Misplaced Pages

#237762

109-565: Luckmann was born in 1927 in Jesenice, Slovenia which at the time was part of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia . He had an Austrian father who was an industrialist, his mother was from a Slovene family from Ljubljana . On his mother's side, he was the cousin of the Slovene poet Božo Vodušek . As a kid he was exposed to two vastly different cultures, and Luckmann had the advantage of growing up in

218-717: A choir , a reading club, a brass band , and the Workers' Catholic Association. Three political parties—the Catholic People's Party ("Clerical"), progressive-nationalist party ("Liberal"), and Democratic Party — also became active in Jesenice, all three establishing their own cultural and gymnastics associations. Germans had a great influence in Jesenice at that time, though Orel and Sokol, both being nationally oriented, contributed as well. The first railway tracks were laid through Jesenice in 1870, and construction of

327-417: A mining town, its ironworks and metallurgy industries being the driving force of the town's historical development. Jesenice was attested in written sources in 1337 as villa de Jesenicza (and as Assnigkh and Asnigkh in 1381, and Jasnickh and Aisnstnick in 1493–1501). The name is derived from *Jesen(ьn)icě , a locative singular form of Jesenik (< *Esenьnikъ ). The suffix -ě became -i in

436-421: A "third way" that avoids their metaphysical assumptions about an objective, pre-given world. The central contentions of this work are that the body is the locus of engagement with the world, and that the body's modes of engagement are more fundamental than what phenomenology describes as consequent acts of objectification. Merleau-Ponty reinterprets concepts like intentionality, the phenomenological reduction, and

545-540: A 1907 article in The Philosophical Review . In philosophy, "phenomenology" refers to the tradition inaugurated by Edmund Husserl at the beginning of the 20th century. The term, however, had been used in different senses in other philosophy texts since the 18th century. These include those by Johann Heinrich Lambert (1728–1777), Immanuel Kant (1724–1804), G. W. F. Hegel (1770–1831), and Carl Stumpf (1848–1936), among others. It was, however,

654-537: A bilingual environment speaking both Slovene and German . He attended Slovene-language schools while in Jesenice until the year 1941, when the occupation of Slovenia during World War II forced him to transfer to Klagenfurt high school in Austria. Later in 1943 he and his mother relocated to Vienna, after the death of his father and several other relatives during World War II . Living in Austria during this period automatically granted him German citizenship, and in 1944 he

763-403: A certain way". Phenomenology is a direct reaction to the psychologism and physicalism of Husserl's time. It takes as its point of departure the question of how objectivity is possible at all when the experience of the world and its objects is thoroughly subjective. So far from being a form of subjectivism, phenomenologists argue that the scientific ideal of a purely objective third-person

872-471: A deeper understanding of subjective experience, rather than focusing on behavior . Phenomenology is contrasted with phenomenalism , which reduces mental states and physical objects to complexes of sensations , and with psychologism , which treats logical truths or epistemological principles as the products of human psychology. In particular, transcendental phenomenology , as outlined by Edmund Husserl , aims to arrive at an objective understanding of

981-512: A few years. The town of Jesenice grew fast, with a great influx of people attracted to new jobs. The political, cultural, and social life in Jesenice at the beginning of the 20th century was affected by the founding of the competing gymnastics associations, the progressive-nationalist Sokol ( lit.   ' Hawk ' ) in 1904, and the Catholic Orel ( lit.   ' Eagle ' ) in 1906. Other groups established at that time were

1090-401: A massive urban reconstruction. Current projects include rebuilding some old parts of Jesenice, building a second high school and improvements to existing sporting facilities. Almost all of the 1950s steelmill buildings were demolished. The existing ironworks has undergone massive modernization, and it currently employs around 1,350 workers. A new town-center with a new seat of local government

1199-416: A pivotal move within the sociology of religion in the 20th century, especially in conjunction with The Social Construction of Reality . Luckmann's contribution to the sociology of knowledge and communication is based on his careful analysis of the link between socio-cultural linguistic practices, and the construction of social reality. His sociology of knowledge provides a theoretical, framework that allows

SECTION 10

#1732791694238

1308-650: A prisoner of war, Luckmann began studying philosophy and linguistics at the University of Vienna and Innsbruck . He then went on and graduated from Notmatura , and from 1948 and on he began studying different subjects in the social science field. He then moved to the United States with his wife, Benita Petkevic, where he then studied at The New School in New York City . It was his time at The New College, did Luckmann begin to discern his career as

1417-669: A railway station followed soon after. This made Jesenice better connected with the world, and facilitated its export trade. Construction of the Karawanks - Bohinj Railway was started in 1905, which was a very complicated project because it required drilling two tunnels: one to Austria through the Karawanks, and the other through Mount Kobla in Bohinj to allow faster access to the seaport of Trieste , then in Austria-Hungary . When

1526-550: A sacred cosmos which is part of the worldview." The third, "a universal nonspecific form of individual religiosity which is an internalized subjective system of relevance reflecting the objectivated universal and nonspecific elementary social form of religion." Lastly, "a specific biographical form of religiosity in individual consciousness." Drawing from Durkheim, Luckmann developed a functional perspective in his theoretical objectives. Luckmann's theory reiterate's Durkheim's notion that "the original symbol system whereby man emerged from

1635-523: A sociologist. He was taught by Alfred Schütz , Dorion Cairns, Albert Salomon, and Carl Meyer, they later became great influence on Luckmann. This was when he was first introduced to the sociological discipline, and then he got familiarized with Alfred Schütz 's work on sociological phenomenology. He went on to meet Peter Berger, where he would later go on to co-author The Social Construction of Reality , which later ended up becoming one of his most notable works. Together, he and his colleagues produced some of

1744-415: A technical term, which cannot be reduced to a mode of consciousness. From this angle, one's state of mind is an "effect" rather than a determinant of existence, including those aspects of existence of which one is not conscious. By shifting the center of gravity to existence in what he calls fundamental ontology , Heidegger altered the subsequent direction of phenomenology. According to Heidegger, philosophy

1853-459: Is 25 kilometers (16 mi) northwest of Jesenice, and the picturesque tourist destination of Bled lies 10 kilometers (6.2 mi) to the southeast. Other neighboring settlements include Hrušica , Slovenski Javornik , and Koroška Bela . Jesenice's climate is transitional between temperate and continental , with influences of alpine . Three political parties have been prominent throughout Jesenice's history; they are currently known as

1962-408: Is a fantasy and falsity. The perspective and presuppositions of the scientist must be articulated and taken into account in the design of the experiment and the interpretation of its results. Inasmuch as phenomenology is able to accomplish this, it can help to improve the quality of empirical scientific research. In spite of the field's internal diversity, Shaun Gallagher and Dan Zahavi argue that

2071-461: Is a real part of A's conscious activity – noesis – but gets its sense from the general concept of loving, which has an abstract or ideal meaning, as "loving" has a meaning in the English language independently of what an individual means by the word when they use it. The noematic core as the act's referent or object as it is meant in the act . One element of controversy is whether this noematic object

2180-439: Is always the consciousness of something. The word itself should not be confused with the "ordinary" use of the word intentional, but should rather be taken as playing on the etymological roots of the word. Originally, intention referred to a "stretching out" ("in tension," from Latin intendere ), and in this context it refers to consciousness "stretching out" towards its object. However, one should be careful with this image: there

2289-461: Is an important railway junction, linking the town with neighboring Austria. There are daily trains going to Nova Gorica and further on to Italy, while international trains from Zagreb stop in Jesenice before continuing their way to Germany and Switzerland . Bus and coach traffic is also well developed, with numerous stops and connections to other places in Slovenia. Tickets can be purchased in

SECTION 20

#1732791694238

2398-405: Is constituted for consciousness in many different ways, through, for instance, perception , memory , signification , and so forth. Throughout these different intentionalities, though they have different structures and different ways of being "about" the object, an object is still constituted as the identical object; consciousness is directed at the same intentional object in direct perception as it

2507-410: Is due to Husserl. Modern scholarship also recognizes the existence of the following varieties: late Heidegger's transcendental hermeneutic phenomenology , Maurice Merleau-Ponty 's embodied phenomenology , Michel Henry 's material phenomenology , Alva Noë 's analytic phenomenology , and J. L. Austin 's linguistic phenomenology . Intentionality refers to the notion that consciousness

2616-416: Is essential is then determined by the imaginative work of eidetic variation , which is a method for clarifying the features of a thing without which it would not be what it is. Husserl concentrated more on the ideal, essential structures of consciousness. As he wanted to exclude any hypothesis on the existence of external objects, he introduced the method of phenomenological reduction to eliminate them. What

2725-442: Is in the immediately-following retention of this object and the eventual remembering of it. As envisioned by Husserl, phenomenology is a method of philosophical inquiry that rejects the rationalist bias that has dominated Western thought since Plato in favor of a method of reflective attentiveness that discloses the individual's "lived experience." Loosely rooted in an epistemological device called epoché , Husserl's method entails

2834-476: Is in this realm of phenomenological givenness, Husserl claims, that the search begins for "indubitable evidence that will ultimately serve as the foundation for every scientific discipline." Franz Brentano introduced a distinction between sensory and noetic consciousness : the former describes presentations of sensory objects or intuitions , while the latter describes the thinking of concepts . In Husserl's phenomenology, this pair of terms, derived from

2943-436: Is meant to signify the "subjective achievement of truth." This is not an attempt to reduce the objective sort of evidence to subjective "opinion," but rather an attempt to describe the structure of having something present in intuition with the addition of having it present as intelligible : "Evidence is the successful presentation of an intelligible object, the successful presentation of something whose truth becomes manifest in

3052-409: Is not a relation, but rather an intrinsic feature of intentional acts." This is because there are no independent relata. It is (at least in the first place) a matter of indifference to the phenomenologist whether the intentional object has any existence independent of the act. Intuition in phenomenology refers to cases where the intentional object is directly present to the intentionality at play; if

3161-414: Is not intuited, but still intended, but then emptily . Examples of empty intentions can be signitive intentions – intentions that only imply or refer to their objects. In everyday language, the word evidence is used to signify a special sort of relation between a state of affairs and a proposition: State A is evidence for the proposition "A is true." In phenomenology, however, the concept of evidence

3270-416: Is not some consciousness first that, subsequently, stretches out to its object; rather, consciousness occurs as the simultaneity of a conscious act and its object. Intentionality is often summed up as " aboutness ." Whether this something that consciousness is about is in direct perception or in fantasy is inconsequential to the concept of intentionality itself; whatever consciousness is directed at, that

3379-416: Is observed is not the object as it is in itself, but how and inasmuch it is given in the intentional acts. Knowledge of essences would only be possible by " bracketing " all assumptions about the existence of an external world and the inessential (subjective) aspects of how the object is concretely given to us. This phenomenological reduction is the second stage of Husserl's procedure of epoché . That which

Thomas Luckmann - Misplaced Pages Continue

3488-425: Is the same as the actual object of the act (assuming it exists) or is some kind of ideal object. In phenomenology, empathy refers to the experience of one's own body as another. While people often identify others with their physical bodies, this type of phenomenology requires that they focus on the subjectivity of the other, as well as the intersubjective engagement with them. In Husserl's original account, this

3597-416: Is the seat of the largest Slovene steel company Acroni. Places to visit in Jesenice include: Notable people that were born or lived in Jesenice include: Phenomenology (philosophy) Phenomenology is a philosophical study and movement largely associated with the early 20th century that seeks to objectively investigate the nature of subjective, conscious experience. It attempts to describe

3706-556: Is then applied to the experience of another's body, which, through apperception, is constituted as another subjectivity. One can thus recognise the Other's intentions, emotions, etc. This experience of empathy is important in the phenomenological account of intersubjectivity . In phenomenology, intersubjectivity constitutes objectivity (i.e., what one experiences as objective is experienced as being intersubjectively available – available to all other subjects. This does not imply that objectivity

3815-480: Is what consciousness is conscious of. This means that the object of consciousness does not have to be a physical object apprehended in perception : it can just as well be a fantasy or a memory. Consequently, these "structures" of consciousness, such as perception, memory, fantasy, and so forth, are called intentionalities . The term "intentionality" originated with the Scholastics in the medieval period and

3924-653: The German language only, while they also Germanized public signs, and more. These measures led to the formation of the Partisan movement in Jesenice, including the Cankar Brigade. The steel industry was again diverted to German military needs, and the German management started importing French workers, followed by Italian workers after Italian capitulation in 1943. Sabotage of the German-led steel industry

4033-803: The Liberal Democracy of Slovenia (LDS), the Slovenian People's Party (SLS), and the Slovenian Democratic Party (SDS). Another influential political party is the Social Democrats (SD). Tomaž Tom Mencinger of the Social Democrats has been the mayor of the Municipality of Jesenice since 2006. With Slovenia joining the European Union and its funding resources in 2004, Jesenice began

4142-505: The Logical Investigations , and some were alienated as a result. This work introduced distinctions between the act of consciousness ( noesis ) and the phenomena at which it is directed (the noemata ). Noetic refers to the intentional act of consciousness (believing, willing, etc.). Noematic refers to the object or content (noema), which appears in the noetic acts (the believed, wanted, hated, loved, etc.). What

4251-695: The March of Carniola it passed to the Austrian House of Habsburg upon the Battle on the Marchfeld in 1278. There are few sources for the early history of Jesenice; most of them focus on ironworks. The oldest is a set of mining rights issued to the Carinthian counts of Ortenburg , dating to 1381. According to the document, the first settlements in the area (like Planina pod Golico ) were founded on

4360-593: The Sava Valley from its source to its confluence with the Sora River . The House of Ortenburg promoted colonization of the Upper Sava Valley , especially in ore-rich areas. Throughout the 14th, 15th, and 16th centuries, small settlements of Plavž , Sava , Murova, and Slovenski Javornik were founded. By decree of King Alexander I of Yugoslavia , all of these settlements were amalgamated into

4469-542: The Social Science Archive Konstanz . Jesenice Jesenice ( Slovene: [jɛsɛˈniːtsɛ] , German : Aßling ) is the tenth-largest town in Slovenia , located in the traditional province of Upper Carniola . It is the seat of the Municipality of Jesenice spanning the southern side of the Karawanks , along Slovenia's border with Austria to the north. Renowned as

Thomas Luckmann - Misplaced Pages Continue

4578-476: The Upper Carniolan region, in the Upper Sava Valley . The municipality is surrounded by the Karawanks and Austrian border to the north, and Mežakla plateau to the south. The hamlet of Planina pod Golico is 5 kilometers (3.1 mi) north of Jesenice, and is popular with tourists, especially in springtime when the wild pheasant's eye daffodils are in bloom. The resort village of Kranjska Gora

4687-628: The parish church dedicated to St. Leonard in Murova, the parish church dedicated to St. Barbara in Plavž, Assumption and St. Roch Church in Old Sava, and the Mosque on Viktor Kejžar Street. There are also several non-traditional house churches of various affiliations, established just before Slovenian independence in 1991. Jesenice is known for its ice hockey club, HK Acroni Jesenice . The town

4796-513: The Germans taking over eight days later. This resulted in immediate arrests of some of the workers' leaders, educated and culture-affiliated individuals, and all of the Romany people . Forced mobilization and recruitment followed soon after. The Germans were aware of the strategic and industrial importance of Jesenice, so they soon began with a program of assimilation, introducing school teaching in

4905-458: The Greek nous (mind) designate respectively the real content, noesis , and the ideal content, noema , of an intentional act (an act of consciousness). The noesis is the part of the act that gives it a particular sense or character (as in judging or perceiving something, loving or hating it, accepting or rejecting it, etc.). This is real in the sense that it is actually part of what takes place in

5014-626: The Habsburg King Ferdinand I to move the ironworks to a larger water source, the Sava Dolinka River , creating a settlement that was to become Jesenice. The ironworks continued to mine ore from the slopes of the Karawanks. Members of the House of Ortenburg were the most prominent landowners in the area from the 11th century onwards. They were at their apex in the 13th century in terms of land, encompassing almost all of

5123-807: The Life-World , published (posthumously for Schütz) in 1982. Luckmann then built upon Schütz's analysis and published, Theory of Social Action in 1992. Together with Richard Grathoff and Walter M. Sprondel, Luckmann founded the Social Science Archive Konstanz (also known as the Alfred Schütz Memorial Archives). What became the official archive of the German Sociological Association , Luckmann and his colleagues gathered research accounts of German social science. In 1998 he

5232-494: The Soul . According to the phenomenological tradition, "the central structure of an experience is its intentionality, it being directed towards something, as it is an experience of or about some object." Also, on this theory, every intentional act is implicitly accompanied by a secondary, pre-reflective awareness of the act as one's own. Phenomenology proceeds systematically, but it does not attempt to study consciousness from

5341-430: The animal world was religious." Rather than reverting to popular explanations of secularization, Luckmann explained the emergence of a new kind of religion in the 20th century: private religion He explains the diffusion of world views and institutional de-specialization of religion led to a privatization, rather than a retreat, from religion. Though Luckmann initially received harsh criticisms, The Invisible Religion became

5450-502: The better developed Western metallurgy. Another problem was the loss of access to raw material resources, which are located in the other, now separately independent republics of what had been Yugoslavia . This led to massive layoffs, and the emigration of people in search of new jobs. In the years since the declaration of Slovenian independence in 1991, Jesenice has become much less dependent on its metallurgic industry, and has started to develop other aspects of its economy. Jesenice lies in

5559-468: The book The Social Construction of Reality , and it was published by 1966. The book was an important part of the move in sociology as it established "social construction" as part of sociological vocabulary. It was also particularly with the sociology of religion, away from the view of religion and religious values as central to the social order , arguing that social order is socially constructed by individuals and/or groups of individuals. Since publication,

SECTION 50

#1732791694238

5668-422: The book has been translated into thirteen different languages and serves as a cornerstone in sociological literature. Berger wrote on their experience writing the book saying "someone asked, Why did not The Social Construction of Reality immediately have a huge effect? The effect came much later, and my answer was that you cannot play chamber music at a rock concert. And compared to what was going on all around us in

5777-483: The common foundational approach of phenomenological inquiry; that is, investigating things just as they appear, independent of any particular theoretical framework. The term phenomenology derives from the Greek φαινόμενον, phainómenon ("that which appears") and λόγος, lógos ("study"). It entered the English language around the turn of the 18th century and first appeared in direct connection to Husserl's philosophy in

5886-411: The consciousness of the subject of the act. The noesis is always correlated with a noema. For Husserl, the full noema is a complex ideal structure comprising at least a noematic sense and a noematic core. The correct interpretation of what Husserl meant by the noema has long been controversial, but the noematic sense is generally understood as the ideal meaning of the act. For instance, if A loves B, loving

5995-563: The eidetic method to capture our inherence in the perceived world, that is, our embodied coexistence with things through a kind of reciprocal exchange. According to Merleau-Ponty, perception discloses a meaningful world that can never be completely determined, but which nevertheless aims at truth. Some scholars have differentiated phenomenology into these seven types: The contrast between "constitutive phenomenology" (sometimes static phenomenology or descriptive phenomenology ) and "genetic phenomenology" (sometimes phenomenology of genesis )

6104-444: The empirical sciences. " Pre-reflective self-consciousness " is Shaun Gallagher and Dan Zahavi 's term for Husserl's (1900/1901) idea that self-consciousness always involves a self-appearance or self-manifestation prior to self-reflection . This is one point of nearly unanimous agreement among phenomenologists: "a minimal form of self-consciousness is a constant structural feature of conscious experience. Experience happens for

6213-501: The epoché, being appeared only as a correlate of consciousness, for Heidegger the pre-conscious grasp of being is the starting point. For this reason, he replaces Husserl's concept of intentionality with the notion of comportment , which is presented as "more primitive" than the "conceptually structured" acts analyzed by Husserl. Paradigmatic examples of comportment can be found in the unreflective dealing with equipment that presents itself as simply "ready-to-hand" in what Heidegger calls

6322-403: The evidencing itself." In Ideas , Husserl presents as the "Principle of All Principles" that, "every originary presentive intuition is a legitimizing source of cognition, that everything originally (so to speak, in its 'personal' actuality) offered to us in 'intuition' is to be accepted simply as what it is presented as being, but also only within the limits in which it is presented there." It

6431-487: The experience of moving around it, seeing new aspects of it (often referred to as making the absent present and the present absent), and still retaining the notion that this is the same thing that one saw other aspects of just a moment ago (it is identical). One's body is also experienced as a duality, both as object (one's ability to touch one's own hand) and as one's own subjectivity (one's experience of being touched). The experience of one's own body as one's own subjectivity

6540-411: The experiencing subject in an immediate way and as part of this immediacy, it is implicitly marked as my experience." In 1913, Husserl published Ideas: General Introduction to Pure Phenomenology . In this work, he presents phenomenology as a form of " transcendental idealism ". Although Husserl claimed to have always been a transcendental idealist, this was not how many of his admirers had interpreted

6649-408: The intention is "filled" by the direct apprehension of the object, one has an intuited object. Having a cup of coffee in front of oneself, for instance, seeing it, feeling it, or even imagining it – these are all filled intentions, and the object is then intuited . The same goes for the apprehension of mathematical formulae or a number. If one does not have the object as referred to directly, the object

SECTION 60

#1732791694238

6758-490: The intentional structures of mental acts and how they are directed at both real and ideal objects. The first volume of the Logical Investigations , the Prolegomena to Pure Logic , begins with a critique of psychologism , that is, the attempt to subsume the a priori validity of the laws of logic under psychology. Husserl establishes a separate field for research in logic, philosophy, and phenomenology, independently from

6867-473: The interplay between both. There's an emphasis the role of language and the daily "conversation machinery" for the construction of the shared social reality. His ethnography of speaking, modeled a social interactional code that gave a dissimilar approach to sources of social constraint. Luckmann continued this analysis of social action, and in 1982 he continued the work of Alfred Schütz, drawing on Schütz's notes and unfinished manuscripts to complete Structures of

6976-413: The local dialect and was reinterpreted as a nominative masculine plural, the accusative of which (in -e ) was subsequently reinterpreted as today's feminine nominative plural. The name is derived from the common noun *jesenik ' ash woods' (< jesen 'ash tree'), thus originally meaning 'in the ash woods' and referring to the local vegetation. The modern German name of the town is Aßling . Jesenice

7085-726: The local travel agency Alpetour, or directly from the bus or coach driver. Jesenice is only 48 kilometers away from Ljubljana Airport . Jesenice has one college, two secondary schools, two primary schools, as well as music schools . The largest religious community in Jesenice are Catholics , though due to the need of labor force for the steel industry in the past, there is a large portion of other ex-Yugoslav immigrants, including many Muslims who migrated from Bosnia and Herzegovina . There are also many Orthodox Christians , who migrated from Serbia . A significant portion of Jesenice's populace today describe themselves as atheists . There are several religious buildings in Jesenice, including

7194-446: The manufacturers of military products for Germans. With the front lines being some distance to the south, the war did not reach Jesenice, which only suffered one bombing attack by Italian aircraft , with no casualties. With the end of World War I came major political changes; on December 1, 1918, the Kingdom of Yugoslavia was formed, opening up new markets. Due to its border position, Jesenice became an important traffic junction. Between

7303-436: The mind. In Husserl's own words: experience is not an opening through which a world, existing prior to all experience, shines into a room of consciousness; it is not a mere taking of something alien to consciousness into consciousness... Experience is the performance in which for me, the experiencer, experienced being "is there", and is there as what it is, with the whole content and the mode of being that experience itself, by

7412-409: The most influential sociological works of the 20th century. Luckmann never intended to become a sociologist. His initial academic interests resided in linguistics, history and philosophy. At The New School, Luckmann primarily studied philosophy and chose to study sociology as a second subject after admiring how his teachers specialized in these dual subjects. For example, Luckmann was introduced to

7521-430: The newly founded Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia , and started employing more people than ever before. Many more industrial plants were built to increase production, while Jesenice began to develop into its present shape. As the population also increased with new immigrant workers, massive building of apartment blocks, and residential sections took place. Cultural, sports, school, medical and traffic infrastructure

7630-555: The normally circumspect mode of engagement within the world. For Husserl, all concrete determinations of the empirical ego would have to be abstracted in order to attain pure consciousness. By contrast, Heidegger claims that "the possibilities and destinies of philosophy are bound up with man's existence, and thus with temporality and with historicality." For this reason, all experience must be seen as shaped by social context, which for Heidegger joins phenomenology with philosophical hermeneutics . Husserl charged Heidegger with raising

7739-557: The performance going on in its intentionality, attributes to it. In effect, he counters that consciousness is not "in" the mind; rather, consciousness is conscious of something other than itself (the intentional object), regardless of whether the object is a physical thing or just a figment of the imagination. In the first edition of the Logical Investigations , under the influence of Brentano, Husserl describes his position as " descriptive psychology ." Husserl analyzes

7848-442: The perspective of clinical psychology or neurology. Instead, it seeks to determine the essential properties and structures of experience. Phenomenology is not a matter of individual introspection: a subjective account of experience , which is the topic of psychology, must be distinguished from an account of subjective experience , which is the topic of phenomenology. Its topic is not "mental states", but "worldly things considered in

7957-412: The phenomenological method is composed of four basic steps: the époche, the phenomenological reduction, the eidetic variation, and intersubjective corroboration. According to Maurice Natanson , "The radicality of the phenomenological method is both continuous and discontinuous with philosophy's general effort to subject experience to fundamental, critical scrutiny: to take nothing for granted and to show

8066-764: The question of ontology but failing to answer it, instead switching the topic to Dasein. That is neither ontology nor phenomenology, according to Husserl, but merely abstract anthropology. While Being and Time and other early works are clearly engaged with Husserlian issues, Heidegger's later philosophy has little relation to the problems and methods of classical phenomenology. Maurice Merleau-Ponty develops his distinctive mode of phenomenology by drawing, in particular, upon Husserl's unpublished writings, Heidegger's analysis of being-in-the-world, Gestalt theory , and other contemporary psychology research. In his most famous work, The Phenomenology of Perception , Merleau-Ponty critiques empiricist and intellectualist accounts to chart

8175-463: The social sciences, we were doing chamber music." Following his field work in Germany and the completion of his dissertation, Luckmann was asked to complete several reviews on the surrounding sociological literature concerning religion. Disappointed by the positivistic, unauthentic views of a Church-backed sociology of religion, Luckmann was compelled to write The Invisible Religion in 1963. The book

8284-441: The sociology of knowledge approach to discourse. Based on his empirical research of conversational analysis, Luckmann explains his theory of “communicative genres” in which linguistic types, such as, gossip, proverbs, or jokes, all serve as forms of social knowledge, and act as tools for the formation of social structure. He offers a comprehensive view on society as symbolic order and ordering, including levels and actors' agencies, and

8393-463: The sociology of religion when his teacher at the time, Carl Meyer, asked him to do field work about churches in Germany after World War II. Captivated by his experience in Germany, Luckmann used his fieldwork to pursue a Ph.D. in sociology. He obtained his first academic position at Hobart College, in Geneva, New York, before returning to teach at The New School after the death of Alfred Schütz . Luckmann

8502-413: The southern slopes of the Karawanks due to need for wood, flowing water for mills, and iron ore. With the development of new techniques of extraction of iron from ore, the need for water energy grew, and the small streams on the slopes of the Karawanks were no longer sufficient. The ore-extracting industry was thus relocated to the valley in 1538, when Bernardo Bucellini from Bergamo gained permission from

8611-520: The study of the process of social construction. It could be described as an "approach" that is neither a theory of religion or any other social phenomenon. In several of his works, he developed the theory of social constructionism , which argues that all knowledge, including the most basic common-sense knowledge of everyday reality, which included gender, ethnicity, nations, and religion. It's derived from and maintained by social interactions especially through language. Together with Peter L. Berger , he wrote

8720-451: The suspension of judgment while relying on the intuitive grasp of knowledge, free of presuppositions and intellectualizing. Sometimes depicted as the "science of experience," the phenomenological method, rooted in intentionality, represents an alternative to the representational theory of consciousness. That theory holds that reality cannot be grasped directly because it is available only through perceptions of reality that are representations in

8829-487: The town of Jesenice on March 20, 1929. The settlements evolved independently of each other and, until the arrival of the railway at the end of the 19th century, they were only connected by a gravel road. In addition to mining and ironworking, locals made a living from agriculture and stockbreeding. Different iron foundries belonged to different owners - the Zois, Ruard and Bucelleni families. Compared to other foundries around

8938-529: The tunnels were completed, the railway line was opened to traffic in a special ceremony attended by Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria . The rolling mills were relocated from Jesenice to Slovenski Javornik in 1904. Stockholders wanted to cover the expenses of relocation by lowering workers' wages, which led to the first strike in Jesenice, involving around 400 workers. The strike lasted for six weeks, with strikers only partially achieving their goal. During World War I , Jesenice ironworks were mainly converted to

9047-638: The universal features of consciousness while avoiding assumptions about the external world, aiming to describe phenomena as they appear to the subject , and to explore the meaning and significance of the lived experiences . This approach, while philosophical, has found many applications in qualitative research across different scientific disciplines, especially in the social sciences , humanities , psychology , and cognitive science , but also in fields as diverse as health sciences , architecture , and human-computer interaction , among many others. The application of phenomenology in these fields aims to gain

9156-403: The usage of Franz Brentano (and, as he later acknowledged, Ernst Mach ) that would prove definitive for Husserl. From Brentano, Husserl took the conviction that philosophy must commit itself to description of what is "given in direct 'self-evidence'." Central to Brentano's phenomenological project was his theory of intentionality , which he developed from his reading of Aristotle 's On

9265-402: The warranty for what we claim to know." According to Husserl the suspension of belief in what is ordinarily taken for granted or inferred by conjecture diminishes the power of what is customarily embraced as objective reality. In the words of Rüdiger Safranski , "[Husserl's and his followers'] great ambition was to disregard anything that had until then been thought or said about consciousness or

9374-429: The wars, the first grammar school was established in 1914. The first "boys' and girls' school" was established in 1920, offering higher education. Jesenice was also the center of various kinds of craft and small trade. A tradesman's union was formed in 1920. Development of the ironworks continued; 4,567 workers were affiliated to a greater or lesser extent with KID by 1937. Italy occupied Jesenice on April 11, 1941, with

9483-408: The works and lectures of his teachers, the philosophers and psychologists Franz Brentano and Carl Stumpf . An important element of phenomenology that Husserl borrowed from Brentano is intentionality (often described as "aboutness" or "directedness" ), the notion that consciousness is always consciousness of something. The object of consciousness is called the intentional object , and this object

9592-608: The world [while] on the lookout for a new way of letting the things [they investigated] approach them, without covering them up with what they already knew." Edmund Husserl "set the phenomenological agenda" for even those who did not strictly adhere to his teachings, such as Martin Heidegger , Jean-Paul Sartre , and Maurice Merleau-Ponty , to name just the foremost. Each thinker has "different conceptions of phenomenology, different methods, and different results." Husserl derived many important concepts central to phenomenology from

9701-484: The world and intellectual thought. 50th Anniversary Social Construction Thomas Luckmann. Early Work Luckmann worked as a chauffeur and his, Benita, worked as a typist when they first moved to New York. During this time, he continued studying sociology and philosophy at the New School for Research. It was there where he first met some of the great influences of his life, including Peter L. Berger. Luckmann

9810-774: The world at the time, the Jesenice ironworks were out of date because modernization required substantial investment funds , beyond what the Zoises, the Ruards and the Bucellenis could raise. Help was offered by the Luckmann family of bankers from Ljubljana , who agreed to modernize the iron foundries in return for the foundation of a new shareholder company. The company, named the Carniolan Industrial Company ( Slovene : Kranjska Industrijska Družba, KID )

9919-563: The world via the discovery of universal logical structures in human subjective experience. There are important differences in the ways that different branches of phenomenology approach subjectivity . For example, according to Martin Heidegger , truths are contextually situated and dependent on the historical , cultural , and social context in which they emerge. Other types include hermeneutic , genetic , and embodied phenomenology. All these different branches of phenomenology may be seen as representing different philosophies despite sharing

10028-408: Was a Latvian-born social scientist who taught in Austria, Germany. It was said that their marriage was a turning point for his life, among many other factors. The couple had three daughters Maja, Mara, and Metka. On May 10, 2016, Luckmann died of cancer at the age of 88 at his home in Austria. Luckmann's ideas and theories have been influential within the field in sociology and has had a huge impact on

10137-501: Was a follower of the phenomenologically oriented school of sociology , established by the Austrian American scholar Alfred Schütz . He contributed to the foundation of phenomenological sociology, the sociology of religion in modern societies, and the sociology of knowledge and communication. The interdisciplinary nature of his work remains relevant in sociology and other disciplines today. Social Constructionism focuses on

10246-588: Was awarded an honorary doctorate from the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) . In 2004 Luckmann became an honorary member of the Slovenian Sociological Association. The German Sociological Association awarded him a prize for his outstanding lifetime contribution to sociology at its 2002 Congress, and Luckmann became an honorary member in 2016. The original Thomas Luckmann Papers are deposited in

10355-572: Was built in the former industrial part of town. Two shopping centers were also constructed, one in the new town-center, and a larger one in Plavž . Jesenice has good road connections. The shortest route from Austria leads through the Karawanks Tunnel to Jesenice. Regional road R-201/R-452 leads from Italy via Kranjska Gora to Jesenice. The A2 motorway leads from Ljubljana via Jesenice to Austria, and further on to Germany . Jesenice

10464-425: Was built. Jesenice became the center of black metallurgy in Slovenia. Introduction of electrical steel processing marked the era of manufacturing steel of higher quality, and in greater quantities. At its economic peak in the 1970s, the ironworks employed more than 8,000 people. After the collapse of Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, economic policies changed, and the Jesenice ironworks could not compete with

10573-465: Was done by a sort of apperception built on the experiences of one's own lived body. The lived body is one's own body as experienced by oneself, as oneself. One's own body manifests itself mainly as one's possibilities of acting in the world. It is what lets oneself reach out and grab something, for instance, but it also, and more importantly, allows for the possibility of changing one's point of view. This helps to differentiate one thing from another by

10682-800: Was drafted for the army, joining the Luftwaffe where he served as a Luftwaffenhelfer . Luckmann was transferred to a military hospital for minor injuries shortly before the end of the war. Luckmann was in the hospital in Bavaria when the United States liberated the region. After liberation, in 1945 Luckmann became a prisoner of war and escaped after three months. He then settled back to Vienna and graduated from "Notmatura." Luckmann attended high school in Klagenfurt, after he and his family fled Italian occupation in Ljubljana in 1941. After escaping being

10791-617: Was eventually granted a professorship position at The University of Frankfurt in 1965. After publishing two books in 1963 and 1966, and several successful essays, Luckmann worked as a professor of Sociology at the University of Konstanz in Germany from 1970 to his retirement, and later professor emeritus . It is noted that his time in at Konstanz was marked as an intense period of interdisciplinary work, in which he wrote multiple essays concerning communication, linguistics, literature and history. In 1950, Luckmann married Benita Petkevic, who

10900-407: Was first mentioned as Assling in a 1004 deed of donation issued by King Henry II of Germany , in which nearby Bled ( Veldes at the time) was also mentioned. There were no settlements there at that time, and the name Assling only marked an area on the banks of Jesenica Creek. Later, a settlement slowly started to grow around the area now known as Murova, where St. Leonard 's Church is today. With

11009-412: Was founded by KID on November 19, 1938. The first high school was established at the end of the war in 1945, for which KID also founded a staff-apprenticeship school in 1938. With the end of World War II followed a new economic golden age. Soon after the war, two more smelting furnaces were put into operation. The Jesenice ironworks became one of the main steel manufacturers, charged with the rebuilding of

11118-628: Was founded by the Luckmann family on September 18, 1869. The Zois family was the first to join the company, with the Ruards following three years later. The company soon expanded its activities to the Tržič ironworks, and to Topusko in Croatia . This was the first time that all of the Upper Carniolan ironworks had been joined under a single administration, with central management in Ljubljana , and business administration in Jesenice. The greatest achievement

11227-642: Was left over was the pure transcendental ego, as opposed to the concrete empirical ego. Transcendental phenomenology is the study of the essential structures that are left in pure consciousness: this amounts in practice to the study of the noemata and the relations among them. Some phenomenologists were critical of the new theories espoused in Ideas . Members of the Munich group , such as Max Scheler and Roman Ingarden , distanced themselves from Husserl's new transcendental phenomenology. Their theoretical allegiance

11336-472: Was more fundamental than science itself. According to him, science is only one way of knowing the world with no special access to truth. Furthermore, the scientific mindset itself is built on a much more "primordial" foundation of practical, everyday knowledge. This emphasis on the fundamental status of a person's pre-cognitive, practical orientation in the world, sometimes called "know-how", would be adopted by both Sartre and Merleau-Ponty. While for Husserl, in

11445-439: Was problematic, because people were more sympathetic to the resistance, which by the end of the second world war proved to be ineffective. Before the end of World War II , Jesenice had undergone a severe sabotage-bombing by Allied forces , which came in two waves on March 1, 1945. There were many casualties, and great damage was done to the town's center, including the destruction of the train station. The ironworks secondary school

11554-423: Was resurrected by Brentano who in turn influenced Husserl's conception of phenomenology, who refined the term and made it the cornerstone of his theory of consciousness. The meaning of the term is complex and depends entirely on how it is conceived by a given philosopher. The term should not be confused with "intention" or the psychoanalytic conception of unconscious "motive" or "gain". Significantly, "intentionality

11663-598: Was the scientific discovery of a process for obtaining ferromanganese in a smelting furnace , which brought KID a gold medal at the World Exhibition in Vienna in 1873, and worldwide fame. The Jesenice ironworks achieved a status as a pioneering center of technical invention in the history of ironworking. KID was also the basis for the new ironworks facility, which expanded quickly, from medieval -style iron foundries to up-to-date modern ironworks facilities in just

11772-415: Was then translated into English in 1967. Luckmann proposes that there are four derivative types of religion the first of those being a "is a universal and nonspecific elementary social form which is an objective total worldview providing social meaning for a society's existence." The second, "the specific institutional social form of religion constituted by configurations of religious representations form- ing

11881-443: Was to the earlier, realist phenomenology of the first edition of Logical Investigations . Martin Heidegger modified Husserl's conception of phenomenology because of what Heidegger perceived as Husserl's subjectivist tendencies. Whereas Husserl conceived humans as having been constituted by states of consciousness, Heidegger countered that consciousness is peripheral to the primacy of one's existence, for which he introduces Dasein as

#237762