in the United States List of anarchist periodicals Lucifer the Lightbearer (1883–1907) References [ edit ] ^ McKay, Iain. An Anarchist FAQ. AK Press. Oakland. 2008. pp 60. ^ McKay, Iain. An Anarchist FAQ. AK Press. Oakland. 2008. pp 22 External links [ edit ] Complete archive of Liberty and Libertas at

2754-440: Was itself rooted in an anti-statist critique of institutional sexism and racism within state immigration regimes. Drawing from post-structuralism , postcolonialism and critical theory , Deric Shannon has proposed a contemporary construction of anarcha-feminism that engages with each of these theories, combining anti-capitalism with a comprehensive intersectional stance against all forms of oppression. Anarcha-feminism holds

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2808-506: Was only after Mikhail Bakunin made the abolition of gender inequality one of the aims of the International Alliance of Socialist Democracy that women's rights became a primary concern for the anarchist movement. Anarcho-communists adopted Friedrich Engels ' critique of the family , which held it to be the origin of both gender inequality and economic inequality . This anti-authoritarian critique of power within

2862-552: Was particularly influenced by Jo Freeman 's 1972 essay The Tyranny of Structurelessness , which encouraged an organized egalitarian tendency within the movement. The second wave of anarchist feminism was also characterised by an often violent militancy, as displayed in the SCUM Manifesto . Anarcha-feminists such as Ann Hansen participated in the bombing attacks by the urban guerrilla group Direct Action , which targeted companies that produced parts for weapons of war and

2916-498: Was skeptical of the limited gender equality achieved in western liberal democracies , which she described as "false freedom and sham equality", even criticising the women's suffrage movement and male feminists for espousing an "empty rhetoric of emancipation". Anarchist feminists have developed a non-coercive approach to interpersonal relationships, which particularly upholds the value of consent . Anarchist feminists such as Voltairine de Cleyre and Emma Goldman fiercely criticised

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