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79-589: [REDACTED] Look up lier in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Lier may refer to: Lier, Belgium Lier, Norway De Lier , Netherlands Li Er, also known as Laozi , a Chinese philosopher See also [ edit ] Leer (disambiguation) Leer, Michigan , hamlet in Long Rapids Township, Michigan, USA named after Lier, Norway Liar (disambiguation) Topics referred to by

158-575: A booklet Felix Timmermans wrote in 1928, in celebration of the 50th wedding anniversary of a neighbouring couple. The strong ties Lier had developed with the Belgian military ever since in 1888 artillery barracks were built, continued after the World Wars. From 1955 to 1997 the barracks housed the Royal School of Cadets (cadet school for the Belgian army). A prominent alumnus of this school

237-610: A brief time in 1506. The son of Maximilian of Austria (later Holy Roman Emperor as Maximilian I) and Mary of Burgundy , Philip was not yet four years old when his mother died as a result of a riding accident, and upon her death, he inherited the Burgundian Netherlands. Despite his young age, Philip quickly proved himself an effective ruler beloved by his people in the Low Countries, pursuing policies that favored peace and economic development, while maintaining

316-587: A city or town several challenges. The theme was "Lier 2020" and the inhabitants succeeded in completing all challenges. Philip I of Castile Philip the Handsome (22 June/July 1478 – 25 September 1506), also called the Fair , was ruler of the Burgundian Netherlands and titular Duke of Burgundy from 1482 to 1506, as well as the first Habsburg King of Castile (as Philip I ) for

395-588: A concilliatory manner, stating that he had consulted Maximilian and did not mean to offend Louis. Philip (and later his son Charles V) joined his father in patronising the devotion of the Seven Sorrows that associated his own mother Mary of Burgundy, who had died young and been idealised in vernacular literature, with the Virgin Mary. The devotion, with its strong current of patriotism and Burgundian nostalgia , successfully helped to rally loyalty to

474-552: A council appointed by the Netherlandish Estates as part of the larger Flemish campaign to support their claims of greater autonomy, which they had wrested from Mary of Burgundy in an agreement known as the Great Privilege of 1477. It was only in the summer of 1485 that Maximilian, marching into Ghent with German troops and forcing its leader Jan Coppenhole to flee, could embrace his son again. Young Philip

553-408: A foreign, spendthrift prince, a mere transitional monarch who was supported by bad advisors who disregarded the interests of the country. Philip would not live to see a better day like his father had, though. Philip was an important patron of Hieronymus Bosch . In 1504, he commissioned Bosch to paint a large triptych of The Last Judgement. The work cannot be found now, but likely had some relation to

632-524: A herd of bronze sheep near the Zimmer tower serves as a reminder to this fateful decision. The university was eventually seeded in the city of Leuven , in 1425, as one of Europe's first and today most prominent universities. The nickname Schapekoppen (which translates to Sheep Heads ) is still used in Flanders to refer to inhabitants of Lier. In 1496, Lier was the scene of the marriage between Philip

711-641: A large part of the Burgundian court traveled to Spain to receive fealty from the Cortes of Castile as heirs, a journey chronicled in intense detail by Antoon I van Lalaing (French: Antoine de Lalaing ), the future Stadtholder of Holland and Zeeland. Philip and the majority of the court returned to the Low Countries in the following year, leaving a pregnant Joanna behind in Madrid, where she gave birth to Ferdinand , later Holy Roman Emperor. Although Joanna

790-604: A pastime, and was fonder of la pelota [handball] than any other." He also appeared to prefer the luxurious "Moorish" dressing style to the Spanish one. A 1611 dictionary explains thus: jinete [rider] might come from cinete , which is Cinetum in Arabic, and means ornament, from the word ceyene , to beautify or make beautiful [" hermosear o ser hermoso "], from the gallantry of riders when they rally to festivities with their turbans and feathers, fitted Moorish dresses and boots and

869-473: A regular meeting place of the central government. By the time Maximilian handed over the government to Philip, Habsburg rule was a matter of fact. Despite tumultuous political conditions, the early death of Philip's mother as well as the separation from his father and sister, Philip's young life did not lack luxuries. He was educated for the needs of a person of his social class . He became accomplished in archery, tennis, stick fighting, hunting. He also proved

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948-734: A signal that he intended to exercise direct control over the lands. His defeated subjects were too exhausted to resist. At his inauguration in 1494, one of Philip the Fair's first administrative acts was the abolition of the Great Privilege. He swore to maintaining only the privileges granted at the time of Philip the Good. As during the revolts, many of the rebels had claimed Philip as their rightful and natural prince (as opposed to his father), Philip capitalized on this to restore several of his great-grandfather and grandfather's centralizing policies, while abandoning their expansionism . Philip

1027-511: A son named Miguel da Paz , to whom succession to the united crowns of Castile, Aragon and Portugal now fell; however, the infant was sickly and died during the summer of 1500. The succession to the Castilian and Aragonese crowns now fell to Joanna. Because Ferdinand could produce another heir, the Cortes of Aragon refused to recognize Joanna as heir presumptive to the Kingdom of Aragon. In

1106-501: A sportsman. When he visited Castile in 1502, he astonished his hosts when he displayed his riding skills by leaping from one horse to another. He also admired a Spanish riding style (inspired by the Muslims), called " à la jineta ", with bent knees and short stirrups. He learned this from Rámon of Cardona, Master of King Ferdinand's stable, in a matter of days. According to Lorenzo de Padilla  [ es ] , he "played all sports as

1185-433: A steady course of the government building. In 1496, Philip's father arranged for him to marry Joanna , the second daughter of Queen Isabella I of Castile and King Ferdinand II of Aragon . Around the same time, Philip's sister, Margaret , was given in marriage to Joanna's brother John, Prince of Asturias . After the deaths of her brother John, sister Isabella , and nephew Miguel , Joanna became heiress presumptive to

1264-445: A valiant knight , like his father. He was a good dancer and conversationalist. He also inherited his parents' passion for music. Although, this boisterousness would not manifest in his manners as a politician. His constant campaigning caused Maximilian, the father, to be absent in the young Philip's life (he returned to battles only two months after Philip's birth). Later, emotional problems made Maximilian try to avoid returning to

1343-542: Is Belgian astronaut Frank De Winne . The site was vacated by the army in 1998, acquired by the city, and now houses city hall and the police department. Two artillery pieces are on display on the city hall's patio, as a reminder of the building's past. The city of Lier is also patron city to the Belgian Army's Second Artillery Regiment (now termed the Artillery Battalion ). Some might argue that Lier

1422-529: Is a part of the Antwerp suburban area, making it a district on itself, but generally, Lier is divided into five main districts: Leuvensepoort, Mechelpoort, Lisp, the city centre and Koningshooikt . The last is a historic village that was administratively joined to the town as a sub-municipality in 1977. In 2004, Lier was the host for the third episode of Fata Morgana , the TV show in which Belgian celebrities gave

1501-462: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Lier, Belgium The etymology of the name Lier is still under debate. It most likely refers to the river Nete and the muddy soils that surround it. The Latin name of Lier is Lyra , the suffix of which (-ara) is probably derived from the Germanic or Celtic reference to river . Alternatively,

1580-514: Is the Germanic word hieura , which refers to a hillock type of country. There is scant record of Lier predating the 7th century. Saint Gummarus himself was born in the 7th century and died on 11 October 714. He was canonised in 754. In 1194 Lier was given oppidum status and in 1212 granted municipal rights. The Lier beguinage was founded in 1258 and in 1998 was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List as part of

1659-452: Is unrivalled in comparison with his predecessor's manuscripts though. The layout and content display many unique features. The heraldic program on fol.17v seems to correspond to the situation of the 1498 Treaty of Paris, when Philip sided with the French king and the papacy against his father (who is referred to as emperor in the lineage of Holy Roman Emperors and the inscription that introduces

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1738-502: Is what his wife believed to be the cause of Philip's death. His wife supposedly refused to allow his body to be buried or part from it for a while. Philip I is entombed at the Royal Chapel of Granada (Capilla Real de Granada), alongside his wife, and her parents Isabella I and Ferdinand II. Cauchies even proposes plague as a possible cause of death, as at this point Philip seemed to be exhausted, having overworked himself (the workload

1817-653: The Flemish Béguinages site. The last surviving beguine died in 1994. In the 14th century, Duke Jan II wished to reward the City of Lier for joining his fight against the City of Mechelen . He offered the city the choice of either hosting a university or a livestock market. The city notoriously selected the livestock market option, upon which the Duke is reported to have sighed: "Oh, those wretched sheep heads ". Today,

1896-540: The Habsburg postal system established by his father. In 1500, the centre of the system was transferred to Brussels by Franz von Taxis, whom Philip made his postmaster-general. Shortly after becoming King of Castile, as he realized that his bureaucrats were unable to govern the postal system, he made an agreement (later renewed by Charles of Burgundy) with the Taxis that allowed them to operate unhampered by interference from

1975-482: The Treaty of Villafáfila was signed between Ferdinand and Philip, with Philip being proclaimed King of Castile by the Cortes of Valladolid . Yet on the same day Ferdinand drew up secret documents repudiating all the agreements on the grounds of coercion, claiming that he would never otherwise have signed treaties that did 'such enormous damage to the said most serene Queen, my daughter, and me'. Having left his options for

2054-528: The redoubt of Antwerp , the city suffered heavily under German artillery fire, leaving much of its medieval structures damaged beyond repair. Most medieval-style structures that exist today (including the town hall and its belfry) are therefore replicas, built shortly after the War. Lier is routinely referred to with the rhyme Lierke Plezierke (which roughly translates as "fun in Lier"). This expression originates from

2133-654: The smaller triptych of the same subject in Vienna (painted by the same artist), as the face of the saint on the right outer wing seems to be that of Philip. Philip's chapel had some of the most distinguished musicians in Europe: Henry Bredemers , Pierre de La Rue , Alexander Agricola , Marbrianus de Orto and Antoine Divitis . Josquin Desprez sometimes composed for him as well. The contemporary Venetian ambassador wrote home: "Three things [here] are of

2212-484: The trade route with England in the Magnus Intercursus . His policies gained him the love of the country. Patricia Carson opines, though, that it was clear from the beginning that this was not meant to last, as Philip would never be able to focus on Burgundian lands forever. He was the heir of his father as Holy Roman Emperor. What the Low Countries could not have foreseen, was that Philip would one day claim

2291-492: The 1493 Treaty of Senlis . His independent tendency frustrated both Maximilian and his new parents-in-law. On 20 October 1496, he married Joanna , daughter of King Ferdinand II of Aragon and Queen Isabella I of Castile , in Lier, Belgium . Philip's sister Margaret married John, Prince of Asturias , the only son of Ferdinand and Isabella and heir apparent to the unified crowns of Castile and Aragon . The double alliance

2370-602: The Burgundian Netherlands and acquiring much of Spain and its possessions in the New World by marriage to Joanna, Philip was instrumental in vastly enhancing the territories of the Habsburgs, and his progeny would rule over European territories for the next five centuries. Philip was born in Bruges on 22 June/July 1478, the son of the future Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor , by his first wife Mary, Duchess of Burgundy . He

2449-593: The Burgundian household model into Spain, but his early death forced it to wait until Charles V's reign to become a firmly-established element of the Spanish court. After one month in La Coruña, he returned to Burgos and set about to appoint his men to strategic fortresses, the Royal Council as well as financial offices. He granted the Castle of Segovia and some other important fortresses to Don Juan Manuel (who

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2528-478: The Burgundian lands, he decided to transfer power to the 15-year-old Philip. The news was welcomed by Burgundian lands, as the new ruler was native-born, spoke the language, was peace-loving and trusted his advisors, while Maximilian was warlike and did not respect the Great Privilege. From this year, Philip was in control of the government. As King of the Romans , Maximilian did not accept homage from Philip though,

2607-604: The Council of Inquisition should be dissolved. His early death prevented the plan from materializing, but Ferdinand later reacted to this by splitting the Holy Tribunal, thus Castile and Aragon would each possess their own Inquisition organization. The 4,000 landsknechte who followed him to Spain presumably helped to overcome the last opposition to the military reform started by Gonzalo de Cordoba and Gonzalo de Ayora. As Duke of Burgundy and King of Castile, Philip expanded

2686-644: The Earl of Suffolk, Edmund de la Pole , who as an exile was a guest of Philip in the Low Countries, and a trade agreement which allowed English merchants to import cloth duty-free into the Low Countries . After handing over Edmund, Philip and Joanna were allowed to leave England after a stay of six weeks. Philip and Joanna landed at Corunna on 28 April 1506, accompanied by a body of German mercenaries. Father- and son-in-law mediated under Cardinal Cisneros at Remesal , near Puebla de Sanabria , and at Renedo ,

2765-498: The Good and his great-grandson. Anna Margarete Schlegelmilch also writes that the nickname is not derogative in any way. Both La March and other contemporaries like Jean Molinet thought that it was a good sign when a young ruler was open to the words of prudent and wise advisors. It corresponds to the ruling style of a prince who, out of the desire to attain peace and economic recovery for a country that had recently experienced too much turbulence, tried to balance his government between

2844-587: The Handsome , son of Maximilian of Austria , and Joanna of Castile . This marriage was pivotal to the history of Europe, for Charles V , who was born to this marriage ( Ghent , 1500), would go on to rule both the Holy Roman Empire and the Spanish Empire . King Christian II of Denmark , accompanied by his spouse Isabella (sister to Charles V and known as Queen Elisabeth ), lived in Lier until 1523, after having been expelled from Denmark by

2923-463: The Inquisition's prison and liberated its prisoners. The procurator was arrested. Diego Rodríguez Lucero, the inquisitor of Cordoba, managed to flee. "The canons, the municipality and the nobility — the marquis of Priego and the count of Cabra — all denounced the excesses, corruption and abuses of the inquisitor". This later caused Ferdinand to declare Grand Inquisitor Deza to be responsible. Deza

3002-570: The Kingdom of Castile, however, the succession was clear. Moreover, there was no Salic tradition that the Castilian Cortes could use to thwart the succession passing to Joanna. At this point, the issue of Joanna's supposed mental incompetence moved from courtly annoyance to the center of the political stage, since it was clear that Philip and his Burgundian entourage would be the real power-holders in Castile. In 1502, Philip, Joanna, and

3081-580: The Netherlands, and he would miss both the 1494 inauguration and 1496 wedding of his son. Philip's tutors since arriving at Mechelen were Olivier de la Marche and François de Busleyden , who would later be his chancellor in Flanders. In 1493, Frederick III died, thus Philip's father Maximilian I became de facto leader of the Holy Roman Empire. Burdened with his new responsibilities and personally exasperated by his relationship with

3160-587: The absence of the emperor while the Great Council ( Hoge Raad ) acted as the country's highest body of judicial power. Philip's policy was focused on maintaining peace and economic development for his Burgundian lands. Maximilian wanted to recover Guelders, but his son wanted to keep a neutral policy and thus the father was left fighting Charles of Egmond over Guelders on his own. Only at the end of his reign, Philip decided to deal with that threat together with his father. Guelders had been weakened because of

3239-578: The capacity of intervention of the Parlement of Paris in Flanders and Artois, lands under the sovereignty of France. This process would be completed by Charles V in 1521. In August 1505, this resulted in written protests from King Louis XII of France, who accused him of usurpation of the rights of the sovereign and threatened Philip with sanctions. To this, Maximilian, who at this time was with Philip after returning from Gelderland, angrily sent threats and stated that he would defend his son. Philip reacted in

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3318-402: The commissioner, but otherwise appears not in his own right but as the consort of Mary of Burgundy and guardian of Philip; Frederick III, Philip's paternal grandfather , on the other hand, is given a lengthy section; also the book does not mention Philip's Burgundian ancestors or King Louis IX of France , who frequently features in French universal chronicles of the fifteenth century). Philip

3397-471: The continuous state of war and other problems. That would turn out to be the only campaign in Philip's life. The duke of Cleves and the bishop of Utrecht, hoping to share spoils, gave Philip aid. Maximilian invested his own son with Guelders and Zutphen. Within months, Philip conquered the whole land and Charles of Egmond was forced to prostrate himself in front of his sovereign at the palace of Rosendaal. Charles

3476-425: The couple on this occasion, after which Philip recommended him to Henry VII. Having been conducted to the palace of King Henry VII by Russell, the couple stayed as the king's guests but were in fact hostages for the duration of their stay. To get released Philip was forced to sign a treaty with Henry VII–the so-called Malus Intercursus –which included a mutual defense pact, the extradition of rebels, including

3555-667: The future open, he departed for Aragon. Philip appointed García Laso de la Vega (diplomat and commander, Comendador Mayor de Léon under the Catholic Monarch, died 1512) as President of the Royal Council. Even before leaving the Low Countries, Philip had ordered the total suspension of Spanish Inquisition activities. When he arrived in Spain, he proposed to the Cortes that the Inquisitor General should be deposed and

3634-438: The harnesses of their rich horses. Philip also had the nickname "Croit-Conseil" (Believer of Counsel or Believer of Council), chosen for him by Olivier de La Marche . This nickname has sometimes been interpreted as portraying a malleable prince who allowed his advisors to control the country. According to Catherine Emerson, attending to conseil is actually a cardinal virtue of a prince, which La March attributed to both Philip

3713-471: The highest excellence: silk..., tapestry..., [and] music, which certainly can be said to be perfect." Perhaps influenced by Maximilian, Philip actively supported instrumental music. There seemed to be a lend-lease arrangement of some kind between the courts of father and son, as the trombonist Augustine Schubinger worked for both Maximilian and Philip. Other outstanding wind players supported by Philip included Hans Nagel and Jan Van den Winckel. Philip realized

3792-406: The king said, "What a handsome prince!" ( Que voilà un beau prince )." He was a slim sportsman who liked to dress in a sumptuous style and knew how to impress women. His skills in knightly exercises and the hunt was such that even as a youth, he acted as teacher of the princes sent to his court. Joan-Lluis Palos suggests that the epithet might come also from his riding style and his behaviours as

3871-474: The local nobility while waiting in vain for military support from his brother in law. He attempted again to regain the Danish and Norwegian throne, but was taken prisoner and spent the rest of his life detained in the Danish castles of Sønderborg and Kalundborg. Isabella died in 1526 at the Castle of Zwijnaarde . A conspicuous feature of the market square is a headstone (witches-stone, placed in 1974) that marks

3950-417: The only result of which was an indecent family quarrel, in which Ferdinand professed to defend the interests of his daughter, who he said was imprisoned by her husband. In meetings between 20 and 27 June, mediated by Cardinal Cisneros, the senior churchman in Spain, Ferdinand accepted that his 'most beloved children' (Joanna and Philip) should take over control of Castile. The two kings then agreed that Joanna

4029-606: The origin might be the Germanic words Ledo or Ledi , which both refer to a location near the confluence of rivers (in this case the Minor and Major Nete ). Other explanations include the old Dutch word laar (clearance in the woods) or the word liere (parapet). There is also a resemblance to the Swedish word leira , which means muddy shore , or the Icelandic word leir , which means clay . An all together different explanation

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4108-466: The potential of the printing industry regarding its ability to disseminate information, but when it came to private taste, he had an aversion towards printed books and preferred manuscripts, especially musical manuscripts, which became popular diplomatic gifts under his reign. The chief musical scribe was the priest Martin Bourgeois. The court also employed other scribes and calligraphers. The grandees of

4187-504: The queen for the rest of her life on account of her alleged insanity. Philip was the first Habsburg monarch in Spain, and every Spanish monarch since his son Charles V has been one of his descendants. Philip died before his father, and therefore never inherited his father's territories or became Holy Roman Emperor . However, his son Charles eventually united the Habsburg, Burgundian, Castilian, and Aragonese inheritances. By inheriting

4266-488: The realm also adopted the taste of their sovereign. His patronage of manuscripts though could not compare with that of his ancestors Philip the Bold and Philip the Good , as he died young and manuscript production had declined overall by the end of the fifteenth century. One manuscript produced for him, a world chronicle by Johannes de Vico from Douai (Cod. 325, Österreichische Nationalbibliothek in Vienna, 660 × 430mm),

4345-486: The regency to Maximilian. The depressed emperor tried to evade them to their surprise. In 1507, he finally received them and decided that Philip's sister, Margaret of Austria , would become the governor. In April 1517, the States General welcomed the appointment of another native of the Netherlands. In Spain, hearing about Philip's death. the opponents of the Inquisition made a move. The marquis of Priego attacked

4424-529: The ruling family in the turbulence after Mary's death. The same devotion was later used to promote dynastic and territorial unity. He visited Germany several times: The marriage was one of a set of family alliances between the Habsburgs and the Trastámaras , designed to strengthen the two dynasties against growing French power, which had increased significantly thanks to the policies of Louis XI and

4503-444: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Lier . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lier&oldid=1091034771 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Place name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

4582-496: The spot where Lier's last witchcraft-related execution is traditionally believed to have taken place. In 1860, a skeleton of a mammoth was unearthed at the site of the current city hall buildings. It was the first mammoth skeleton to be discovered in western Europe. At the start of the WWI, King Albert and his Chiefs of Staff were temporarily headquartered in Lier, before retreating to Temse as German lines advanced. Being part of

4661-503: The state, as long as they maintained standards in accordance with the Habsburgs' interests. Behringer notes that, "The terminology of the early modern communications system and the legal status of its participants were invented at these negotiations." On 18 January 1505 Philip unified communication between Germany, the Netherlands, France and Spain by adding stations in Granada , Toledo , Blois , Paris and Lyon . His arrival introduced

4740-671: The successful assertion of regal power after the war with the League of the Public Weal . The matter became more urgent after Charles VIII 's invasion of Italy (known as the First Peninsular War ). This was a matter of compromise for Philip. While assuring his pro-French advisors that he would maintain peaceful policies towards France, the marriage pleased Maximilian while allowing a partial, prudent emergence from France's shadow. Although, Philip did put efforts in safeguarding

4819-460: The throne in Spain as well, as the husband of Joanna. From the time of Philip, the government in the Low Countries constituted a compromise between the states and the Empire (although, at this time, Burgundian lands had not become part of imperial circles yet, which would be confirmed in 1512 and formalized in 1548). The chancellor of Burgundy became responsible for the government's practical work in

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4898-453: The thrones of Castile and Aragon. Most of Philip's time in Spain was spent consolidating his power, often leading to conflicts with his wife and her father. Joanna became queen of Castile when her mother died in 1504. Philip was proclaimed king in 1506, but died a few months later, leaving his wife distraught with grief. Joanna's father, Ferdinand II of Aragon , and her own son, Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor , were quick to seize power, confining

4977-400: Was a patron to Desiderius Erasmus , who praised him for making peace with France and advised him that after God, a prince's duty was owed first to patria (the nation) and not to pater (father, in this case Maximilian). However, Philip died suddenly at Burgos , apparently of typhoid fever , on 25 September 1506, although a poisoning (assassination) was widely spoken of at the time, and

5056-482: Was an inexperienced ruler and had a reputation for accommodating and trusting advisors, but also had a backbone. Philip freed himself from his father's control. Although Busleyden was temporarily disgraced when Maximilian summoned his son in 1496 to Germany, he was soon restored. In 1497, Philip replaced Jean Carondelet, the chancellor Maximilian had appointed, with Thomas de Plaine, who was devoted to his interests. His pursuit of peace with France frustrated Maximilian, who

5135-468: Was attached to Philip's entourage by Maximilian) to Maximilian shows that in A Coruña , Philip ate only at Fürstenberg's table because he distrusted other sources of food. Nevertheless, Maximilian unhesitatingly and openly blamed Louis XII for his beloved son's death in front of the Imperial Diet. In the aftermath, a delegation of the States General of the Netherlands was sent to Austria to offer

5214-548: Was born in the County of Flanders (today in Belgium ) during the reign of his grandfather Frederick III . When Philip was born, King Louis XI of France , the chief opponent of his parents, spread the rumour that the child was actually a girl, not a boy. When Philip's baptism was organized, his step-grandmother Margaret of York showed the boy naked to the populace, so that any doubt about the child's sex would disappear. The child

5293-449: Was deeply in love with Philip, their married life was rendered extremely unhappy by his infidelity and political insecurity, during which time he constantly attempted to usurp her legal birthright of power. This led in great part to the rumours of her insanity from reports of depressive or neurotic acts committed while she was being imprisoned or coerced by her husband, rumors that benefited Philip politically. Most historians now agree she

5372-548: Was forced to resign and was replaced with Cardinal Cisneros, who arrested Lucero in 1508. His good looks earned him the nickname "the Handsome" or "the Fair". Many contemporaries noticed Philip's physical attractiveness. Vincenzo Querini , the Venetian ambassador, described Philip as "physically beautiful, vigorous and rich" ( bello di corpo, gagliardo e prospero ). Peter Martyr d'Anghiera and Lorenzo de Padilla also noted his good looks. When Louis XII of France saw him,

5451-441: Was ironically Ferdinand's former servant, and had become Philip's favourite after the archbishop of Besançon died. He ran into financial troubles as parts of his army remained unpaid and he granted generous financial conditions to Ferdinand to hasten his departure. Cauchies writes that, in Spain, Philip found himself in the same situation his father had been during his Burgundian days. Until this day, he has been accused of being

5530-509: Was merely clinically depressed at the time, not insane as commonly believed. Before her mother's death, in 1504, husband and wife were already living apart. In 1504, Philip's mother-in-law, Queen Isabella of Castile, died, leaving the Crown of Castile to Joanna. Isabella I's widower and former co-monarch, King Ferdinand II, endeavored to lay hands on the regency of Castile, but the nobles, who disliked and feared him, forced him to withdraw. Philip

5609-408: Was named in honour of his maternal great-grandfather, Philip the Good , paternal grandfather of his mother Mary. In his first presentation to the father, the parents expressed double dynastic pride. Mary said: “Sir, look at your son and our child, young Philip of imperial seed.” Maximilian kissed the baby, and replied, “O noble Burgundian blood, my offspring, named after Philip of Valois .” Philip

5688-409: Was neither fit nor inclined to rule 'considering her infirmities and sufferings, which for the sake of honour are not expressed' and further that if 'the said most serene Queen, either from her own choice or from being persuaded by other persons should attempt to meddle in the government both would prevent it'. It suited both her father and her husband that she be regarded as incapable. On 27 June 1506,

5767-685: Was never intended to let the Spanish kingdoms fall under Habsburg control. At the time of her marriage to Philip, Joanna was third in line to the throne, with John and their sister Isabella married and hopeful of progeny. In 1500, shortly after the birth of Joanna and Philip's second child (the future Emperor Charles V ), in Flanders, the succession to the Castilian and Aragonese crowns was thrown into turmoil. The heir apparent , John, had died in 1497 very shortly after his marriage to Margaret of Austria. The crown thereby seemed destined to devolve upon his and Joanna's elder sister Isabella , wife of Manuel I of Portugal . She died in 1498, while giving birth to

5846-472: Was only four years old when his mother died in 1482, resulting in him succeeding her as ruler of the Burgundian possessions under the guardianship of his father. A period of turmoil ensued which witnessed sporadic hostilities between, principally, the large towns of Flanders (especially Ghent and Bruges ) and the supporters of Maximilian. Philip became caught up in events and his custody was taken away by

5925-512: Was so enormous that despite being a passionate hunter all his life, Philip was unable to exercise this hobby for just once, as he wrote to his father in July 1506) and there were known incidents of plague in the environment. Philip had shown a level of prudence about the food served to him: a letter of the experienced German commander Wolfgang von Fürstenberg (who commanded the Landsknechte and

6004-541: Was summoned to Spain, where he was recognized as king. However, en route to Spain in January 1506, Philip and Joanna were caught in a storm and shipwrecked off the Dorset coast, forcing them on the shore near Melcombe Regis . The nearest important gentleman in the locality was Sir Thomas Trenchard, seated at Wolfeton House , who gave shelter and entertainment to the royal couple. The future minister John Russell attended

6083-668: Was then brought to Mechelen and delivered to the loving care of Margaret of York. By 1492, the rebellions were completely suppressed. Maximilian revoked the Great Privilege and established a strong ducal monarchy, undisturbed by particularism . But he would not reintroduce Charles the Bold's centralizing ordinances. Since 1489 (after his departure), the government under Albert III, Duke of Saxony had made more efforts in consulting representative institutions and showed more restraint in subjugating recalcitrant territories. Notables who had previously supported rebellions returned to city administrations. The Estates General continued to develop as

6162-505: Was then forced to follow Philip wherever he went. In October 1505, they were in Brussels. But after that, Charles was able to escape and start the war again. Philip was not in a good position to make good his claims yet, because by this time he needed to depart to Spain to claim the Castilian throne. At the same time, while he often carefully avoided direct confrontation with the French king, in promoting his Great Council, he slowly eroded

6241-711: Was waging war against Charles VIII of France . Philip reconciled the regionalism represented by the Great Privilege with the harsh centralization the country had experienced under Charles the Bold, softening the rigorous demands of both sides while giving in to neither. He reimposed the Parliament of Mechelen (renamed as the Great Council , which was placed in Mechelen in December 1501 – de jure from 1504) and reclaimed royal domains. He placated France while reopening

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