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46-711: Llotja ( Eastern Catalan: [ˈʎɔdʒə] , plural llotjes ); in Aragonese : loncha ; in Spanish : lonja ; is a Catalan term for important buildings used for commercial purposes during the Middle Ages and Early Modern Ages . Loggia and lodge are cognates. Many were used during the Medieval Ages for fishing and livestock markets or by brokers who used to make intermediaries. The Casa de Contratación de Indias centralized all of trade of

92-506: A Latin, Basque and Catalan word osca , meaning notch or indentation, referring to the Salto de Roldán. Huesca has a humid subtropical climate ( Köppen Cfa ). with semi-arid influences. Winters are cool (with normal maximums from 8 to 16 °C and minimums from -2 to 6 °C) and summers are hot, with daily maximums reaching up to 35 °C (95 °F), while the rainiest seasons are autumn and spring. The average precipitation

138-570: A contemporary artist. There is an international film festival held annually. The writer Oscar Sipan, winner of several literary prizes, was born in Huesca in 1974. The celebrated illustrator Isidro Ferrer, though born in Madrid, lives in the city. Various streets in the centre of Huesca have recently been pedestrianised. Huesca lies on a plateau in the northern region of Aragón, with an elevation of 488 m (1,601 ft) above sea level. Close to

184-629: A lot in common with Occitan and Catalan , but also Spanish . The definite article in Aragonese has undergone dialect-related changes, with definite articles in Old Aragonese similar to their present Spanish equivalents. There are two main forms: These forms are used in the eastern and some central dialects. These forms are used in the western and some central dialects. Neighboring Romance languages have influenced Aragonese. Catalan and Occitan influenced Aragonese for many years. Since

230-478: A new law in 2013 (Law 3/2013). [See Languages Acts of Aragon for more information on the subject] Aragonese has many historical traits in common with Catalan. Some are conservative features that are also shared with the Asturleonese languages and Galician–Portuguese , where Spanish innovated in ways that did not spread to nearby languages. Before 2023, Aragonese had three orthographic standards: During

276-611: A new orthographic standard has been published by the Academia Aragonesa de la Lengua . This version is close to the Academia de l'Aragonés orthography, but with the following differences: /kw/ is always spelled ⟨cu⟩, e. g. cuan, cuestión (exception is made for some loanwords: quad, quadrívium, quark, quásar, quáter, quórum ); /ɲ/ is spelled ⟨ny⟩ or ⟨ñ⟩ by personal preference; final ⟨z⟩ is not written as ⟨tz⟩. The marginal phoneme /x/ (only in loanwords, e. g. jabugo )

322-555: A possible field of study for a bachelor's or postgraduate degree in any official capacity, nor is Aragonese used as a medium of instruction. A bachelor's or master's degree may be obtained in Magisterio (teaching) at the University of Zaragoza; however, no specialization in Aragonese language is currently available. As such those who wish to teach Aragonese at the pre-school, primary, or secondary level must already be competent in

368-691: A renaissance of Aragonese literature in several dialects. In 1844, Braulio Foz's novel Vida de Pedro Saputo was published in the Almudévar (southern) dialect. The 20th century featured Domingo Miral's costumbrist comedies and Veremundo Méndez Coarasa's poetry, both in Hecho (western) Aragonese; Cleto Torrodellas' poetry and Tonón de Baldomera's popular writings in the Graus (eastern) dialect and Arnal Cavero's costumbrist stories and Juana Coscujuela's novel A Lueca, historia d'una moceta d'o Semontano , also in

414-513: A week. In the 2014–2015 academic year there were 262 students recorded in pre-school Aragonese lessons. The subject of Aragonese now has a fully developed curriculum in primary education in Aragon. Despite this, in the 2014–2015 academic year there were only seven Aragonese teachers in the region across both pre-primary and primary education and none hold permanent positions, whilst the number of primary education students receiving Aragonese lessons

460-454: Is 480 mm per year. Frost is common and there is sporadic snowfall, with an average of three snowy days per year. A double line of ancient walls can still be seen in present-day Huesca. Nearby, in the territory of Quicena , lie the ruins of the Castle of Montearagón Monastery. Huesca is notable for the saying "Tomorrow we'll have coffee in Huesca", a running joke among militiamen of

506-608: Is spelled j in the Uesca, Academia de l'Aragonés and Academia Aragonesa de la Lengua standards (not mentioned in the SLA standard). Additionally, the Academia de l'Aragonés and Academia Aragonesa de la Lengua orthographies allow the letter j in some loanwords internationally known with it (e. g. jazz, jacuzzi , which normally have /tʃ/ in the Aragonese pronunciation) and also mention the letters k and w , also used only in loanwords ( w may represent /b/ or /w/ ). Aragonese grammar has

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552-462: The Autovía A-22 also connects Huesca to Lleida . The two highways will eventually connect. Huesca has been served by Huesca–Pirineos Airport since 1930, but the airport does not currently have any scheduled commercial passenger services. Huesca railway station is served by regional and AVE trains to destinations including Zaragoza, Canfranc, Madrid and Jaca. In 2018, SD Huesca , became

598-641: The Catalan counties and the Kingdom of Aragon which formed the 12th-century Crown of Aragon did not merge the languages of the two territories; Catalan continued to be spoken in the east and Navarro-Aragonese in the west, with the boundaries blurred by dialectal continuity . The Aragonese Reconquista in the south ended with the cession of Murcia by James I of Aragon to the Kingdom of Castile as dowry for an Aragonese princess. The best-known proponent of

644-704: The Ebro basin, can be traced back to the High Middle Ages . It spread throughout the Pyrenees to areas where languages similar to modern Basque might have been previously spoken. The Kingdom of Aragon (formed by the counties of Aragon , Sobrarbe and Ribagorza ) expanded southward from the mountains, pushing the Moors farther south in the Reconquista and spreading the Aragonese language. The union of

690-547: The Fiestas de San Lorenzo , in honor of Saint Lawrence , from 9 to 15 August. Huesca dates from pre-Roman times, and was once known as Bolskan ( Iberian : [REDACTED] ) in the ancient Iberian language . It was once the capital of the Vescetani , in the north of Hispania Tarraconensis , on the road from Tarraco (modern Tarragona ) and Ilerda (modern Lleida ) to Caesaraugusta (modern Zaragoza ). During Roman times,

736-835: The Spanish Civil War (1936–39) the " Huesca Front " was the scene of some of the worst fighting between the Republicans and Franco's army. Held by the Nationalists , the city was besieged by the Republicans , with George Orwell among them, but did not fall. Huesca celebrates its most important annual festival in August: the festival (or fiesta) of San Lorenzo (Saint Lawrence) , a native of Huesca martyred in 268 AD. The anniversary of his martyrdom falls on August 10. The fiesta starts on 9 August and finishes on

782-641: The Spanish Civil War . In February 1937, George Orwell was stationed near the falangist -held Huesca as a member of the POUM militia. In Homage to Catalonia , Orwell writes about this running joke, originally a naïvely optimistic comment made by one of the Spanish Republican generals: Months earlier, when Siétamo was taken, the general commanding the Government troops had said gaily: "Tomorrow we'll have coffee in Huesca." It turned out that he

828-580: The University of Zaragoza . The university was abolished in 1845. Historically, Huesca was home to one of the most important Jewish communities in Aragon, third after Zaragoza and Calatayud . The Jewish community flourished until the 1492 expulsion of the Jews . During the First Carlist War , Huesca was the site of a battle between Spanish Constitutionalists and Carlists . During

874-522: The autonomous community of Aragon . It was the capital of the Kingdom of Aragon between 1096 and 1118. It is also the capital of the Spanish province of the same name and of the comarca of Hoya de Huesca . In 2009, it had a population of 52,059, almost a quarter of the total population of the province. The city is one of the smallest provincial capitals in Spain. Huesca celebrates its main festival,

920-417: The southern dialect. The 1997 Aragonese law of languages stipulated that Aragonese (and Catalan) speakers had a right to the teaching of and in their own language. Following this, Aragonese lessons started in schools in the 1997–1998 academic year. It was originally taught as an extra-curricular, non-evaluable voluntary subject in four schools. However, whilst legally schools can choose to use Aragonese as

966-554: The 12th and 13th centuries; the history Liber Regum  [ an ] , Razón feita d'amor , Libre dels tres reys d'orient , and Vida de Santa María Egipcíaca date from this period; an Aragonese version of the Chronicle of the Morea also exists, differing also in its content and written in the late 14th century called Libro de los fechos et conquistas del principado de la Morea . Since 1500, Spanish has been

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1012-503: The 15. Many of the inhabitants dress in green and white for the duration. San Lorenzo, born in Huesca, was a deacon in Rome and a martyr who, according to legend, was burned on a grille by the Romans. The grille is the symbol of San Lorenzo and can be seen in a number of decorative works in the city. Huesca is also the birthplace of film director Carlos Saura and his brother Antonio Saura,

1058-426: The 15th century, Spanish has most influenced Aragonese; it was adopted throughout Aragon as the first language, limiting Aragonese to the northern region surrounding the Pyrenees . French has also influenced Aragonese; Italian loanwords have entered through other languages (such as Catalan), and Portuguese words have entered through Spanish. Germanic words came with the conquest of the region by Germanic peoples during

1104-573: The 16th century, Aragonese Moriscos wrote aljamiado texts (Romance texts in Arabic script), possibly because of their inability to write in Arabic . The language in these texts has a mixture of Aragonese and Castilian traits, and they are among the last known written examples of the Aragonese formerly spoken in central and southern Aragon. x as in xoriguer and xilófono Ex: zona, Provenza, fetz, centro, servicio, realizar, verdatz In 2023,

1150-547: The Americas with Spain from 1503 to 1790, including all types of products. Its headquarters were: Aragonese language Historically, people referred to the language as fabla ('talk' or 'speech'). Native Aragonese people usually refer to it by the names of its local dialects such as cheso (from Valle de Hecho ) or patués (from the Benasque Valley). Aragonese, which developed in portions of

1196-745: The Aragonese language was Johan Ferrandez d'Heredia , the Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller in Rhodes at the end of the 14th century. He wrote an extensive catalog of works in Aragonese and translated several works from Greek into Aragonese (the first in medieval Europe). The spread of Castilian ( Spanish ), the Castilian origin of the Trastámara dynasty , and the similarity between Castilian (Spanish) and Aragonese facilitated

1242-624: The Aragonese mountain ranges of the Pyrenees, in the comarcas of Somontano, Jacetania, Sobrarbe, and Ribagorza. Cities and towns in which Aragonese is spoken are Huesca , Graus , Monzón , Barbastro , Bielsa , Chistén , Fonz , Echo , Estadilla , Benasque , Campo , Sabiñánigo , Jaca , Plan , Ansó , Ayerbe , Broto , and El Grado . It is spoken as a second language by inhabitants of Zaragoza , Huesca , Ejea de los Caballeros , or Teruel . According to recent polls, there are about 25,500 speakers (2011) including speakers living outside

1288-639: The Emirate. In the mid-10th century, Wasqah was transferred to the Banu Tujib , who governed the Upper March from Zaragoza , and it became part of the Taifa of Zaragoza in 1018 when they successfully freed themselves from the disintegrating Caliphate . In 1094 Sancho Ramirez built the nearby Castle of Montearagón with the intention of laying siege to Wasqah but was killed by a stray arrow as he reached

1334-460: The Latin inde and ibi : en / ne and bi / i / ie ; unlike Ibero-Romance. Such pronouns are present in most major Romance languages ( Catalan en and hi , Occitan ne and i , French en and y , and Italian ne and ci / vi ). En / ne is used for: Bi / hi / ie is used for: Aragonese was not written until

1380-495: The University of Zaragoza's Huesca campus. The University of Zaragoza's Huesca campus also offers a Diploma de Especialización (These are studies that require a previous university degree and have a duration of between 30 and 59 ECTS credits.) in Aragonese Philology with 37 ECTS credits. Huesca Huesca ( Spanish: [ˈweska] ; Aragonese : Uesca ) is a city in north-eastern Spain , within

1426-632: The city came to be called Washqah (وشقة in Arabic ), falling within the Upper March of the Emirate of Córdoba . It was ruled by a local governor appointed from Córdoba, but was repeatedly subject to political turmoil, rebellion and assassination as the Banu Qasi , Banu Amrus and Banu al-Tawil clans, as well as the Arista dynasty of Pamplona , struggled for control, autonomy and independence from

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1472-659: The city lie the Sierra de Guara mountains, which reach 2,077 m. The geographical coordinates of the city are: 42° 08´ N, 0° 24´ W. Its municipal area is 161.02 km and borders the municipalities of Almudévar , Vicién , Monflorite-Lascasas Tierz , Quicena , Loporzano , Nueno , Igriés , Banastás , Chimillas , Alerre , Barbués and Albero Bajo . The city lies 71 kilometres (44 miles) from Zaragoza , 160 kilometres (99 miles) from Pamplona , 118 kilometres (73 miles) from Lleida , 380 kilometres (240 miles) from Madrid and 273 kilometres (170 miles) from Barcelona . Both

1518-477: The city was known as Osca , and was a Roman colony under the rule of Quintus Sertorius , who made Osca his base. The city minted its own coinage and was the site of a prestigious school founded by Sertorius to educate young Iberians in Latin and Roman customs. After Sertorius, it is thought that it was renamed Ileoscan ( Ἰλεόσκαν ) by Strabo . It appears to have been situated on silver mines. Eighteenth-century Spanish historian Enrique Flórez has pointed out

1564-405: The city's walls. It was conquered in 1096 by Peter I of Aragon and moved his royal capital to Huesca from the ancient capital of Jaca . In 1118 the Aragonese capital was moved to Zaragoza . In 1354, King Peter IV of Aragon founded the University of Huesca  [ es ] , which initially had a faculty of theology. The school expanded, but by the end of the 16th century was eclipsed by

1610-496: The cultural language of Aragon; many Aragonese wrote in Spanish, and during the 17th century the Argensola brothers went to Castile to teach Spanish. Aragonese became a popular village language. During the 17th century, popular literature in the language began to appear. In a 1650 Huesca literary contest, Aragonese poems were submitted by Matías Pradas, Isabel de Rodas and "Fileno, montañés". The 19th and 20th centuries have seen

1656-737: The fifth century, and English has introduced a number of new words into the language. Words that were part of the Latin second declension —as well as words that joined it later on—are usually masculine: Words that were part of the Latin first declension are usually feminine: Some Latin neuter plural nouns joined the first declension as singular feminine nouns: Words ending in -or are feminine: The names of fruit trees usually end in -era (a suffix derived from Latin -aria ) and are usually feminine: The genders of river names vary: Just like most other Occitano-Romance languages, Aragonese has partitive and locative clitic pronouns derived from

1702-404: The impossibility of one city supplying such vast quantities of minted silver as has been recorded by ancient writers under the terms argentum Oscense , signatum Oscense ; and is of the opinion that "Oscense" meant "Spanish", being a corruption of " Eus-cara ". The Romanised city was made a municipium by decree of Augustus in 30 BC. The Arabs conquered the city in the late 8th century, and

1748-431: The language by being a native speaker or by other means. Further, prospective instructors must pass an ad hoc exam curated by the individual schools at which they wish to teach in order to prove their competence, as there are no recognized standard competency exams for the Aragonese language. Since the 1994–1995 academic year, Aragonese has been an elective subject within the bachelor's degree for primary school education at

1794-547: The language of instruction, as of the 2013–2014 academic year, there are no recorded instances of this option being taken in primary or secondary education. In fact, the only current scenario in which Aragonese is used as the language of instruction is in the Aragonese philology university course, which is optional, taught over the summer and in which only some of the lectures are in Aragonese. In pre-school education, students whose parents wish them to be taught Aragonese receive between thirty minutes to one hour of Aragonese lessons

1840-449: The modern Coat of Arms of Huesca ( es ) (which date from the 16th century) and its mediaeval predecessor (from the 13th) include at their top the device of a block having a V-shaped notch. It is commonly said that it symbolises Salto de Roldán (' Roland 's Leap'), a natural rock formation about 25 km (16 mi) north of the city. Some writers have suggested that the official Spanish name of Huesca ( Catalan : Osca ) derives from

1886-540: The native area. In 2017, the Dirección General de Política Lingüística de Aragón estimated there were 10,000 to 12,000 active speakers of Aragonese. In 2009, the Languages Act of Aragon (Law 10/2009) recognized the "native language, original and historic" of Aragon . The language received several linguistic rights , including its use in public administration. Some of the legislation was repealed by

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1932-402: The possibility of being offered as an examinative subject have elected not to do so. As of 2007 it is possible to use Aragonese as a language of instruction for multiple courses; however, no program is yet to instruct any curricular or examinative courses in Aragonese. As of the 2014–2015 academic year there were 14 Aragonese language students at the secondary level. Aragonese is not currently

1978-621: The recession of the latter. A turning point was the 15th-century coronation of the Castilian Ferdinand I of Aragon , also known as Ferdinand of Antequera. In the early 18th century, after the defeat of the allies of Aragon in the War of the Spanish Succession , Philip V ordered the prohibition of the Aragonese language in schools and the establishment of Castilian ( Spanish ) as the only official language in Aragon. This

2024-514: Was 320. As of 2017 there were 1068 reported Aragonese language students and 12 Aragonese language instructors in Aragon. There is no officially approved program or teaching materials for the Aragonese language at the secondary level, and though two non-official textbooks are available ( Pos ixo... Materials ta aprender aragonés (Benítez, 2007) and Aragonés ta Secundaria (Campos, 2014)) many instructors create their own learning materials. Further, most schools with Aragonese programs that have

2070-499: Was mistaken. There had been bloody attacks, but the town did not fall, and [the phrase] had become a standing joke throughout the army. If I ever go back to Spain I shall make a point of having a cup of coffee in Huesca. Huesca is also famous for the legend of the Bell of Huesca . The following are Sister cities of Huesca: The Autovía A-23 runs through Huesca, connecting the city with Zaragoza . While under construction as of 2018,

2116-475: Was ordered in the Aragonese Nueva Planta decrees of 1707. In recent times, Aragonese was mostly regarded as a group of rural dialects of Spanish. Compulsory education undermined its already weak position; for example, pupils were punished for using it. However, the 1978 Spanish transition to democracy heralded literary works and studies of the language. Aragonese is the native language of

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