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39-782: Manufactured by Mergenthaler Linotype Company and popularized by the Adobe RIP , enabling PostScript language files to be imaged by the Linotronic imagesetter. Although it was the first commercial usage of PostScript, which began the emergence of graphics applications dominance by Adobe, the first popular use of PostScript was the Apple Laserwriter (succeeded a few months later by the LaserWriter Plus). Adobe's RIPs have, generally, been named for United States rockets (Atlas, Redstone, etcetera), but Apple's RIP

78-594: A British offshoot of the firm, was formed by Joseph Lawrence , publisher of The Railway Magazine . In 1899, a new factory in Broadheath , Altrincham was opened. In 1903, the British company merged with Machinery Trust to form Linotype & Machinery Ltd. Mergenthaler Linotype dominated the printing industry through the twentieth century. The machines were so well designed, major parts remained virtually unchanged for nearly 100 years. A particularly notable success

117-409: A column or two columns, which is considered to look "best" if it is even-margined on the left and right. The classical Western column did not rigorously justify, but came as close as feasible when the skill of the penman and the character of the manuscript permitted. Historically, both scribal and typesetting traditions took advantage of abbreviations ( sigla ), ligatures , and swashes to help maintain

156-402: A different kind of justification when dealing with Arabic texts. Using kashida , characters or glyphs are elongated instead of stretching the white spaces. Another technique sometimes used is word heaping . Justification has been the preferred setting of type in many Western languages through the history of movable type. This is due to the classic Western manuscript book page being built of

195-484: A line by the default word space built into the font. Continuous casting typesetting systems such as the Linotype were able to reduce the jaggedness of the right-hand sides of adjacent lines of flush left composition by inserting self-adjusting space bands between words to evenly distribute white space, taking excessive space that would have occurred at the end of the line and redistributing it between words. This feature

234-415: A line, to ensure that the lines all ended at the same point. Mergenthaler adapted the "space band" (patented by J. W. Schuckers), a device consisting of two wedges of metal connected loosely. When a line of type was being justified, all the space band wedges would be pushed up in two passes to spread the line out to the full measure being cast. The space bands were stored for reuse in a different location from

273-532: A paragraph that is flush left were indented from the left, it would no longer be flush left, but it would still be left aligned. In other languages that read text right-to-left, such as Persian , Arabic and Hebrew , text is commonly aligned "flush right". Additionally, flush-right alignment is used to set off special text in English, such as attributions to authors of quotes printed in books and magazines, or text associated with an image to its right. Flush right

312-491: A series of mergers and reorganizations, the business of Mergenthaler Linotype Company ultimately vested in Linotype-Hell AG, a German company. In April 1997, Linotype-Hell AG was acquired by Heidelberger Druckmaschinen AG . The following month certain divisions of Linotype-Hell AG were spun off into new companies, one of which was Linotype Library GmbH with headquarters at Bad Homburg vor der Höhe . This new company

351-515: A special video output interface to the imagesetter. This technology-related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Mergenthaler Linotype Company The Mergenthaler Linotype Company was a company founded in the United States in 1886 to market the Linotype machine ( / ˈ l aɪ n ə ˌ t aɪ p , - n oʊ -/ ), a system to cast metal type in lines (linecaster) invented by Ottmar Mergenthaler . It became

390-444: A type mold for a letter on the side of a specially keyed matrix (with multiple matrix/molds available for any given letter). The linotype operator would type in a line of text. The machine would drop each matrix with its mold into place, assembling the matrices into a line of text that was needed. Hot lead alloy was then forced into the molds of matrices, creating the fresh line of type. The linotype operator would then go on to type in

429-601: Is "justification", where the spaces between words and between glyphs or letters are stretched or compressed in order to align both the left and right ends of consecutive lines of text. When using justification, it is customary to treat the last line of a paragraph separately by simply left or right aligning it, depending on the language direction. Lines in which the spaces have been stretched beyond their normal width are called loose lines , while those whose spaces have been compressed are called tight lines . Text can also be "centered", or symmetrically aligned along an axis in

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468-403: Is also available in desktop publishing systems, although most now default to more sophisticated approaches. Graphic designers and typesetters using desktop systems also have the option to adjust word and letter spacing, or "tracking", on a manual line-by-line basis to achieve more even overall spacing. Some modern desktop publishing programs, such as Adobe InDesign , evaluate the effects of all

507-523: Is often used when formatting tables of data . It is used to align text to the right margin; in this case, the left ends will be unequal. The term "right alignment" is frequently used when the right side of text is aligned along a visible or invisible vertical line which may or may not coincide with the right margin. For example, if a paragraph that is flush right were indented from the right, it would no longer be flush right, but it would still be right aligned. A common type of text alignment in print media

546-411: Is reduced by using hyphenation . With older typesetting systems and WYSIWYG word processors, this was done manually: the compositor or author added hyphenation on a case-by-case basis. Currently, most typesetting systems (also called layout programs) and modern word processors hyphenate automatically, using a hyphenation algorithm. In addition, professional typesetting programs almost always provide for

585-463: Is the setting of text flow or image placement relative to a page , column (measure), table cell , or tab (and often to an image above it or under it). The type alignment setting is sometimes referred to as text alignment , text justification , or type justification . The edge of a page or column is known as a margin , and a gap between columns is known as a gutter . There are four basic typographic alignments: Alignment does not change

624-408: Is used in narrow columns, extremely large spaces may appear between words on lines with only two or three words. Another example: when the spaces between words line up approximately above one another in several loose lines, a distracting river of white space may appear. Rivers appear in right-aligned, left-aligned and centered settings too, but are more likely to appear in justified text, because of

663-490: The World Wide Web for left-to-right text. Quotations are often indented . Flush left might also be used in very narrow columns, where full justification would produce too much whitespace between characters or words on some lines. The phrase "left alignment" is often used when the left side of text is aligned along a visible or invisible vertical line which may or may not coincide with the left margin. For example, if

702-619: The German Linotype-Hell AG; in the US the company name changed to Linotype Co. In 1996, the German Linotype-Hell AG was taken over by the German printing machine company Heidelberger Druckmaschinen AG . A separate business, Linotype Library GmbH was established to manage the digital assets. In 2005, Linotype Library GmbH shortened its name to Linotype GmbH, and in 2007, Linotype GmbH was acquired by Monotype Imaging Holdings, Inc. ,

741-536: The Linotype type library are the artwork of some of the most famous typeface designers of the 20th century. The library contains such famous trademarked typefaces as Palatino and Optima by Hermann Zapf ; Frutiger , Avenir and Univers by Adrian Frutiger ; and Helvetica by Max Miedinger and Eduard Hoffman. Linotype GmbH frequently brings out new designs from both established and new type designers. Linotype had also introduced FontExplorer X for Mac OS X . It

780-776: The Mergenthaler Printing Company was established to raise fresh capital from the shareholders of the National Printing Company. Finally, The Mergenthaler Linotype Company was formed in New York in 1895. Philip Tell Dodge served as its first president until 1928 when his son Norman Dodge replaced him. The Mergenthaler Linotype Company of New York, the organization's newest iteration, was launched with $ 5,000,000 capital (in 1895 dollars), and $ 10,000,000 (in 1895 dollars) in stock holdings across 333 investors. In 1889 The Linotype Company,

819-431: The additional word spacing. Since there is no added white space built into a typical full stop (period), other than that above the full stop itself, full stops contribute to the river effect in a limited way. At one time, common word-processing software adjusted only the spacing between words, which was a source of the river problem. Modern word processing packages and professional publishing software significantly reduce

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858-443: The attention of the reader is the main focus, or visual appearance is important and the overall amount of centered text is small. Some modern typesetting programs offer four justification options: left justify , right justify , center justify and full justify . These variants respectively specify whether the full lines of a paragraph are aligned on the left or the right, centered (edges not aligned), or fully justified (spread over

897-399: The direction in which text is read; however, text direction may determine the most commonly used alignment for that script . In English and most European languages where words are read left-to-right, text is usually aligned "flush left", meaning that the text of a paragraph is aligned on the left-hand side with the right-hand side ragged. This is the default style of text alignment on

936-538: The matrices. The invention of the first working Linotype was a long, arduous and intricate process that involved many players and the creation of a long succession of companies. In 1877, the National Printing Company was organized under the laws of the District of Columbia and Lewis Clephane , the brother of James O. Clephane , was elected president. After the first successful trial of the Linotype in October, 1885,

975-479: The middle of a column. This is often used for the title of a work, headlines , and for poems and songs. As with flush-right alignment, centered text is often used to present data in tables. Centered text is considered less readable for a body of text made up of multiple lines because the ragged starting edges make it difficult for the reader to track from one line to the next. Centered text can also be commonly found on signs, flyers, and similar documents where grabbing

1014-419: The next line. Multiple lines would be stacked into blocks, sometimes paragraphs, to be set in place in the proper column of the page layout. Meanwhile, back inside the linotype machine, the matrices used for a line would progress through the machine, where the special keying system on one end of the matrix, unique for each character, would allow the matrix to drop back only into the correct storage slot, ready for

1053-405: The next use. Another benefit of this overall process was that each edition of the paper was created from a fresh casting of metal, thus avoiding problems of type wear. Another problem Mergenthaler solved was in justifying the type, or ensuring that in a column of print, there were flush margins on the left and right. Hand compositors had previously done this by using spaces of different widths in

1092-476: The parent of Monotype Imaging, Inc. and others. In August 2023, Monotype announced that it would be closing the Linotype e-commerce platform, together with FontShop and Fonts.com. Monotype stated that it could no longer maintain its desired level of quality across the platforms and would instead be focussing its efforts on developing its MyFonts site. The company pledged to preserve Linotype’s history and legacy online with stories and content. The typefaces in

1131-532: The parent of Monotype Imaging, Inc. and others. Monotype announced in August 2023 that it was discontinuing Linotype.com, effectively closing the business. The invention of a machine to replace the labor-intensive task of setting type by hand had been tackled by many inventors during the 19th century. The most time consumed was not in creating the text, but in returning the characters to their proper position for future use. Mergenthaler solved this problem by placing

1170-488: The printing industry, endured a complex post-war history, during which printing technology went through two revolutions — first moving to phototypesetting , then to digital . During the 1950s, the Davidson Corporation , which manufactured a series of small offset presses, was a subsidiary of Linotype. This was later sold to American Type Founders and operated under the name ATF-Davidson. Through

1209-468: The rhythm and colour of a justified line. Its use has only waned somewhat since the early 20th century through the advocacy of the typographer Jan Tschichold 's book Asymmetric Typography and the freer typographic treatment of the Bauhaus , Dada , and Russian constructivist movements. Not all "flush left" settings in traditional typography were identical. In flush left text, words are separated on

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1248-463: The river effect by adjusting also the spacing between characters. Additionally, these systems use advanced digital typography techniques such as automatically choosing among different glyphs for the same character and slightly stretching or shrinking the character in order to better fill the line. The technique of glyph scaling or microtypography has been implemented by Adobe InDesign and more recent versions of pdfTeX . The problem of loose lines

1287-543: The use of an exception dictionary, in part because no algorithm hyphenates all words correctly, and in part because different publishers will follow different dictionaries. Different publishers may also have different rules about permissible hyphenation. Most publishers follow a basic system such as the Chicago Manual of Style or Oxford style, but will overlay their own "house style", which further restricts permissible hyphenation. Word-processing software usually uses

1326-430: The whole column width). In programs that do not offer multiple kinds of justification, typically only left (for left-to-right languages) or right (for right-to-left languages) justification is provided. The following table displays the difference between a justified (flush left and flush right) and a flush left (and ragged right) text. Justification sometimes leads to typographic anomalies. One example: when justification

1365-727: The world's leading manufacturer of book and newspaper typesetting equipment; outside North America , its only serious challenger for book typesetting was the Anglo-American Monotype Corporation . Starting in 1960, the Mergenthaler Linotype Company became a major supplier of phototypesetting equipment which included laser typesetters, typefonts, scanners, typesetting computers. In 1987, the US-based Mergenthaler Linotype Company became part of

1404-472: Was Linotype's Legibility Group of typefaces, used by most of the world's (Latin-alphabet) newspapers for much of the twentieth century. The ruggedness of the Linotype system, which cast lines as solid bars of type, aided this dominance. Linotype Company was merged with Mergenthaler acquisition K. S. Paul to form Linotype-Paul Ltd which developed a range of Linotron phototypesetters using K. S. Paul's cathode ray tube technology. The company, as so many in

1443-521: Was a well-reviewed font manager that allows users to browse and purchase new fonts within the program — a business model similar to that used by iTunes and the iTunes Store . The Arabic typeface Simplified Arabic , later called Yakout for the 13th-century Islamic calligrapher Yaqut al-Musta'simi , was released by Linotype in 1956, and remains one of the most common Arabic typefaces for books and newspapers. Justification (typesetting) In typesetting and page layout , alignment or range

1482-562: Was of its own design, and was implemented using remarkably few integrated circuits (ICs), including PALs for most combinatorial logic, with the subsystem timing, DRAM refreshing, and rasterization functions being implemented in very few medium-integration PALs. Apple's competitors (i.e., QMS , NEC , and others) have generally used a variation of one of Adobe's RIPs with their large quantity of low-integration (i.e., Texas Instruments ' 7400 series) ICs. The latest RIPs are stand-alone fast PCs executing an x86 implementation of PostScript, with

1521-399: Was responsible solely for the acquisition, creation and distribution of digital fonts and related software. This spin-off effectively divorced the company's font software business from the older typesetting business which was retained by Heidelberg. In 2005, Linotype Library GmbH shortened its name to Linotype GmbH, and in 2007, Linotype GmbH was acquired by Monotype Imaging Holdings, Inc. ,

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