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74-460: Linxia Prefecture is located in southwestern central Gansu. It is just south of Lanzhou and borders Qinghai Province in the west, Gannan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture in the south and the Dingxi prefecture-level city in the east. The terrain is highlands, mountains and loess hills. Elevation averages 2000 meters above sea-level. The Yellow River , which gets its muddy yellow color from

148-519: A ferry instead. A number of provincial roads connect all other county seats of the prefecture with Linxia City as well. The eastern part of the prefecture is connected with Lanzhou via the Lanhai expressway (G75), which, however, runs not within the prefecture itself, but within the Dingxia prefecture-level city, just on the other side of the prefecture border. The railway transport in the prefecture

222-532: A future invasion of Xinjiang . By 1931 the rebellion stopped totally. Ma Tingxiang first rebelled against Feng and the Guominjun, defected to Chiang Kai-shek and the Kuomintang after Chiang and Feng went to war against each other, and finally after Chiang dismissed Ma from his posts, attempted to flee and was captured by Feng and executed in 1929. Ma Zhongying's 1928 revolt led to a blaze which destroyed

296-510: A large earthquake was experienced killing more than 100,000 people in Ningxia and Eastern Gansu province, although only 42 were killed in Lanzhou itself, the low number being attributed to the strong yet flexible nature of the wooden buildings in the city. Lanzhou was also affected by 2008 Sichuan earthquake in 2008. As of the 2020 Chinese census , Lanzhou surpassed 4 million population for

370-531: A population of 1,700,000; 56% of the total population of Linxia. China National Highway 213 crosses the prefecture from Lanzhou border in the north to the Gannan border in the south, via Liujiaxia Town (Yongjing County seat), Dongxiang County seat, and Linxia City. There is now a shortcut between Liujiaxia Town and Linxia City, bypassing Dongxiang County and crossing the Liujiaxia Reservoir on

444-579: A position in the Jia League from Tianjin Lifei . The team relocated to Ningbo , Zhejiang and changed their name to Ningbo Yaoma in 2003. The team later relegated to China League Two in 2004 and became Dongguan Dongcheng after moving to Dongguan , Guangdong . Former England international Paul Gascoigne played four games in both a playing and coaching role for Gansu in 2003, scoring two goals, before returning to England after falling out with

518-600: A result of sand storms. The reach of the Yellow River at Lanzhou carries a high load of silt, giving the river its characteristic muddy appearance; however water quality in this reach is better than the "fetid outflow that barely passes for water two hours downstream" (2008). In recent years, several specimens of the endangered Chinese giant salamander have been found in and near the Yellow River in Lanzhou. On April 11, 2014, Lanzhou officials advised residents not to drink tap water, because benzene levels were 20 times

592-542: A revolt against Liu Yufen was led in Liangzhou by Hui Muslim warlord Ma Tingxing (son of Ma Anliang ) in 1928, Spring. Hui, Dongxiang and Salar Muslims were recruited to also siege Hezhou in the army of 10,000 by Ma Zhongying , who was related to Ma Qi . Ma Zhongying's Muslim soldiers were starving and numbered 25,000 by November so that attacked the Tao river valley in the south, slaughtering Tibetan Buddhist monks, burning

666-570: A separate province in 1666, Lanzhou became its capital. In 1739 the seat of Lintao was transferred to Lanzhou, which was later made a superior prefecture called Lanzhou. Lanzhou was badly damaged during the Dungan revolt in 1864–1875. In the 1920s and 1930s it became a center of Soviet influence in northwestern China . During the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945) Lanzhou, linked with Xi'an by highway in 1935, became

740-562: A smaller one at Yanguoxia Dam further downstream. Yongjing's Liujiaxia wharf (near Liujiaxia Dam) is also the starting point to trips to the Bingling Temple 's ancient Buddhist cave grottoes. Dinosaur fossils and footprints have been discovered in the dry rugged Badland -esque terrain, resulting in the creation of Liujiaxia National Dinosaur Geopark ( 刘家峡恐龙国家地质公园 ) in the northern part of Yongjing County (between Liujiaxia and Yanguoxia) in 2001. The local traditional folk sing huaer

814-640: A total 110,000,000 RMB, up 50%, to the local economy. Linxia is also a stop on trips from Lanzhou to towns in the Tibetan parts of southern Gansu including the famed Labrang Monastery in Xiahe . On September 6, 2006 it was reported that 879 or more villagers from the Xinsi and Maba villages had been poisoned by lead from a local smelter . Lanzhou Lanzhou is the capital and largest city of Gansu province in northwestern China . Located on

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888-477: A wide area. Lanzhou Zhongchuan Airport is the main airport serving Lanzhou, it is located 70 km (43 mi) north of Lanzhou. It opened for public service in 1970. The airport offers direct connections to over 70 international and domestic destinations. Lanzhou was the second city in northwest China to announce the construction of a subway line, in August 2012. The urban railway network, Lanzhou Metro ,

962-633: Is 8,169 km (3,154 sq mi). In the past, Linxia City was called Hezhou and the surrounding area was known as He Prefecture. During the Hui Minorities' War in the 1860s He Prefecture was a scene of fierce fighting between the Muslim ( Hui , Dongxiang and Salar , in modern terms) rebels on one side and the Han Chinese militias and, later, government troops, on the other side. From 1862 to 1872, Hezhou City (today's Linxia City )

1036-471: Is a vital focal point connecting the western provinces with the east . Lanzhou Railway Station is located on Huochezhan Dong Lu , in Chengguan district. Lanzhou West Railway Station is the city's second major railway station, offering connection to high-speed rail services. Lanzhou Railway Station has the following railway connections: New high-speed passenger-only railways are completed both toward

1110-636: Is also an important center for scientific research and education in Northwestern China after Xi'an . The city is one of the top 60 major cities in the world by scientific research output as tracked by the Nature Index . It hosts several research institutions , including, Lanzhou University , Northwest Normal University , Lanzhou University of Technology , Gansu Agricultural University , Gansu University of Chinese Medicine , and Lanzhou Jiaotong University . Notably, Lanzhou University

1184-463: Is called the soul of northwest or the encyclopedia of northwest (it usually refers to five provinces in northwestern China). There are numerous mosques and temples throughout the rest of Linxia. Beautiful mountain scenery can be found at Taizi Mountain Nature Reserve, which stretches along the prefecture's southern border. In 2002 these sites and others drew 400,000 tourists, up 20%, who added

1258-560: Is generous but not abundant, as the city receives 2,350 hours of bright sunshine annually. The city is located in a narrow and curved river valley with surrounding mountains causing it to be hemmed in blocking a free flow of air. According to the National Environmental Analysis released by Tsinghua University and The Asian Development Bank in January 2013, Lanzhou was among the ten most air-polluted cities in

1332-573: Is limited to a short branch line in its very north, connecting the industrial Liujiaxia Town with the Lanzhou-Xining mainline (which runs along the northern border of the prefecture, but mostly on the Lanzhou prefecture side of it). Linxia's 2002 GDP was 3.3 billion RMB, which was 10.7% growth over the previous year. The per capita GDP was 1,778RMB, which was 9.9% growth over the previous year. Agriculture, manufacturing, building materials, finance, hydropower ( Liujiaxia Dam and Yanguoxia Dam on

1406-729: Is one of China's prestige universities as a member of the Project 985 . Originally in the territory of the ancient Western Qiangs , Lanzhou became part of the territory of the State of Qin in the 6th century BC. In 81 BC, under the Han dynasty (206 BC–AD 220), it was taken from the Huns' Huandi Chanyu and made the seat of Jincheng commandery ( jùn ), and later of the Jincheng (Golden City) county ( xiàn ), later renamed Yunwu . From at least

1480-509: Is planned to consist of six subway lines running 207 km (129 mi). The first line, which is completely underground, opened in June 2019. Lanzhou Metro Line 2 (First-stage project), opened in June 2023. Passengers can transfer between Line 1 and Line 2 at Dongfanghong Square Station and Wulipu Station. Lanzhou Railway Station is a major railway hub of western China. Every day over 100 passenger trains originate or pass via this station. It

1554-528: Is said that the residents received lower compensation amount than they could otherwise because in 1958, when the Yanguoxia project started, they understated the value of their assets, as they were afraid to be classified as "rich peasants", i.e. class enemies. Even the more generous payments (averaging 1,100 per person) to those affected by the Bapanxia Dam were not an adequate substitute for the loss of

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1628-448: Is subdivided into 8 county-level divisions : 1 county-level city , 5 counties and 2 autonomous counties : 2008 population was 2 million people. 2010 census counted 1,946,677. 2020-11 Census increased to 2,437,000. Average population density is 233 per km. Ethnic minority groups include Hui , Tibetans , Salar , Bao'an , Dongxiang and others, and their population is up to 50,64%. Altogether there are 16 minority ethnic groups with

1702-587: Is the cultural centre of Gansu . It is home to many different ethnic groups and their respective cultures, but the most prominent three groups are the Han , Hui , and Zang . Many people in Lanzhou believe in superstitions . Muslim Conflict in Gansu (1927%E2%80%931930) The Muslim Conflict in Gansu broke out when a coalition of Muslim generals revolted against the Guominjun in 1927. Prominent among

1776-718: The Zero fighters , he shot down a Mitsubishi G3M bomber north of Lanzhou. On the ground, the KMT Muslim Generals Ma Hongkui and Ma Bufang protected Lanzhou with their cavalry troops, putting up such resistance that the Japanese never captured Lanzhou. At 1,600 metres (5,200 ft) above sea level, Lanzhou lies in China's northwest geographical center. The metropolitan area covers more than 20 square kilometres (7.7 sq mi) of urbanisation along

1850-1062: The Kuomintang , attending the Whampoa Military Academy and promoted to General. Ma Zhongying also fought against his great uncle Ma Lin (warlord) , who was a Muslim General in Feng Yuxiang's army, defeating him when Ma Lin attempted to retake Hezhou. the slogan of the rebels was "don't kill Hui, don't kill Han, only kill the Guominjun" "不杀回，不杀汉，只杀国民军的办事员". Hui Muslims belonging to the Xidaotang sect and Tibetans in Taozhou were attacked by Hui Muslim leader Ma Zhongying and his own Hui Muslim soldiers, causing panicked exodus of Xidaotang Hui Muslims. The Kuomintang incited anti Yan Xishan and Feng Yuxiang sentiments among Chinese Muslims and Mongols, encouraging for them to topple their rule. The revolt ended with all

1924-611: The Qing general Zuo Zongtang had finally destroyed the rebels farther east, in Shaanxi and Ningxia , he tried to take Hezhou in the late 1872, but his troops were badly defeated by Ma Zhan'ao's Muslim fighters at the battle of Taizi Mosque, and he failed to make a foothold west of the Tao River (which today more or less forms the border between Dingxi and Linxia Prefectures). Ma Zhan'ao, however, realized that he could not hold against

1998-735: The Sino-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact , and along with other targets around Lanzhou, including civilian centers, were heavily bombed by the Imperial Japanese Army Air Force and Navy Air Force . Many air battles were fought between the Chinese Air Force and the Imperial Japanese air forces over Lanzhou and surrounding regions from 1937 to 1945, particularly from 1938 to 1941 when the influx of Soviet war materials formed

2072-508: The Tao River . They flow from the neighboring Gannan Prefecture and fall into the Liujiaxia Reservoir from the southeast. The Tao River also serves as the border with the Dingxi prefecture-level city over some of its length. The year's average temperature is 8 °C and the annual frost-free period is only 155 frost-free days. The area is semi-arid with annual precipitation of only 442 mm (17.4 in). Total area

2146-461: The Yellow River ), and tourism are all important industries. The prefecture's capital, Linxia City (formerly known as Hezhou), is the center of trade, transport, and industry for the area directly south of Lanzhou. Linxia is blessed with both natural and cultural wonders. The Yellow River runs through the north of the prefecture, forming a larger reservoir at Yongjing 's Liujiaxia Dam , and

2220-573: The Yellow River . Two of them were constructed in Linxia Prefecture's Yongjing County: the 57-meter high Yanguoxia Dam (1958–1961) and the 147-meter high Liujiaxia Dam (1958–1969). One more - the 33-meter high Bapanxia Dam (1968–1975) - although located in Lanzhou's Xigu District , had much of its reservoir within Yongjing County as well. The dams contributed greatly to the national economy - Liujiaxia Hydro Power Station remained

2294-503: The 1954 PRC Constitution, autonomous prefectures were empowered to enact legislation in light of local circumstances. Theoretically, this would modify national law to accord with Shariah in case of the Hui ethnicity. However, in the nearly sixty years of Party-State rule (2010s), only seven local regulations have been passed pursuant to the power of legal autonomy. The only regulations that address Sharia (without naming it) are: The prefecture

Linxia Hui Autonomous Prefecture - Misplaced Pages Continue

2368-451: The Guominjun's side and fought the rebels. A revolt led by Ma Tingxiang ( Ma T'ing-hsiang ) ( 馬廷勷 ) (a son of Ma Anliang ) in the spring of 1928 broke out among the Hui people in Gansu province against the Guominjun of Feng Yuxiang. The Fengtian clique under Zhang Zuolin sent weapons shipments to Ma to aid him in his revolt. The American botanist Joseph Rock saw the fighting between

2442-778: The Hui Muslim warlord Ma Qi and the Tibetan Buddhists of Labrang Monastery . Even more brutal fighting broke out when war between Zhang Zuolin 's Fengtian clique happened against the Guominjun warlord Feng Yuxiang in 1925, autumn. The position of Gansu governor was taken by Feng Yuxiang. Only Muslim warlords were left after many of the non-Muslim warlords were expelled by Liu Yufen's Guominjun army of 15,000 soldiers as acting governor under Feng Yuxiang. A huge amount of taxes were squeezed for Feng by Liu Yufen after an earthquake and famine brought about by drought. The in Hezhou

2516-659: The Imperial Japanese forces were preparing for Operation Z against the United States and other allies in Southeast Asia and the Pacific by mid-1941, the IJANF were busy training new aircrews in live combat action across China for the upcoming war in the Pacific; on 22 May 1941, Lt. Gao Youxin of the 21st PS, 4th PG engaged an IJNAF raid on Lanzhou in an I-16 fighter aircraft, while avoiding confrontation against

2590-479: The Muslim Generals and Warlords, like Ma Qi , Ma Lin , and Ma Bufang reaffirming their allegiance to the Kuomintang government after defeating the Guominjun. Ma Zhongying and Ma Fuxiang travelled to Nanjing to pledge allegiance to the Kuomintang and Chiang Kai-shek . Ma Fuxiang was promoted, and Ma Zhongying was trained at the Whampoa Military Academy under Chiang, making secret agreements for

2664-780: The Muslims and Guominjun forces during the Muslim Conflict in Gansu (1927–1930) . Well-known Muslim individuals in Hezhou in the 1940s included La Shih-Chun, who was part of the Gansu Provincial Government Committee and Ma Chuanyuan, the supermagistrate of five districts. In 1955, just a few years after the creation of the People's Republic of China , the Communist government announced a large-scale program of hydroelectric dam construction on

2738-473: The Qing armies forever and made a deal with Zuo Zongtang: he surrendered Hezhou to the government forces, executed those locals who objected to the surrender and joined the government side himself, to fight against the rebels farther west. In exchange, Zuo Zontang did not disperse the local Muslim community, forcibly relocating the survivors to a remote region, but, in a unique gesture during that war, acted to reduce

2812-636: The Taozhou-Chone region destroying and burning Tibetan areas. The Muslims burned the printing presses and temple of the Tibetan Buddhists in Chone. The Muslims then looted the gompa and massacred the Tibetan Buddhist monks of the Labrang monastery after fleeting from Liu Yufen in January 1929. 2 million died in the war as villages and towns across Gansu's south and east were destroyed during

2886-427: The approaches to the ancient capital area of Chang'an (modern Xi'an ) in Shaanxi province from both the west and the northwest, as well as the area of Qinghai Lake via the upper waters of the Yellow River and its tributaries. Lanzhou is situated in the temperate zone and has a semi-arid climate ( Köppen BSk ) with hot summers and cold and very dry winters. In the urban core, based on 1971–2000 normals,

2960-664: The banks of the Yellow River , it is a key regional transportation hub, connecting areas further west by rail to the eastern half of the country. Historically, it has been a major link on the Northern Silk Road and it stands to become a major hub on the New Eurasian Land Bridge . The city is also a center for heavy industry and petrochemical industry . Lanzhou is the third largest city in Northwest China after Xi'an and Urumqi . Lanzhou

3034-584: The city (ba fang) "eight blocks" was ruined in 1928 by savage fighting between the Muslims and Guominjun forces. Ma Lin defeated Ma Ting-hsiang (Ma Tingxiang). Ma Tingxiang was attacked by the Muslim General Ma Hongbin who was serving in Feng's administration in Ningxia. Ma Zhongying , a Hui commander led three separate attacks against Feng's forces in Hezhou, and the following year, traveled to Nanjing and pledged his allegiance to

Linxia Hui Autonomous Prefecture - Misplaced Pages Continue

3108-583: The city and government policies. The 14,000-capacity Northwest Minzu University Stadium is one of the main sports venues in the city. It is mostly used for football games. A new sports center complex, including a stadium with a capacity of 60,000 spectators and a swimming hall, is under development. Lanzhou previously had a professional soccer team named Gansu Tianma from 1999 to 2003.The team played in Chinese Football Association Yi League from 1999 to 2001 and bought

3182-720: The city ranked at place 100 for total GDP of Chinese cities. The International Solar Energy Center (UNIDO-ISEC) is located in Lanzhou's Chengguan district. There is a thermal generating plant supplied with coal from fields in Qinghai . In addition, there is a hydroelectric station at Zhulama Gorge in Gansu , and a large multipurpose dam has been built in the Liujia Gorge on the Yellow River above Lanzhou. Main industries include textile mills, rubber processing and fertilizer plants, an oil refinery , petrochemicals , machinery, and metallurgical industry. Gansu has one of

3256-544: The city." In 2015 it was awarded China's climate progress title. As a city once unable to be spotted from satellites, Lanzhou has taken various measures to combat air pollution in recent years, having reduced its Air Pollution Index at the fastest speed across China. According to the 2018 WHO database, of 2700 towns listed, Lanzhou has the 158th highest level of PM 2.5 pollution, with an average of 54 micrograms per cubic meter (twice that of Milan). The large particle PM10 remains high, at 132 micrograms per cubic meter, in part as

3330-518: The club, as his mental state meant that he had to return to America for treatment against drink and depression. On August 20, 2012, Lanzhou New Area was approved by the State Council of China's Central Government. In 2019, Lanzhou New Area was formally established as a county-level division of Lanzhou, its area being split off from Yongdeng and Gaolan. The updated area and population of Yongdeng and Gaolan are not yet reflected in

3404-589: The country's largest until the 1980s - but the reservoirs they created in narrow, but fertile valleys of the Yellow River and its tributaries displaced a large number of local farmers. The three reservoirs flooded 118,229 (7,881 hectares) of farmland and displaced 43,829 residents, primarily in Yongjing County. The compensation payments to the farmers affected by the Yanguoxia and Liujiaxia Dams averaged, supposedly, 250 yuan and 364 yuan per person, were grossly insufficient to allow them to reestablish their way of life. It

3478-623: The east (the Xuzhou–Lanzhou high-speed railway ) and the west (the Lanzhou–Xinjiang high-speed railway ). These services only stop at Lanzhou West Railway Station . The Yinchuan–Lanzhou high-speed railway and Chengdu–Lanzhou high-speed railway are under construction. Lanzhou forms an important link in one of the routes of the Eurasian Land Bridge and also provides rail access to Qinghai , Xinjiang and Tibet further to

3552-564: The farmland. Linxia is famous for a certain style of round glasses worn during the Qing Dynasty that are still made there today. A type of thick cold wheat noodles called Niangpi (a species of Liangpi ) is a popular local dish, served with spongy tofu and spicy sauce. The CCP established the Linxia Hui Autonomous Prefecture in 1956 out of seven counties including Linxia City (Hezhou). In accordance with

3626-525: The first millennium BC it was a major link on the ancient Northern Silk Road , and also an important historic Yellow River crossing site. To protect the city, the Great Wall of China was extended as far as Yumen . Parts of the Great Wall still exist within the built-up area. After the fall of the Han dynasty , Lanzhou became the capital of a succession of tribal states. In the 4th century it

3700-672: The first time, retaining this name under the Tang dynasty (618–907). In 763 the area was overrun by the Tibetan Empire and in 843 was conquered by the Tang . Later it fell into the hands of the Western Xia dynasty (which flourished in Qinghai from the 11th to 13th century) and was subsequently absorbed by the Song dynasty (960–1126) in 1081. The name Lanzhou was reestablished, and the county renamed Lanzhuan. After 1127 it fell into

3774-565: The first time, with a total population of 4,359,446 inhabitants and 3,042,863 in the built-up ( or metro ) area of 1,112.9 square kilometres (429.7 sq mi) made of the 4 central urban districts (Chengguan, Qilihe, Anning and Xigu District). Lanzhou New Area , near the airport and Honggu Districts are not yet conurbated. The growth increased significantly after a period of slower growth. The strong growth has been attributed to parents seeking better education opportunities for their children, retired migrant workers returning to Gansu, improved services in

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3848-446: The first two bombers in the battle, followed by two more downed as Capt. Cen led another attack on the third formation. They would be joined by pilots of the Soviet Volunteer Group led by Nikolay Garilov and the 15th PS led by Li Debiao, who would all shoot down five more of the Japanese bombers; the northern Chinese air-raid early-warning net headquarters in Xi'an observed 21 of the original 30 IJAAF bombers returning from Lanzhou. As

3922-399: The hands of the Jin dynasty , and after 1235 it came into the possession of the Mongol Empire . Under the Ming dynasty (1368–1644) the prefecture was demoted to a county and placed under the administration of Lintao superior prefecture, but in 1477 Lanzhou was reestablished as a political unit. The city acquired its current name in 1656, during the Qing dynasty . When Gansu was made

3996-422: The inter-communal tension by relocating some of the local Han people away from the Muslims. Nonetheless, in order to ensure the government's control over the region, since 1873 Muslims were prohibited to live within the city walls of Hezhou. Linxia (Hezhou) was often wracked by these frequent rebellions. The entire southern suburbs of the city (ba fang) "eight blocks" was ruined in 1928 by savage fighting between

4070-412: The largest oil refineries in the country and Lanzhou itself is the center of the province's petrochemical industry. The refinery is linked to the fields at Yumen by pipeline. It also manufactures equipment for the oil industry . Lanzhou has a large textile industry , particularly noted for the production of woolen and leather goods. In addition, Lanzhou produces locomotives and rolling stock for

4144-402: The loess, runs through the northwestern part of the prefecture. Dammed at Liujiaxia ( Yongjing County ), it forms the large Liujiaxia Reservoir in the north-central part of the county. There is also a smaller Yanguoxia Dam ( 盐锅峡水电站 ; Yánguōxiá Shuǐdiànzhàn ) further downstream, also within Yongjing County. The Yellow River's main tributaries within the prefecture are the Daxia River and

4218-497: The monthly 24-hour average temperature ranges from −4.1 °C (24.6 °F) in January to 23.4 °C (74.1 °F) in July. The mean annual temperature is 10.9 °C (51.6 °F), while annual rainfall is 309 millimetres (12.2 in), almost all of which falls from May to October. The winters are so dry that snowfall is sometimes restricted to fall and spring. With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 47 percent in September to 57 percent in April, sunshine

4292-584: The national limit of 10 micrograms per liter. The city water supply suspected industrial chemical production to be the culprit, similar to what happened in the 2005 Jilin chemical plant explosions . A brucellosis outbreak infecting humans took place in Lanzhou in 2020 after the Lanzhou Biopharmaceutical Plant involved in vaccine production accidentally pumped out the bacteria into the atmosphere in exhaust air, due to use of expired desinfectant, and affecting over 3,000 people. Lanzhou experiences earthquakes regularly, although usually at low intensities. In 1920

4366-435: The northwestern railways, as well as machine tools and mining equipment. Aluminum products, industrial chemicals, and fertilizers are produced on a large scale, and there is a large rubber industry. Copper is mined in nearby Gaolan . Lanzhou has been one of the centers of China's national nuclear power industry since the 1960s. Lanzhou is the collecting center and market for agricultural produce and livestock from

4440-407: The palace of the Tibetan Tusi chief king Yang Jiqing, sacking the Tibetan city of Chone and defeated Yang Jiqing 's 3,000 strong Tibetan militia. Tibetan areas all across southern Gansu were laid waste to. Tibetan militias defended Taozhou from Ma Tingxing. The Tibetans inflicted heavy casualties upon Ma Tingxian so he supported Ma Zhongying's Muslim forces and together they ravaged and destroyed

4514-413: The primary support in China's War of Resistance against the Imperial Japanese invasion. Instances of major air-battles include an IJAAF raid consisting of 30 BR.20 and Ki-21 bombers against civilian targets in Lanzhou on 20 February 1939; 17th PS, 5th PG commander Capt. Cen Zeliu and his deputy commander Capt. Ma Guolian (Ma Kwok-Lim), a Canadian-Chinese volunteer for the Chinese Air Force, shot down

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4588-460: The rebels was Ma Tingxiang, the son of the General Ma Anliang , who received aid in the form of arms from Zhang Zuolin in Manchuria. Famine, natural disaster, and use of their land for planting opium precipitated the rebellion of the people of Gansu under Guominjun rule. Two Muslim Hui Generals, Ma Tingxiang and Ma Zhongying raised the flag of revolt, and attacked Guominjun forces throughout Gansu, participating in sieges of Hezhou. The fighting

4662-439: The southern banks of the Yellow River , which flows through from west to east. The Qilian Ranges , Mt. Pingliang , and Mt. Kongtong are located on the south and north sides of the city. Lanzhou is situated on the upper reaches of the Yellow River where it emerges from the mountains and has been a center since early times, being at the southern end of the route leading via the Hexi Corridor across Central Asia . It commands

4736-451: The table. Since 1949 Lanzhou has been transformed from the capital of a poverty-stricken province into the center of a major industrial area. It was one of the first cities in China to industrialize, as a focus of the First and Second Five-Year Plans. The GDP per capita of Lanzhou was 25,566 ( RMB ) (US$ 3,681) in 2008, ranking it at number 134 among 659 Chinese cities. In 2015, the GDP per capita had grown to 57,191 RMB (US$ 9,182.28) and

4810-422: The terminus of the 3,200 km (2,000 mi) Chinese–Soviet highway, used as a route for Soviet supplies destined for the Xi'an area. This highway remained the primary traffic route of northwestern China until the completion of the railway from Lanzhou to Ürümqi , Xinjiang . Lanzhou's old Donggang Airport, located near the city centre, was the primary entry point for combat aircraft provided to China under

4884-443: The urban area, West Bus Station in Xiaoxihu neighbourhood, East Bus Station near Lanzhou Station and South Bus Station near G75 Lanzhou–Haikou Expressway terminus. Furthermore, there are a total of 132 local city bus lines. These have their main node station at Xiguan. Lanzhou has a noted bus rapid transit system which opened in 2013 and won the city an honorable mention at the 2014 Sustainable Transport Awards . The city

4958-406: The war when Ma Zhongying was fighting as Feng Yuxiang attacked him. The Chone temple and palaces were rebuilt by the Tibetan Tusi chief king Yang Jiqing after the 1928-1929 war. The rebellion was put down by Feng Yuxiang and Gansu became peaceful again until the 1935 when the communist Long March came. Linxia (Hezhou) was often wracked by these frequent rebellions. The entire southern suburbs of

5032-550: The west. A large rail freight terminal has recently been constructed to accommodate increasing volumes of rail freight and Lanzhou is home to China's fourth largest marshalling yard . Regular freight services connect Lanzhou to destinations including Chongqing , Hamburg , Almaty and Kathmandu . In 2016, Lanzhou was ranked 4th of Chinese cities with the worst rush hour traffic jams; however, by 2017, after completion of an urban ring road, it dropped to 33rd place. For long-distance buses, there are three major bus stations in

5106-441: The world. Air quality reportedly was so poor that at times one could not see Lanshan , the mountain rising up along the south side of the city. Lanzhou is also the home of many factories, including some involved in petroleum processing, and suffers from large dust storms kicked up from the Gobi Desert , especially in the winter and spring. In 2011, using Chinese statistics, the World Health Organization reported that Lanzhou had

5180-540: The worst air quality among eleven western Chinese cities. Its annual mean PM10 μg/m of 150 is 7 times the safe level established by the World Health Organization . It was worse than Beijing with its reading of 121. Since then, authorities have taken measures to improve air quality, which have largely been successful. "Thirteen polluting enterprises with excessive capacity have been closed, more than 200 highly polluting enterprises were suspended in winter, and 78 industrial enterprises have moved to an industrial park outside

5254-411: Was Dachuan in today's Yongjing County (within 6 km or 3.7 mi from the county seat, Liujiaxia Town). The conflict was further complicated by the fact that some members of the Kong clan had, in fact, intermarried with the Hui people. Large number of people lost their lives on both sides of the conflict, in particular during the rebels' attacks on Kong clan's villages around Dachuan 1864. After

5328-454: Was briefly the capital of the independent state of Liang . The Northern Wei dynasty (386–534) reestablished Jincheng commandery, renaming the county Jincheng . Mixed with different cultural heritages, the area at present-day Gansu province, from the 5th to the 11th century, became a center for Buddhist study. Under the Sui dynasty (581–618) the city became the seat of Lanzhou prefecture for

5402-481: Was often brutal. The revolt degenerated from an anti Guominjun movement into general ethnic and religious conflict with Muslims, with mass atrocities on both sides. Throughout the revolt, some Muslim Generals like Ma Fuxiang did not join in the revolt, remaining officially as a part of the Guominjun, and appealing for peace. At the end, Ma Fuxiang and his son Ma Hongkui defected to the Kuomintang without doing any fighting. Some Muslim Generals like Ma Lin remained on

5476-538: Was the stronghold of the Muslim (mostly Hui) rebels led by the Khufiyya imam Ma Zhan'ao and his associates Ma Haiyan and Ma Qianling . The Han Chinese's resistance to the rebellion throughout the northern and eastern parts of the then Hezhou Prefecture (today's Yongjing County and Dongxiang County of Linxia Prefecture and Lintao County of Dingxi City) was headed by the Kong family, one of whose main home villages

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