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Lule Sámi

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Lule Sámi ( Lule Sami : Julevsámegiella , Norwegian : Lulesamisk , Swedish : Lulesamiska ) is a Uralic - Sámi language spoken around the Lule River in Sweden and in the northern parts of Nordland county in Norway . In Norway it is especially seen in Hamarøy Municipality (formerly Tysfjord Municipality ), where Lule Sámi is one of the official languages. It is written in the Latin script , having an official alphabet .

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21-638: The language was originally only spoken around the Lule River , in Sweden. During the 18th century some Sámi migrated to Nordland in Norway, and their descendants still live in Norway, and speak Lule Sámi. The first book written in Lule Sámi, Hålaitattem Ristagasa ja Satte almatja kaskan , was published in 1839 by Lars Levi Læstadius . With 650 speakers, it is the second largest of all Sámi languages. It

42-498: A negative verb . In Lule Sámi, the negative verb conjugates according to tense (past and non-past), mood (indicative, imperative and optative), person (1st, 2nd and 3rd) and number (singular, dual and plural). Lule River Lule River ( Lule Sami : Julevädno , Swedish : Lule älv , Luleälven ) is a major river in Sweden , rising in northern Sweden and flowing southeast for 460 km (290 mi) before reaching

63-786: A short vowel in the following syllable is lengthened. Sammallahti divides Lule Sámi dialects as follows: Features of the northern dialects of Lule Sámi are: Features of the southern dialects of Lule Sámi are: The orthography used for Lule Sámi is written using an extended form of the Latin script . Traditionally, the character ⟨ Ń ⟩ has been used to represent / ŋ / . In place of n-acute (available in Unicode and mechanical type writers, but not in Latin-1 or traditional Nordic keyboards ), many have used ⟨ñ⟩ or even ⟨ng⟩ . In modern orthography, such as in

84-584: A word alternate in a process known as consonant gradation , where consonants appear in different quantities depending on the specific grammatical form. Normally, one of the possibilities is named the strong grade , while the other is named weak grade . The consonants of a weak grade are normally quantity 1 or 2, while the consonants of a strong grade are normally quantity 2 or 3. Throughout this article and related articles, consonants that are part of different syllables are written with two consonant letters in IPA, while

105-408: Is always formally the same as the genitive singular. The genitive singular is unmarked and looks the same as the nominative plural. The genitive plural is marked by a -j . The genitive is used: The accusative is the direct object case and it is marked with -v in the singular. In the plural, its marker is -t , which is preceded by the plural marker -j . The inessive marker is -n in

126-499: Is reported that the number of native speakers is in sharp decline among the younger generations. The language has, however, been standardised in 1983 and elaborately cultivated ever since. Some analyses of Lule Sámi phonology may include preaspirated stops and affricates ( /hp/ , /ht/ , /ht͡s/ , /ht͡ʃ/ , /hk/ ) and pre-stopped or pre-glottalised nasals (voiceless /pm/ , /tn/ , /tɲ/ , /kŋ/ and voiced /bːm/ , /dːn/ , /dːɲ/ , /gːŋ/ ). However, these can be treated as clusters for

147-705: The Akkajaure lake, where the water falls 39.6 m from Kårtjejaure to Langasjaure . In this lake the Vietasajokk joins the Lule. The Stora Lule träsk is the largest of the lakes in the river. Here it reaches the forest, and after the lake is joined by the Muddus River from Muddus National Park . At 75m, near the village of Vuollerim , the river joins with the Lesser Lule River . The Lule passes

168-771: The Gulf of Bothnia at Luleå . It is the second longest river by watershed area or length in Norrbotten County (after the Torne River and very slightly ahead of the Kalix River , which is 460.65 km long), but is the largest by average discharge. It has a watershed of 25,240.5 km of which 24,545.6 km is in Sweden and 694.9 km in Norway . The river is an important source of hydroelectric energy , with major hydroelectric plants at Porjus and

189-803: The Porsiforsen (25m over 2 km), Edefors and Hedens fors . It flows into the Baltic Sea through the Bälingefjärden and Lulefjärden . The name of the town Luleå means "Lule River"; the river's name is from the Sami lulij meaning "Easterner", a name for Forest Sami people. Other rivers in the watershed of the Lule with a length of more than 100 km are: Black River (Sweden) , Flarkån , Lesser Lule River , Pärl River , Rissajåkkå , Vietasätno , and Bodträskån . Grammatical case Too Many Requests If you report this error to

210-526: The 977 MW Harsprånget , commissioned in 1952 and expanded in 1983 to become Sweden's largest hydro power station. The waterfall Harsprånget (former name: Njommelsaska) was the largest waterfall on the Swedish Lule River. Today the rapids power the largest hydroelectric plant in Sweden, Stora harsprånget . The river was used extensively for the transportation of timber , with logs floated downstream for processing at Luleå, but this stopped in

231-537: The city of Boden . Most of these fortifications and bunkers are no longer in use. The Greater Lule River ( Big Lule River ) arguably begins somewhere near Sårjåsjaure in the mountains west of Gällivare . The water flows to the Virihaure lake, which also collects water from Kerkevare (via Kettaurejokk ) and Alkajaure (via Millätno ). The Tukejokk joins the Lule as well in Virihaure. Leaving Virihaure to

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252-405: The consonant becomes quantity 3 or the vowel in the next syllable becomes long. The third type of umlaut, progressive umlaut, works in the other direction. It causes the unstressed vowels /a/ and /aː/ to be rounded to /o/ and /oː/ respectively, if the preceding stressed vowel is short /o/ . If a stressed syllable contains a short vowel followed by a single (quantity 1) consonant, then

273-415: The declension of a personal pronoun he/she (no gender distinction) in various cases: Lule Sámi verbs conjugate for three grammatical persons : Lule Sámi has five grammatical moods : Lule Sámi verbs conjugate for three grammatical numbers : Lule Sámi verbs have two simple tenses : and two compound tenses : Lule Sámi, like Finnish, the other Sámi languages, and some Estonian dialects, has

294-434: The different patterns that occur with different following vowels: The second type of umlaut, called "diphthong simplification" or "monophthongization", is similar to its Northern Sami counterpart, but works differently. The diphthongs /ea̯/ and /oɑ̯/ become /eː/ and /oː/ respectively, if: The diphthongs /ie̯/ and /uo̯/ are unaffected. The reverse process also occurs, turning the long vowels back into diphthongs if

315-594: The early 1980s. Several major rapids exist along the river's length, notably the Stora Falls and those at Porjus and Harsprånget. During the 19th and 20th centuries, the river was designated as a defensive line against an invasion from Imperial Russia and subsequently the Soviet Union . Extensive fortifications exist along the entire length of the river, culminating in Bodens Fortress in and around

336-693: The lengthening of consonants in quantity 3 is indicated with an IPA length mark ( ː ). Not all consonants can occur in every quantity type. The following limitations exist: When a consonant can occur in all three quantities, quantity 3 is termed "overlong". Umlaut is a process whereby a diphthong in a stressed syllable changes depending on the vowel in the next syllable. The first type of umlaut causes an alternation between /ea̯/ and /ie̯/ in words whose stems end with unstressed /ie̯/ . For such words, these two diphthongs can be considered variants of each other, while in words whose stems end with another vowel, these vowels remain distinct. The following table shows

357-663: The north, the river reaches the Vastenjaure lake after losing 32m over 2.2 km. It then flows via the Vuojatätno to lake Kutjaure and then Luoktanjarkajaure , collecting a lot of water from other lakes in Sarek National Park , like Salohaure , and from the Swedish- Norwegian border. There are numerous waterfalls and rapids in the river. The best known is Stora Sjöfallet at the end of

378-537: The official publications of the Swedish government and the translation of the New Testament published 2007, it is usually replaced with ⟨ ŋ ⟩ , in accordance with the orthography of many other Sámi languages. Lule Sámi has seven cases : Like the other Uralic languages , the nominative singular is unmarked and indicates the subject of a predicate . The nominative plural is also unmarked and

399-453: The plural marker -j . This case is used to indicate: The comitative marker in the singular is -jn and -j in the plural, which means that it looks like the genitive plural. The comitative is used to state with whom or what something was done. The personal pronouns have three numbers – singular, plural and dual . The following table contains personal pronouns in the nominative and genitive/accusative cases. The next table demonstrates

420-526: The purpose of phonology, since they are clearly composed of two segments and only the first of these lengthens in quantity 3. The terms "preaspirated" and "pre-stopped" will be used in this article to describe these combinations for convenience. Lule Sámi possesses the following vowels: Consonants, including clusters , that occur after a stressed syllable can occur in multiple distinctive length types, or quantities. These are conventionally labelled quantity 1, 2 and 3 or Q1, Q2 and Q3 for short. The consonants of

441-403: The singular and the plural, when it is then preceded by the plural marker -j . This case is used to indicate: The illative marker is -j in the singular and -da in the plural, which is preceded by the plural marker -i , making it look the same as the plural accusative . This case is used to indicate: The elative marker is -s in the singular and the plural, when it is then preceded by

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