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40-599: A royal chapel may also be a body of clergy or musicians serving at a royal court or employed by a monarch. Both the United Kingdom and Canada have a tradition of Chapels Royal . The first noble or royal court orchestras in German language regions, most of which were founded in the sixteenth century, were called Hofkapelle . When the noble and royal courts dissipated the name was often replaced by Staatskapelle ("State Chapel"), usually indicating an orchestra with

80-409: A dedicated room above the ambulatory. The best of them stayed some time after voice change , as instrumentist, or attending a position as vicar or adult musician. From the 15th century worldly rulers like the dukes of Burgundy and their Imperial successors tried to stabilise itinerary musicians into court chapels, for regularity in worship, and showing off splendour, which in the 16th century led to

120-642: A feast established in honour of the Blessed Sacrament . After much hesitation, the bishop approved of her idea but death prevented the institution of the feast. The completion of the work was left to a former prior of the Dominicans in Liège, Hugh of Saint-Cher , who returned to the city as papal legate. In 1252 Hugh made the feast of the Blessed Sacrament an obligation throughout his diocese. John of Troyes, who, after having been archdeacon at Liège,

160-435: A group of musicians. In European Christian tradition church buildings had a body of clergymen responsible for the religious services, including the singing in these services. The group of performers could include instrumentalists. For the larger church buildings, like cathedrals , an apse chapel was used for rehearsing. That was also the place where choirbooks , instruments and robes were kept. The name chapel transferred to

200-428: A network of musicians throughout Europe. Eventually, such chapels could become "a group of musicians that is not explicitly linked to regular worship, but to public feasts and functions". Civic authorities would often employ a band for public functions: the term Alta cappella indicates such a 15th-16th century European town wind band. Eventually, "Chapel", or one of its equivalents in other languages, became part of

240-464: A new vicar were open to candidates of a larger area, it follows that musicians often travelled from one region to another for their next employment. The second group consisted of somewhat around seven or eight secular musicians, singers and instrumentists, hired for short-term assignments depending on financial possibilities. The instruments include violin, cello, bassoon, trumpet and zink . About half of these musicians had an established connection to

280-533: A prince-bishopric in 1791. The role of the bishop as prince permanently ended when the state was annexed by France in 1795. In 1815 the territories it had held became part of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands , and in 1830 they were within the part of that kingdom which split off to become Belgium . The principality ruled by the bishops of Liège was never part of the Seventeen Provinces or

320-592: A prior tradition as Hofkapelle. The Vienna Boys Choir replaced the former Hofkapelle at the Austrian Hofburg four years after the original musical ensemble was disbanded in 1920, following the collapse of the monarchy. Choir of the Chapel Royal, Copenhagen. Det Kongelige Kapel / Royal Danish Orchestra The musical establishment attached to the royal chapel of the French kings, the Chapel Royal

360-536: Is documented for the Basilica of Tongeren , at the time one of the towns in the Prince-Bishopric of Liège : in the 15th century twenty canons are responsible for musical accompaniment of the religious services. By the end of the 16th century the chapter expands the chapel to a group of over twenty musicians, mostly singers, but by the end of the 17th century also four to six instrumentalists. By that time

400-531: The Athens of the North . "Liège for more than a century occupied among the nations a position in regard to science which it has never recovered". Subsequent bishops, Balderic of Looz (1008–1018), Wolbodo (1018–1021), Durandus (1021–1025), Reginard (1025–1038), Nitard (1038–1042), the learned Wazo , and Theoduin (1048–1075), valiantly sustained the heritage of Notger. The schools formed many brilliant scholars, and gave

440-626: The Eighty Years War prompted Spanish intervention foiling a Dutch invasion in 1595. Most of the bishops in the 17th century were foreigners, many of them holding several bishoprics at once. Their frequent absences gave free scope for those feuds of the Chiroux and the Grignoux to which Maximilian Henry of Bavaria ( archbishop of Cologne , 1650–1688) put a stop by the Edict of 1681. In

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480-467: The Low Countries . The new bishoprics were created largely at the expense of the diocese of Liège; many of its parishes were given to the dioceses of Roermond , 's-Hertogenbosch , and Namur , or were added to the existing dioceses of Mechelen and Antwerp . The number of deaneries in the diocese of Liège was reduced to 13. Liège formed the last link in the chain of Habsburg allies that made up

520-461: The county of Horne in 1568. Notger, the founder of the principality, also rebuilt the cathedral of St Lambert, as well as the episcopal palace. He was also involved in other building activities in the city, which flourished under his rule (churches of St Paul, St. John the Evangelist, Sainte-Croix and St Denis). This bishop also strengthened the parochial organization of the city. He was one of

560-582: The joint jurisdiction of the prince-bishop of Liège and the duke of Brabant (later the States-General of the United Provinces ). The second city of the prince-bishopric thus kept its special status throughout the ancien régime . The large diocese of the medieval bishops was, until 1559, much larger than the princedom which was in their possession. However, the princely domain was gradually enlarged by donations and by acquisitions. In

600-461: The pope , the emperor and St Bernard of Clairvaux visited Liège. The episcopate of Raoul of Zachringen was marked by the preaching of the reformer Lambert le Bègue , who is credited with founding the Béguines . Albert of Louvain was elected Bishop of Liège in 1191, but Emperor Henry VI , on the pretext that the election was doubtful, gave the see to Lothair of Hochstadt. Albero's election

640-636: The 10th century, the bishops received secular lordship over the county of Huy , which lay within the diocese . Bishop Notger (972–1008) and his successors are thus referred to as princes within the Holy Roman Empire . This situation continued until the French Revolution , and throughout that period of nearly eight centuries the Prince-Bishopric of Liège succeeded in maintaining a level of autonomy, though it remained under

680-531: The Catholic Church popes Stephen IX and Nicholas II . The diocese also supplied the University of Paris with a number of important doctors — William of Saint-Thierry , Gerard of Liège and Godfrey of Fontaines . Alger of Liège (1055–1131) was an important intellectual of the period. He was first appointed deacon of church of St Bartholomew and finally retired at the monastery of Cluny . In

720-783: The Spanish and Austrian Southern Netherlands , but from the 16th century onwards its politics were strongly influenced by the dukes of Burgundy and later the Habsburgs . In 1559 its 1,636 parishes were grouped into eight archdeaconries , and twenty-eight councils, chrétientés ( deaneries ). The most important cities ( bonnes villes ) of the bishopric were: Liège, Beringen , Bilzen , Borgloon , Bree , Châtelet , Ciney , Couvin , Dinant , Fosses-la-Ville , Hamont , Hasselt , Herk-de-Stad , Huy , Maaseik , Peer , Sint-Truiden , Stokkem , Thuin , Tongeren , Verviers , Visé and Waremme . The city of Maastricht fell under

760-530: The Spanish kings and queens (who also ruled parts of the Low Countries in the 16th century) through the reigns of Charles V , Philip II , Philip III , and Philip IV , until 1637, when it was merged into the capilla real española . The Royal Chapel , Stockholm. Other courts, like the Imperial ones, could have court chapels similar to the Royal ones. Chapel (music) In music, chapel refers to

800-608: The bishop since 972, received secular control of the County of Huy from Emperor Otto II . From 1500, the prince-bishopric belonged to the Lower Rhenish–Westphalian Circle . Its territory included most of the present Belgian provinces of Liège and Limburg , and some exclaves in other parts of Belgium and the Netherlands. It briefly became a republic (the Republic of Liège ) from 1789 to 1791, before reverting to

840-423: The canon-cantor ( precentor ) supervises three groups of musicians: the first is a fixed set of six vicars (here understood as spiritual musicians). These vicars have, by papal bull from 1444, six altars exclusively reserved for them, where they have to consecrate mass at least once a week. The succentor (singing-master) is the most important among them, needing to consecrate two more masses per week, and instructs

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880-441: The chapter, in a role as sacristan, sexton, adult acolyte, or exceptionally former choristers that became chaplain . The others were often itinerary musicians additionally employed for some days in periods of high feasts. The third group were up to twelve choristers , modelled on the group of twelve choristers employed in the cathedral at Liège. These boys were educated from a very young age (sometimes only six years when starting) in

920-409: The choristers. In order of importance the succentor is followed by the organist and the bass, then the ordinary vicars. Somewhere in the 17th century these last three vicars became expected to play an instrument too, usually a violin or a cello. In the 16th and 17th century vicars were replaced after a few months or years, but after shorter intervals than they were in the 18th century. As exams to appoint

960-499: The emperor. This virtual independence was owed largely to the ability of its bishops, who on several occasions played an important part in international politics, being strategically positioned between France and Germany . Throughout the Middle Ages, the prince-bishopric was further expanded with the lordship of Bouillon in 1096 (ceded to France in 1678), the acquisition of the county of Loon ( French : Looz ) in 1366 and

1000-653: The episcopate of Arnold of Horne (1378–1389) was marked by the triumph of the popular party. In 1366, the county of Loon was annexed to the bishopric. Upon the death of Louis of Male , count of Flanders , in 1384, the Low Countries began their unification within the Burgundian Netherlands . Though the principality was still nominally independent, the Dukes of Burgundy have had an increasing influence on its government. Louis of Bourbon (1456–1482)

1040-409: The first church leaders to spread the observance of All Souls' Day , which he authorized for his diocese. Under Notger's administration, following up on the work of Heraclius, educational institutions in Liège flourished. With these two bishops (and Wazo ) "The schools of Liège were, in fact, at that time one of the brightest literary foci of the period". In the 11th century the city was indeed known as

1080-419: The history of the principality. The struggles between the upper and lower classes, in which the prince-bishops frequently intervened, developed through the 13th and 14th centuries, and culminate in the 15th century in the pillage and destruction of the episcopal city. In the reign of Robert of Thourotte (1240–1246), Saint Juliana — a nun of Cornillon Abbey — was led by certain visions to the project of having

1120-545: The middle of the 18th century the ideas of the French encyclopedists began to be received at Liège; Bishop de Velbrück (1772–1784), encouraged their propagation and thus prepared the way for the 1789 Liège Revolution . Partially connected with the French Revolution, a protest against the absolutist rule of prince bishop César-Constantin-François de Hoensbroeck developed into the Liège Revolution. At

1160-590: The most part in present-day Belgium . It was an Imperial Estate , so the bishop of Liège , as its prince, had a seat and a vote in the Imperial Diet . The Prince-Bishopric of Liège should not be confused with the Diocese of Liège , which was larger and over which the prince-bishop exercised only the usual responsibilities of a bishop. The bishops of Liège acquired their status as prince-bishops between 980 and 985 when Bishop Notker of Liège , who had been

1200-657: The musical ensemble, and their director was known as chapel master . The musicians of the Sistine Chapel and the Capella Julia were among the most famous of such groups of performers in the 16th century. Other examples of such chapels with a history going back to the Middle Ages include the Music Chapel of the Cathedral of Pamplona. The genesis, development and organisation of such a musical chapel

1240-405: The name of diverse associations of musicians. Sometimes with a link to official instances: Many private ensembles, where "chapel" often indicates the preference for a pre-classical music repertoire: Prince-Bishopric of Li%C3%A8ge The Prince-Bishopric of Liège or Principality of Liège was a Roman Catholic ecclesiastical principality of the Holy Roman Empire that was situated for

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1280-494: The principality. He nominated Érard de La Marck (1505–1538) who brought a period of restoration. Erard was an enlightened protector of the arts. It was he who commenced the struggle against the Protestant reformers , which his successors carried forth, especially Gerard of Groesbeeck (1564–1580). With the object of assisting in this struggle, Paul IV , by Bull ( Super Universi , 12 May 1559), created new bishoprics in

1320-542: The reign of Henry of Verdun (1075–1091) a tribunal was instituted ( tribunal de la paix ) to prevent war and enforce the Peace of God . Otbert (1091–1119) increased the territory of the principality by purchasing the Lordship of Bouillon . He remained faithful to emperor Henry IV , who died as his guest. Henry of Namur (1119–1121) was venerated as a martyr. During the administration of Alexander of Juliers (1128–1134)

1360-443: The reign of Louis XIV to include castrati and women, and the many instruments needed to perform motets. By the death of King Louis XIV, in 1715, the Chapel Royal had a total of 110 singers (sopranos, castrati, haute-contres, tenors, baritones and bass) and 20 instrumentalists (violin and viola, bass violin, theorbo, flute, oboe, bass cromorne, serpent and bassoon) Chapelle du château de Versailles The Chapel Royal of Naples , under

1400-750: The rule of Aragon , then of Habsburg Spain , the Bourbons and finally Joseph Napoleon , was the centre of sacred music in southern Italy. There are several chapels in Spain designated by the sovereign as chapels royal ( Spanish : Capilla Real ), including the Royal Chapel at the Royal Palace of Madrid and the Royal Chapel of Granada . Formerly, the Flemish chapel was used separately by

1440-497: The so-called Spanish Road , a military corridor between Spanish-controlled Lombardy and the Spanish Netherlands . Completely encircled by Spanish territory, Liège was protected by treaties of neutrality which permitted the passage of Spanish troops through the prince-bishop's territory provided that they spent no more than two nights in one place. The importance of the prince-bishopric to Habsburg military logistics in

1480-420: Was confirmed by the pope but in 1192, shortly after he took office, he was assassinated by three German knights at Reims . It is probable that the emperor was privy to this murder but Albero was canonized. In 1195, Albert de Cuyck (1195–1200) formally recognized the political franchise of the people of Liège. During the 12th century, the cathedral chapter , along with the bishop, assumed a more important role in

1520-443: Was elected pope as Urban IV , encouraged the observance of the feast of Corpus Christi in the whole Church. Another archdeacon of Liège became pope under the name Gregory X and deposed the unworthy Henry of Gueldres (1247–1274). The Peace of Fexhe , signed in 1316 during the reign of Adolph II de la Marck (1313–1344), regulated the relations between the prince-bishop and his subjects. Nevertheless, internal discord continued and

1560-624: Was founded in the time of the Merovingian kings and reached its zenith under the Old Regime. Under the direction of a clergyman, the Master of the Chapel, the staff included undermasters in charge of rehearsals and the composition of royal masses, an organist, cornetists and around thirty singers and choristers, as well as masters who taught music to the children. The establishment grew during

1600-588: Was placed on the throne of Liège by the political machinations of Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy . The population resisted Burgundian rule leading to the Liège Wars , the destruction of Dinant in 1466, and of Liège in 1468 by Charles the Bold , marking the ending of democratic ascendancy in the principality. Charles V completed the union of the Seventeen Provinces in the 1540s, and unofficially also controlled

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