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17-804: At the time of the formation of the PKWN, the principal Polish authority in German-occupied Poland was the Polish Underground State network of organizations loyal to the Polish government-in-exile, resident in London . As the Red Army, fighting Nazi German forces, entered Polish territory, Joseph Stalin and Polish communists proceeded with the establishment of a rival executive authority, one that they could control. The PKWN

34-565: The Third French Republic , was regarded as very democratic. Among others, it expressly ruled out discrimination on racial or religious grounds. It also abolished all royal titles and state privileges, and banned the use of blazons . It was partially adjusted by the 1926 August Novelization , and superseded by the Polish Constitution of 1935 (April Constitution). This Polish history –related article

51-654: The PKWN expanded its authority within the liberated areas, except for Kresy (prewar eastern Poland), intended by the Allies to be incorporated into the Soviet Union (see Tehran Conference , Yalta Conference ). Among the members of the PKWN were politicians of various communist and leftist parties accepted by Stalin. Its chairman was Edward Osóbka-Morawski of the Polish Socialist Party (PPS). His deputies were Wanda Wasilewska and Andrzej Witos of

68-474: The Polish Workers' Party (PPR) and two were unaffiliated. Stanisław Radkiewicz was responsible for the security department and Michał Rola-Żymierski for the defense department. The Soviet side was represented by Nikolai Bulganin , whose role was to provide support for the PKWN's administration and security apparatus, and who was charged with destruction of political and military groupings representing

85-524: The Polish government-in-exile. The PKWN presented itself as a broad leftist and democratic coalition, but the major Polish political parties were not officially represented. According to historian Norman Davies , most of the key positions in the PKWN were given to people who were essentially Soviet employees and not PPR members. Communists were in charge of the departments of military affairs, security, and propaganda. The PKWN Manifesto promised radical agrarian reforms, westward expansion of Polish territory at

102-752: The Polish officer corps present in the east was eliminated in the Katyn massacre or left the Soviet Union with Anders' Army ), kept the appearance of a national army and participated in the Soviet offensive all the way to Berlin . At the end of December 1944, the PKWN was reconstituted as the Provisional Government of the Republic of Poland (RTRP), which was formally recognized by the Soviet Union in January 1945. The government-in-exile retained for

119-415: The Polish population, enjoyed the full material support of the Red Army and of the Soviet security forces in the creation of structures of government behind the Soviet front line." German-occupied Poland German-occupied Poland during World War II consisted of two major parts with different types of administration. The Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany following the invasion of Poland at

136-472: The Red Army's "rear areas" (which effectively meant all of Poland) and proclaimed the creation of a Polish Army under Soviet leadership. The PKWN used a combination of repressive and co-optive measures. It appealed to patriotic sentiment, supported cultural events, and implemented a popular and long-overdue land reform . No revolutionary changes were introduced beyond the land reform. The newly recreated Polish army, largely staffed with Soviet officers (most of

153-604: The Soviet Union. The PPR had already established in Warsaw a conspiratorial State National Council (KRN), which they declared to be the wartime national parliament. Because of war-related obstacles, the communist leaders arriving from Warsaw (the PPR delegation that included Władysław Gomułka and Bolesław Bierut ) reached Lublin only on 31 July, and attained full agreement with the group from Moscow (ZPP) on 15 August. The documents they produced were antedated to 21 July to comply with

170-710: The Union of Polish Patriots (ZPP); Witos was a younger brother of Wincenty Witos , a notable pre-war politician. Andrzej Witos was later replaced by Stanisław Janusz. The fifteen members included those from the KRN and the ZPP. Officially, three were from the Polish Socialist Workers' Party (RPPS, a left-wing PPS faction), four represented the agrarian People's Party (SL), one the Democratic Party (SD), five

187-642: The beginning of World War II—nearly a quarter of the entire territory of the Second Polish Republic —were placed directly under the German civil administration. The official term used by the Nazi authorities for these areas was the "incorporated Eastern territories" ( German : Eingegliederte Ostgebiete ). They planned for a complete Germanization of the annexed territories, considering them part of lebensraum . The rest of Nazi-occupied Poland

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204-617: The declarations issued as of 22 July. The PKWN Manifesto , proclaimed on 22 July 1944, was outlined in advance in a Radio Moscow broadcast. The PKWN, located in Lublin, became known as the Lublin Committee. While the administrative authority in Poland was granted to the PKWN, many aspects of wartime governance were determined by the Soviet military surveillance. As the Red Army and the allied Polish Army moved into Polish territory,

221-538: The expense of Germany, and adherence to the 1921 March Constitution of Poland. It accused the Polish government-in-exile of being a "usurper" and called the 1935 April Constitution of Poland "fascist". At the outset, Polish communists had marginal support among the Polish population and the new regime was completely dependent on Moscow. The committee's early decrees granted the Soviet secret police (the NKVD ) authority over

238-761: The time being the recognition of the United States and the United Kingdom , but in reality the Western powers no longer considered it relevant as an international settlement on the issue of Poland's government was sought. a. "The new Polish regime began to legislate as early as July, 1944. At that time the only existing Polish government was the Polish Government in Exile in London, which

255-517: Was formed in negotiations involving primarily the main Polish communist organizations, the Union of Polish Patriots (ZPP) and the Polish Workers' Party (PPR). The Polish communist movement had been decimated during the Soviet purges in the 1930s, but revived under Stalin's auspices beginning in 1940. The PPR was a new party organized in occupied Poland , the ZPP originated during the war in

272-560: Was internationally recognized". b. "In the summer of 1944 there were therefore two rival centres claiming authority in Poland. On one side, there was the non-communist Underground State with the AK, enjoying the support of most Poles, and owing allegiance to the legitimate Polish government in London, which was still recognized by the Western Allies; and on the other, the Soviet sponsored PKWN which, despite its feeble roots among

289-720: Was renamed as the General Government district ( Generalgouvernement ). March Constitution (Poland) The Second Polish Republic adopted the March Constitution on 17 March 1921, after ousting the occupation of the German / Prussian forces in the 1918 Greater Poland Uprising , and avoiding conquest by the Soviets in the 1920 Polish-Soviet War . The Constitution, based on the Constitution of

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