The Liberal Revolution of 1820 ( Portuguese : Revolução Liberal ) was a Portuguese political revolution that erupted in 1820. It began with a military insurrection in the city of Porto , in northern Portugal, that quickly and peacefully spread to the rest of the country. The Revolution resulted in the return in 1821 of the Portuguese court to Portugal from Brazil , where it had fled during the Peninsular War , and initiated a constitutional period in which the 1822 Constitution was ratified and implemented. The movement's liberal ideas had an important influence on Portuguese society and political organization in the nineteenth century.
25-759: Liberal Revolution may refer to: Liberal Revolution of 1820 , in Portugal Liberal rebellions of 1842 , in Brazil Liberal Revolution of 1854 , in Peru Liberal Era (1895–1925) , in Ecuador Colour revolution Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Liberal Revolution . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change
50-521: A proper noun , the Homeland, as well as its equivalents in other languages, often has ethnic nationalist connotations. A homeland may also be referred to as a fatherland , a motherland , or a mother country , depending on the culture and language of the nationality in question. Motherland refers to a mother country , i.e. the place in which somebody grew up or had lived for a long enough period that somebody has formed their own cultural identity,
75-591: A "Principality of Brazil," instead of the Kingdom of Brazil , which it had been for the past five years. The Brazilian kingdom had legally been an equal, constituent part of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves . The revolutionaries organized the election of a constitutional assembly which debated the nature of the future government. The elections resulted in deputies who were primarily from
100-665: A regency, then overseen by the military authority headed by the British officer William Carr Beresford . In October 1817, the Regency found the twelve of the accused guilty of treason against the nation and sentenced them to death by hanging. Beresford intended to suspend the sentence until it was confirmed by John VI, but the Regency, judging that such a move was a slight to its authority, ordered their immediate execution, which took place on 18 October at Campo do Santana (today, Campo dos Mártires da Pátria [ pt ] , "Field of
125-687: A result, the Portuguese royal family was transferred to the Portuguese colony of Brazil , where it remained until 1821. From Brazil, the Portuguese King John VI ruled his transcontinental empire for thirteen years. Following the defeat of the French forces in 1814, Portugal experienced a prolonged period of political turmoil, in which many sought greater self-rule for the Portuguese people. Eventually, this unrest put an end to
150-540: Is a mythical symbol of Irish nationalism found in literature and art including work by W.B. Yeats and Seán O'Casey , She was an emblem during colonial rule, and became associated with the Irish Republican Army in Northern Ireland, especially during The Troubles . Fatherland is the nation of one's "fathers", " forefathers ", or ancestors . The word can also mean the country of nationality,
175-668: Is often used in Slavic languages, in: Groups with languages that refer to their native country as a "fatherland" include: In Romance languages , a common way to refer to one's home country is Patria/Pátria/Patrie which has the same connotation as Fatherland , that is, the nation of our parents/fathers (From the Latin, Pater, father). As patria has feminine gender, it is usually used in expressions related to one's mother, as in Italian la Madrepatria , Spanish la Madre Patria or Portuguese
200-453: Is used throughout German-speaking Europe , as well as in Dutch. National history is usually called vaderlandse geschiedenis in Dutch. Another use of the Dutch word is well known from the national anthem, " Het Wilhelmus ". In German, the word became more prominent in the 19th century. It appears in numerous patriotic songs and poems, such as Hoffmann's song Lied der Deutschen which became
225-474: The pátria . In its brief existence the movement attempted to introduce liberalism in Portugal, although it ultimately failed to do so. In 1817 three masons, João de Sá Pereira Soares, Morais Sarmento and José Andrade Corvo, denounced the movement to the authorities, who arrested many suspects, including Freire de Andrade, who was charged with conspiracy against John VI, represented in continental Portugal by
250-680: The Martyrs of the Fatherland "). Freire de Andrade was executed on the same day at the Fort of São Julião da Barra . The executions sparked protests against Beresford and the Regency and intensified anti-British feeling in the country. A couple of years after the executions, Beresford left for Brazil to ask the King for more resources and powers to suppress the lingering presence of what he called " Jacobinism ," which were granted to him. In his absence,
275-666: The Netherlands between 1815 and 1932, " Wien Neêrlands Bloed ", makes extensive use of the parallel Dutch word, as does the current Dutch national anthem, Het Wilhelmus . The Ancient Greek patris , fatherland, led to patrios , of our fathers and thence to the Latin patriota and Old French patriote , meaning compatriot; from these the English word patriotism is derived. The related Ancient Roman word Patria led to similar forms in modern Romance languages . "Fatherland"
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#1732765378759300-647: The King's long stay in Brazil, when his return to Portugal was demanded by the revolutionaries. Even though the Portuguese had participated in the defeat of the French, the country found itself virtually a colony of Brazil or British protectorate . The officers of the Portuguese Army resented British control of the Portuguese armed forces. In addition the 1808 Decree of the Opening of Ports to Friendly Nations [ pt ] , practically brought an end to
325-697: The Liberal Revolution began. After Napoleon's definite defeat in 1815, a clandestine Supreme Regenerative Council of Portugal and the Algarve was formed in Lisbon by army officers and freemasons , headed by General Gomes Freire de Andrade — Grand Master of the Grand Orient of Portugal and former general under Napoleon until his defeat in 1814—with the objective to end British control of the country and to promote "the salvation and independence" of
350-582: The Revolution of Porto broke out in 1820, and upon his arrival from Brazil, he was forbidden to disembark in Lisbon. Influenced by the concurrent Trienio Liberal revolution in Spain of 1 January 1820, a liberal revolution started in Porto, quickly spreading without resistance to several other Portuguese cities and towns, culminating with the revolt of Lisbon. The revolutionaries demanded the immediate return of
375-484: The country in which somebody grew up, the country that somebody's ancestors lived in for generations, or the country that somebody regards as home, depending on how the individual uses it. It can be viewed as a nationalist concept, in so far as it is evocative of emotions related to family ties and links them to national identity and patriotism. It can be compared to motherland and homeland, and some languages will use more than one of these terms. The national anthem of
400-464: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liberal_Revolution&oldid=1134109647 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Liberal Revolution of 1820 From 1807 to 1811 Napoleonic French forces invaded Portugal three times. As
425-571: The mother country of one, large nation. India is often personified as Bharat Mata (Mother India). The French commonly refer to France as "la mère patrie"; Hispanic countries that were former Spanish colonies commonly referred to Spain as " la Madre Patria ". Romans and the subjects of Rome saw Italy as the motherland ( patria or terrarum parens ) of the Roman Empire , in contrast to Roman provinces . Turks refer to Turkey as "ana vatan" (lit: mother homeland.). Kathleen Ni Houlihan
450-466: The nation. Upon seizing the throne, Miguel abolished the constitutional government, triggering six years of civil wars , which pitted him against his brother, Pedro, who abdicated as emperor of Brazil to enforce the succession rights of his daughter Maria II and headed the liberal faction. Fatherland A homeland is a place where a national or ethnic identity has formed. The definition can also mean simply one's country of birth. When used as
475-525: The national anthem in 1922. Because of the use of Vaterland in Nazi-German war propaganda, the term "Fatherland" in English has become associated with domestic British and American anti-Nazi propaganda during World War II . This is not the case in Germany itself, where the word remains used in the usual patriotic contexts. Terms equating "Fatherland" in other Germanic languages: A corresponding term
500-557: The place that one's ancestors lived for generations, or the place that somebody regards as home, or a Metropole in contrast to its colonies. People often refer to Mother Russia as a personification of the Russian nation. The Philippines is also considered as a motherland which is derived from the word " Inang Bayan " which means "Motherland". Within the British Empire , many natives in the colonies came to think of Britain as
525-645: The professions (lawyers, professors) and not from the merchants who had spearheaded the revolution. Professionals now took the lead in the revolution. The constitution that was approved in 1822 was closely modeled on the Spanish Constitution of 1812 . After John VI returned to Portugal in 1821, his heir-apparent, Pedro , became regent of the Kingdom of Brazil. Following a series of political events and disputes , Brazil declared its independence from Portugal on 7 September 1822. On 12 October 1822, Pedro
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#1732765378759550-404: The royal court to continental Portugal in order to "restore the metropolitan dignity." In fact, the liberal revolution of 1820 not only forced the return of the King but also demanded a constitutional monarchy to be set up in Portugal. The revolutionaries also sought to restore Portuguese exclusivity in the trade with Brazil, reverting Brazil to the status of a colony, officially to be reduced to
575-458: The so-called "colonial pact" ( See, Mercantilism ), and the Treaties of 1810 [ pt ] , which guaranteed favored status to British products entering Portugal, decimated the commerce of cities like Porto and Lisbon and set off a deep economic crisis which affected its bourgeoisie . The city of Porto, with a strong, dynamic bourgeoisie and with liberal tradition, was the place where
600-429: Was acclaimed as the first Emperor of Brazil. He was crowned on 1 December 1822. Portugal recognized Brazil's sovereignty in 1825. In 1823, the first revolt against the constitutional order was organized by Prince Miguel and Brigadier João Carlos Saldanha , which managed to close the parliament and to convince King John VI to recall Beresford as an advisor. In 1826 John VI died with no clear heir, further destabilizing
625-506: Was first encountered by the vast majority of citizens in countries that did not themselves use it during World War II , when it was featured in news reports associated with Nazi Germany. German government propaganda used its appeal to nationalism when making references to Germany and the state. It was used in Mein Kampf , and on a sign in a German concentration camp , also signed, Adolf Hitler . The term fatherland ( Vaterland )
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